Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We conducted a time-lapse seismic experiment utilizing automated active seismic source and sensor arrays to monitor a reactivated fault within the Opalinus clay formation at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (Switzerland), an analog caprock for geologic carbon storage. A series of six brine injections were conducted into the so-called Main Fault to reactivate it. Seismic instrumentation in five monitoring boreholes on either side of the fault was used to continuously probe changes in P-wave travel-times associated with fault displacement and leakage. We performed time-lapse travel-time tomography on five hundred sequential data sets; this revealed a zone of decreased P-wave velocity, up to 16 m/s, during each injection cycle, followed by a velocity increase during shut-in. These results demonstrate varying elastic property perturbations, both spatially and temporally, along the fault plane during reactivation. We then interpreted these velocity changes in terms of fault dilation induced by pressurized fluids along the fault.