2024-03-28T20:54:39Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1sb3m7rg2011-07-03T18:49:10Zqt1sb3m7rgNicaraguans in Costa Rica and the United States: Data from Ethnic Surveys (Translation of Spanish Version)Vargas, Juan Carlos2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sb3m7rgpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt37r6f3202011-07-03T16:33:20Zqt37r6f320International Migrations and Their Economic Effects in El Salvador (Translation of Spanish Version)Rivera Funes, Oscar Francisco2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/37r6f320publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt93p5q65p2011-07-03T16:33:14Zqt93p5q65pLeft Behind in the Economic Crisis: Poverty Among the Elderly in Costa Rica (Translation of Spanish Version)Brenes Camacho, Gilbert2005-03-01The economic crisis at the beginning of the eighties impacted 20th-century Costa Rica inmany different ways. Government programs were successful in reducing the proportionof poor people from 35% in 1985 to 23% in 2000. This article utilizes official HouseholdSurveys corresponding to the period 1981-2002 and Population Censuses to performan estimation of age, cohort, and period effects, in order to show that poverty amongthe elderly can be understood as a cohort effect. Their poverty conditions areassociated with their low schooling, mainly among men. The probability of having theright to a retirement pension and the fact that individuals with lower educational levelsearned low income during their later working years, intervene in the relationshipbetween schooling and poverty as a cohort effect.Soon after the end of the civil war in 1948, Costa Rica underwent political and economicchanges that aided the expansion of the social benefits initialized in the 40’s, such asuniversalizing Social Security, promoting health and educational policy, and providinginfrastructure and services to both rural and urban communities. Nevertheless, at theend of the 70’s, increasing oil prices had a strong negative impact on many countriesaround the world. Costa Rica was no exception, and during the 1980 – 1982 period itwent through an economic crisis characterized by hyperinflation, increasedunemployment and underemployment rates, and the declaration of a moratorium on foreign debt payments (Barahona Montero 1999a). The governments after 1982 wererelatively successful in promoting economic recovery by changing the developmentmodel based on import substitution to one promoting non-traditional product exportsand tourism (Barahona Montero 1999a, González Mejía 1999). In spite of the recoveryand public policies designed to combat poverty, since 1991, it has not been possible toreduce the proportion of poor households below 18%, maintaining an annual average ofaround 20%.2 In addition, economists consider that within this one-fifth of the nation’spopulation, there is a group of “hard-core poor”, i.e., persons who systematically live ona minimal income, and who cannot easily climb out of their chronic condition (ProyectoEstado de la Nación-PEN 2002).One group in which the proportion of poor is relatively high with regard to the rest of thepopulation is that of the elderly: 31% of individuals 65 or more years of age live inhouseholds with incomes below the poverty line, according to the 2002 Encuesta deHogares (National Household Survey). The objective of this paper is to show that ifpoverty among the elderly is associated with structural characteristics within this groupof the population, its incidence can be represented as a cohort effect. In other words, alarge percentage of the Costa Rican elderly would be living in poverty, not because oldage leads to poverty, but because the characteristics that they acquired throughout theirlives – given the historical moments they lived – make them more susceptible to beingpoor, in comparison with other groups born more recently. In order to provide separateestimates of the cohort, age, and period effects, we consolidated the Encuestas deHogares from 1980 to 2002, whose basic dependent variable is the proportion ofpersons living in poor households. The paper presents variations of these effectsproduced by the inclusion of certain independent variables in the model, in particular thelevel of education of the cohorts. It also emphasizes the importance of the economiccrisis at the beginning of the 80’s on the incidence of poverty among the elderly, and atthe end of the paper, we relate this phenomenon to educational levels among thesegenerations and their access to Social Security.methyl bromide alternativesagricultural soilsacid phosphatasebeta-glucosidasearylsulfataseenzyme protein concentrationsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/93p5q65particleCalifornia Center for Population Researchvol 36, iss 10, 1625-16350038-0717oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6b71r47f2011-07-03T14:39:31Zqt6b71r47fIntroduction to "The Population of the Central American Isthmus in 2003"Rosero-Bixby, Luis2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6b71r47farticleCalifornia Center for Population Researchvol 58, iss 6, 719-7260003-7028oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2bj2k7642011-07-03T10:46:26Zqt2bj2k764Impact of Formal Education of Women on Reproductive Behavior in Four Socio-Cultural Contexts in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas (Translation of Spanish Version)Salvatierra Izaba, BenitoBeutelspacher Nazar, Austreberta2005-03-01This paper analyzes demographic changes that occurred between 1977 and1996, in four socio-cultural contexts in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico. It isbased on a socio-demographic random sample survey that compiled primary (1139household groups) and secondary (population and agricultural census) information.The results based on cohort analysis provide evidence for the existence ofvarious fertility trends among the different socio-cultural contexts. In average urbansettlements, fertility has remained low stable, and in rural indigenous settlements it hasalso remained stable, but high. Only in rural mestizo and marginal urban communitieshave there been overall and significant fertility declines. In marginal urban settlements,in spite of showing a generalized fertility decline, adolescent fertility has increased.These trends are closely related to the changes in schooling levels achieved byfemales, particularly with secondary or higher education, as well as with modifications inthe age at first union. There has been a reduction in the proportion of womencompleting secondary education in all of the socio-cultural contexts, which goes handin-hand with the economic polarization of the region.Based on models of impact evaluation, it is possible to conclude that due to thecharacteristics of the Soconusco “with elevated macroeconomic development and deepsocial polarization”, the State’s efforts must be primordially oriented to improving the lotof the population, especially with regards to average education of women.Reproductive behaviorfertilityformal educationsocio-cultural contextSoconuscoChiapas.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bj2k764publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3d3109762011-07-03T06:52:37Zqt3d310976High Fertility in the Central American Isthmus: A Risk in Transition (Translation of Spanish Version)Rodríguez Vignoli, Jorge2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3d310976publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6tp0x5x12011-07-03T05:56:57Zqt6tp0x5x1Types of Household, Family Life Cycle and Poverty in Costa Rica (Translation of Spanish Version)Barquero B., Jorge ATrejos S., Juan Diego2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tp0x5x1publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8c0675w72011-07-02T17:22:36Zqt8c0675w7National Survey on International Emigration of Guatemalans 2002-2003 (Translation of Spanish Version)Lozano, Victor2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c0675w7publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8m61n6r02011-07-02T17:17:33Zqt8m61n6r0Poverty and Family Transitions to Adulthood in Rural Localities on the Yucatan Peninsula (Translation of Spanish Version)Mier y Terán, Marta2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m61n6r0publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5qj3j2792011-07-02T13:42:14Zqt5qj3j279Fertility and the Environment in a Natural Resource Dependent Economy: Evidence from Petén, GuatemalaSutherland, Elizabeth GCarr, David LCurtis, Siân L2005-03-01This paper examines potential relations between factors related to fertility and the access to and use of natural resources in Petén, Guatemala. The Petén forms the heart of the Selva Maya, the largest lowland humid forest in Mesoamerica. The rapid inmigration of subsistence maize farmers has converted much of the Petén’s forests to agricultural fields. Population dynamics have been transformed in that virtually all farm families have arrived since the 1970s and that total fertility rates exceed the national rural mean. Continued migration, exceptionally high fertility, a youthful population, and a large consumer to producer ratio are hypothesized to be related to the dramatic land cover dynamics shaping the landscape of the Petén. An emerging body of literature suggests that environmental factors can affect fertility decision-making and behaviors, especially in natural resource dependent economies like that of the Petén. This paper examines these relationships using data from the 1998/99 Demographic Health Survey in Guatemala. Data on natural resource access and utilization were collected as part of an environment module, in addition to demographic and health information. This dataset, the first ever environmental module of the Demographic Health Survey, provides a unique opportunity to examine possible relationships between fertility and the environment in a tropical agricultural frontier.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qj3j279publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43p6d4zj2011-07-02T13:41:54Zqt43p6d4zjMigrations Among the Indigenous Language Speaking Population in Southeastern Mexico (Translation of Spanish Version)Lopez Villar, Dario Antonio2005-03-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43p6d4zjpublication