2024-03-28T23:23:15Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43q236m82018-10-01T15:21:50Zqt43q236m8Addressing Water Scarcity in the Nile Delta: Virtual Water, Fresh Water, and DesalinationBargout, Remy N.Fraser, Evan D.G.2018-01-01Water scarcity has direct implications for food security in arid regions. Egypt faces an escalating situation of water scarcity, as its renewable fresh water resources are fixed and the population is growing rapidly. The per capita supply of fresh water is already dangerously low and predicted to plummet even further by the year 2025. This paper critically analyzes three different approaches to the water scarcity problem in Egypt: importing virtual water, using Nile water more efficiently, and creating new sources of fresh water with desalination. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are reviewed. This exposes a number of fundamental trade-offs that must be resolved. Discussion and recommendations are made as to which solution is most viable.Egyptfood securitywater scarcityvirtual waterNiledesalination.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43q236m8articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 6, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1d6159h12018-10-01T15:21:48Zqt1d6159h1Uncertain Outcomes: Evaluating the Effects of the Trafficking in Persons Reports in South Africa and ThailandRiback, Matt2018-01-01Demonstrated by the establishment of anti-human trafficking institutions such as the Palermo Protocol and the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 (and the associated Trafficking in Persons (TIP) reports), the commodification of forced labor swiftly rose to the forefront of political and humanitarian consciousness beginning in the 1990s. The dominating institution remains the unilaterally enforced TIP reports, issued annually by the United States. This paper examines the TIP reports, seeking to explain their effects on human trafficking outcomes for institution-implementing nations. Focusing on two critical cases—Thailand and South Africa— this research demonstrates the ways in which the same anti-trafficking models can lead to very different consequences—both beneficial and costly— for implementing countries. Ultimately, through an examination of cultural values, political alliances, and economic well-being for implementing nations, it is shown that the effects of the TIP reports on human trafficking outcomes-- as measured by the new 3P human trafficking index-- are dependent on complex and differing variables that are difficult to empirically measure. Further research is needed to draw finite conclusions as to what settings within a domestic country allow the TIP reports to have beneficial human trafficking outcomeshuman traffickingSouth AfricaThailandTIP reportstrafficking institutionscultural valueseconomic wellbeingpolitical alliancesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1d6159h1articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 6, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt51x1r30s2018-10-01T15:21:47Zqt51x1r30sThe Armenian Diaspora: Migration and its Influence on Identity and PoliticsBolsajian, Monique2018-01-01The diasporan occupies a liminal space as a person that comes from one place, yet lives in another. This split identity can often pose challenges for diaspora communities, not only in questions of assimilation but also in coming to an understanding of what “identity” means at all. Understanding the diasporan’s lack of belonging and its influence on the way in which different diaspora communities function in their host nations is crucial in the present day, at a time in which identities are more fluid than ever. In this study, I explore the concept of diaspora through the particular lens of Armenian diaspora communities in the United States. This article will not only focus on the causes and effects of Armenian migration historically, but will also explore the characteristics and goals of the Armenian diaspora in the United States today – particularly in terms of its current understanding of identity, its uniting factors, and political influence. In studying the Armenian diaspora, I hope to emphasize the powerful impact of mobilizing diaspora communities through their uniting causes and characteristics, in not only creating a diasporan sense of identity but also in better understanding how diasporas influence globalizationDiasporaArmeniaMigrationAssimilationLobbyingArmenian Genocideapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/51x1r30sarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 6, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt94r956pv2018-10-01T15:21:46Zqt94r956pvIconoclasm: ISIS and Cultural DestructionTsongas, Galen2018-01-01This paper examines utopian ideologies and their effects in motivating iconoclasm. Using the cases of Islamic State, the Nazi’s destruction of Warsaw, and the Taliban’s destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas, this paper analyzes the utopian elements of each group’s ideology that motivates iconoclasm. I argue that Islamic State engages in iconoclasm in order to promote a unified and ideal community rooted in their utopian religious ideology. They achieve this goal by destroying cultural artifacts and museums that clash with their vision. While most of the debate around Islamic State has focused on non-religious aspects like oil-backed finance, this paper attempts to reorient the debate around the religious character of Islamic State’s actions. Given the salience of Islamic State and other similar groups in recent attacks globally, this paper attempts to analyze their operational motivations through the destruction of cultural artifacts.ISISTalibanIconoclasmNational SocialismTerrorismBamiyan BuddhasUtopianismapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/94r956pvarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 6, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5323q0km2018-10-01T15:21:45Zqt5323q0kmEvaluating CosmopolitanismWieske, Samantha2018-01-01As the international community has become increasingly connected, cosmopolitanism has often been proposed as a means to reduce inequalities and maintain peace. Cosmopolitan scholars, like Martha Nussbaum, hypothesize that this citizenship can be achieved through standardized, international education standards. While it is undeniable that the projects which cosmopolitans seek to solve are vital, this paper seeks to examine the plausibility and effectiveness of cosmopolitan theory, contending that modern cosmopolitan justifications only serve to further Western interests. It is imperative to examine the applicability of cosmopolitanism, because flawed theory produces flawed policy. Cosmopolitan scholars fail to recognize that one universalized standard of education creates a monolithic culture, without a capacity for innovation or ability to cultivate strong cultural identities. Furthermore, while cosmopolitans call for the disintegration of physical borders, past trends suggest that this free movement incites an agglomeration of wealth and capital. Historically, global citizenship hasn’t been able to solve human rights issues or economic inequalities because humans’ political identities cannot extend to the capacity which cosmopolitan thinkers assume they can; Western leaders have instead used ‘human rights’ and ‘economic equality’ as a justification to further their own nations’ agendas. In sum, cosmopolitanism is a flawed ideology and nations should focus on international cooperation, instead of global governance and individuals’ economic and political agency, instead of cultural conformity.CosmopolitanismWestern interestsGlobal CitizenshipGlobalizationInternational Monetary FundEducationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5323q0kmarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 6, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39p5p4th2017-06-17T20:30:04Zqt39p5p4thFirst as Farce: Symbolic Politics and Donald Trump’s HandsArias-Benavides, Pablo2017-01-01The 2016 presidential primaries in the US featured a discussion of Donald Trump’s hands. Trump was a leading candidate for the Republican party and ultimately went on to win the presidency. This study analyzes the public discourse around this issue through the content analysis of nine news publications. A semiotic theory of mythology and symbolic politics is employed alongside sociological and psychological interpretations of fascist movements to understand the ideological underpinnings of the 2016 Presidential election. Because of the US’s central, hegemonic status in global politics, an understanding of the symbolic content and unconscious narratives which drive presidential elections is crucial to an understanding of emerging nationalist ideologies, governance, and culture. The language employed in presidential politics is an indicator of some of the cultural values and internal tensions characteristic of American society which are expressed through politics. Questions of libido, class, and gender -- particularly masculinity -- are raised by the results and addressed within this framework. The assertions of illegitimacy levelled against Trump, and his defenses, are seen to be predicated primarily on sexual power and also success in typically male endeavors, such as military or athletic contests. Distinctions of hierarchy and class are also strongly represented in the media dialogue surrounding the presidential primaries and Trump’s candidacy. Metaphorical language involving attacks and defense replaces, in American politics, direct representations of the leader as soldier which were more typical of the fascist representations of Mussolini. Symbolic politics play a role in the collective representation and discussion of political figures. In contrast to the distortion and personalization inherent in symbolism and mythology, political language could operate on the basis of simple denotation, serving to foreground concrete policy and reduce the emphasis on individual characteristics.Symbolic politicspresidential electionssemioticsfascismDonald Trumpapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39p5p4tharticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6j0285dz2017-06-17T20:30:03Zqt6j0285dzWhy Have Religious Zionists Perpetrated Acts of Violence in Hebron Post-2005?Picciuto, Nico2017-01-01Why have Religious Zionists perpetrated acts of violence in Hebron post-2005? Israel’s disengagement from Gaza and the northern West Bank settlements in 2005 caused the Religious Zionist settler movement to rethink the status of their struggle, leading to increased settler conflict throughout the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the ongoing, multi-generational persistence of Religious Zionist theology in vibrant segments of the Israeli settler community. Particularly in Hebron, the fallout from Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza aroused a strong sense of betrayal and distrust among Religious Zionists in the region who evidently believed strategic realignment was imperative at a time when the ongoing project of Religious Zionism was challenged on the basis of its founding principle – that is, Jewish biblical right to total settlement throughout the Occupied Territories. Disengagement thus symbolized the direct opposite of everything the original Religious Zionist movement had set out to achieve vis-à-vis the continual expansion of Zionist control throughout the Occupied Territories through the agency of actions such as settlement. Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza in the summer of 2005, by this logic, represents a failure – an antithesis – of what they believed to be the true path of Religious Zionism, or a deep-rooted conviction that settlers were carrying out the divine will of the Holy Land. In short, I attempt to describe and interpret why the consequences of this approach were particularly acute in Hebron, where settler conflict increased dramatically in the post-2005 period.Religious ZionismSecular ZionismHebronOccupied TerritoriesHoly Landapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6j0285dzarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5995641f2017-06-17T20:30:02Zqt5995641fThe EU’s Internal and External Responses to the European Immigration CrisisSalazar, Joshua2017-01-01Over the past two decades, millions of immigrants have begun to seek refuge within the European Union due to its open economy, stable job market, and security. This paper will help readers better understand the motives behind the current “European Immigration Crisis.” It highlights EU legislation and systems that have been proposed or have been put into effect throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, and their effectiveness. In particular, it examines the Commission’s efforts as well as individual member states’ responses within the Council and to the Commission. There have been growing internal concerns regarding the ongoing crisis, which many believe may be threatening the EU’s stability and identity. As a result, some member states have responded with reluctance to aid crisis relief efforts. Nonetheless progress has continued and various political shifts have occurred within the EU. For these reasons, the Commission and member states have begun to reassess their roles and put the European immigration crisis at the top of their agendas. This opens up entirely new prospects, raises new questions, and presents new efforts towards the preservation, protection, and promotion of global integration, cooperation, and unity.European CommissionEuropean Councilmember statesimmigrationimmigrant.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5995641farticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8wq2p3sj2017-06-17T20:30:01Zqt8wq2p3sjContemporary Visual Art and Iranian FeminismHaring, Jenna2017-01-01Iranian contemporary visual artist and filmmaker, Shirin Neshat gives us a unique lens into contradictions within Islamic feminism. She uses her situation as a culturally-hybrid individual to mediate the dichotomy construed between Eastern and Western cultures and male and female relationships. Special attention is paid to her use of art as a window into systemic socio-political and gender issues she observes from the vantage point of her “third space” locus. In her photographic and cinematic work, she creates provocative juxtapositions built on binaries to expose biases. Her work is equally political and personal. She uses it to critique societies and to construct her own cultural identity. As an actor in the supranational women’s rights movement, with the support of the Art World, she raises gender consciousness across cultures via her artistic provocation. Islamic feminism navigates the space within this chasm and Islamic feminist art is a visual articulation of its carefully construed ideology. An individual’s particular brand of Islamic feminism may be ascribed to a multicultural situation. This paper will explore the stereotypes established of Middle-Eastern women and Western women as a dehumanizing dichotomy, heightened by the way women are conflated with Islam as the problematic epitomization of an oppressed, mute “other.”Islamic feminismmulticulturalismgender consciousnesscultural hybriditycultural mediationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wq2p3sjarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6xb9t97w2017-06-17T20:30:00Zqt6xb9t97wThe Syrian Crisis and Cultural MemoryGibbons, Elizabeth2017-01-01Citing news reports from the height of the Syrian refugee crisis and academic papers relating to cultural identity and memory, I will suggest that the diaspora of Syrian people and the loss of their material culture will have extreme repercussions on the current and future identity of the Syrian people. This paper shines a light on the human cost of war and loss of irreplaceable material cultural heritage. I will posit the effects of such cultural trauma on the future of the displaced Syrian people by focusing on individual stories of loss, relocation, and change, using historical examples to validate the experience of the refugee. Finally, I will look to the future, grounding this analysis in scholarly theories of identity and memory to ask the question: what is next for Syrian identity? In May 2015 the terror group, ISIS first overtook Palmyra—a cultural World Heritage Site that dates back two thousand years. The destruction of the ancient Roman ruins was swift and devastating. The European shores have become awash with desperate and soaked Syrian refugees fleeing the war, and while the world is deeply concerned with the threats to human life, I am equally concerned with the material heritage being left behind by those fleeing. The Roman architecture, art, pottery, and massive works of human innovation and creativity that illustrate Syrian culture are literally being blown apart. My historian-self was afraid that this rich chapter of human history would be lost forever. Thankfully, I was wrong. In my research, I discovered archaeologists, scholars, religious people, cultural institutions, and the refugees themselves were working continually to salvage, preserve, and document cultural heritage. I discovered that there are many who share the same conviction that material culture is fundamentally important to identity.SyriaRefugee(s)MemoryCultureHeritageapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xb9t97warticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4m91s3fb2017-06-17T20:29:59Zqt4m91s3fbConstructing a Human Rights Campaign: Contemporary Slavery in MauritaniaRütti, André2017-01-01This paper seeks to draft a human rights campaign with regards to contemporary slavery in Mauritania. The research focuses on political, economic, social, and religious factors that account for the persistence of the institution of slavery within the Mauritanian society. These aspects are taken into consideration to construct a campaign that addresses the human rights issue at hand. In order to ensure a measurable impact, a twofold top-down and bottom-up approach is considered. The focus is set on measures aimed at the Mauritanian government, while simultaneously engaging with the local grassroots population. The core pillars of the campaign are a symbolic voice that articulates the human rights claims, a convincing message constructed around the well-established frame of slavery, the adequate use of media, and the construction of a receptive audience. This work gives an overview of the possibilities of promoting a certain aspect of human rights in a society where slavery is deeply ingrained. It also draws on the certain limits to the campaign that, to this day, represent important obstacles for a more egalitarian Mauritanian society.Mauritaniaslaveryhuman rightscampaignBiram Dah Abeidapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4m91s3fbarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2dq9f2s72017-06-17T20:29:57Zqt2dq9f2s7Water Privatization: A Threat to Human Rights?Pavelich, Kelly2017-01-01In developing countries, women often have responsibilities that are water dependent, such as collecting water and tending to the sick (Sewpaul, 2008: 45) As unpolluted water supplies diminish, these tasks become increasingly difficult to accomplish. Women face greater threats to their security as they are forced to walk farther, occasionally into dangerous areas, and lose several hours of their day, potentially reducing the household income and resulting in missed economic opportunities (Sewpaul, 2008: 46) To treat, ration, and dispense water, states may resort to privatized water management systems. Privatization, however, has routinely resulted in unaffordability and inaccessibility as well as poor service and water quality. This tendency has resulted in the question that this thesis will resolve, which is whether privatized water management is a violation of human rights. To answer this question, this thesis will analyze the impact privatization has on a number of groups, particularly women. In addition, to solve this puzzle, this thesis will examine Chile’s water management system, which is viewed by a number of scholars as a ‘star’ example of water privatization.waterprivatizationwomenhuman rightssecurityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dq9f2s7articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6zt2s3jb2017-06-17T20:29:56Zqt6zt2s3jbAgency, Expression, and the Virtual Sphere: Social Media in Saudi ArabiaHayman, Fiona2017-01-01This paper seeks to address the question of why so many Saudi Arabians use social media. Prior literature investigating social media usage in the Saudi Arabia is either too broad or too narrow. This necessitates academic inquiry that addresses the “middle ground”. Saudi Arabians' markedly high rates of social media usage appear incongruous with the traditional, highly restrictive nature of Saudi Arabian society. Given social media's status as a relatively new phenomenon, and its recognized ability to engender civil engagement and political participation, its foothold in a conservative, undemocratic society appears unusual. Thus, this paper investigates the motivations behind Saudi Arabians' social media usage. Qualitative and quantitative data from NGO reports, statistical databases, case studies, news articles, and social media accounts demonstrate a causal link between state repression and social media usage. The evidence indicates that Saudi Arabians use social media to circumvent societal restrictions.Social mediaSaudi Arabiasocietycivil societyrepressionapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zt2s3jbarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1gf8z5v12017-06-17T20:29:55Zqt1gf8z5v1Global Societies, Global FuturesChajdas, Tymoteusz2017-01-01application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gf8z5v1articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 5, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6s9711nr2016-05-30T19:11:21Zqt6s9711nrBrazil’s Militarized War on ZikaPinheiro de Oliveira, Amanda2016-01-01The Zika virus outbreak erupted in Brazil in 2015 and spread to dozens of countries in just a few months. There is no vaccine, treatment or cure for this virus that is now a sexually transmitted disease and causes microcephaly in babies. While scientists work to develop the vaccine, 500,000 tourists get ready to travel to Rio de Janeiro for the 2016 Olympic Games. Brazil has struggled to eliminate Aedes Aegypti, the mosquito vector of Zika and several others viruses, for the last 30 years. As the outbreak erupted on the eve of the Olympics, it globally exposed Brazil’s deficient healthcare and sanitation systems and lasting poverty and inequality gaps. It also happened in the wake of a severe political and economic crisis, which determined the state’s response to fight the virus. This paper examines the role of military forces as Brazil’s response to contain the Zika virus through three perspectives: 1) Brazil’s ambition to strengthen its role as a humanitarian superpower; 2) Brazil’s shift from a socially conscious approach to a global health issue (the case of HIV) to a forceful response (Zika); and 3) Brazil’s attempt to recover leadership, both internally and globally, threatened by the current crisis.Zika virusBrazilhumanitarian superpowersmilitarization2016 Olympic Gamesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s9711nrarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4zc389qg2016-05-30T19:11:19Zqt4zc389qgEngland’s Post-Imperial Education 1960s-1990s: National Identity Construction, Multicultural Initiatives, and Community ResponsesDrew, Rachael2016-01-01As globalization upsets traditional notions of the homogenous nation state, education becomes an avenue through which countries can define and redefine themselves, constructing national narratives through curricula decisions and education policies. Education initiatives in the post-imperial era showcase England grappling with both the loss of the British Empire and the influx of globalization, specifically in terms of incorporating the flood of migration from former West Indie colonies into its national education system. This article looks at the formal and informal education policies in England from the 1960s-1990s, situating them as negotiations over national narratives, identity, and citizenship. While multicultural education initiatives were implemented, these were later criticized by race scholars for failing to address the institutional racism and barriers to successful education within the English public school system. The black community responses to conservative education policies include increased parental involvement, supplementary schools, and alternative teaching pedagogies, all of which fall under the category of anti-racist or postcolonial education strategies.EducationMulticulturalPostcolonialPost ImperialLegitimate KnowledgeEnglandBritish Empireapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4zc389qgarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt78m2035b2016-05-30T19:11:18Zqt78m2035bImposing Nationalism on Diaspora Peoples: Korean Chinese in the Master Narrative of Chinese NationalismHai, Peng2016-01-01One of the most challenging aspects of the historiography of modern nation states is how to write diaspora peoples of an immigrant past into the national history, especially when the diaspora settlement pre-dates the birth of the modern nation state itself. The Korean Chinese as a minority nationality in today’s People’s Republic of China exemplify the myriad issues that occur when nationalistic historiography seeks to override and sanitize an uneven past. By looking at the impulse of Chinese nationalistic historiography in appropriating the subaltern past of Korean Chinese, this paper exposes and problematizes the master narrative of nationalism in history writing. Master narratives, by imposing "nationalism," a prototype modern set of values, retrospectively on a chaotic and contingent past render diaspora peoples particularly vulnerable to the sways of nationalism. Historians of diaspora peoples should therefore be critically aware that the past is full of contingencies that must be contextualized.Diaspora NationalityTacit TaboosNationalistic HistoriographyChinese NationalismChinese Ethnic MinoritiesKorean ChineseMaster Narrativesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/78m2035barticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4028c5t92016-05-30T19:11:17Zqt4028c5t9Challenging Gendered Politics: The Impact of One-Party Systems on Women’s Political Participation in LegislaturesRezai, Ava2016-01-01In the early 1990s, while a global pivot towards democracy was slowly accepted into civil society, authoritarian regimes began losing legitimacy. Paradoxically, the spread of democracy was accompanied by the insurgence of patriarchal one-party autocracies. This phenomenon catalyzed my interest to research into gender parity and one-party rule, the differences between a one-party state and a one-party dominant system, and the overall implications of adding gender quotas in party and state politics. The paper focuses on the relationship between women’s political participation in legislatures and one-party systems in three countries: China, Turkey and South Africa. The aim of the research is to uncover the impact and trend of one-party rule on women representation in legislature. As a result, the research will clarify whether there are differences in political treatment of women in a one-party state in China and one-party dominant state like South Africa. Another layer of the research will illustrate the impact of women’s participation in legislature where a democratic state begins to show signs of one-party dominance like Turkey. I qualitatively and quantitatively depict how each unique system identifies women’s political participation and whether or not they use democratic tactics to increase the number of women in their legislature.WomenParliamentsPolitical ParticipationPolitical PartiesLegislatureRepresentationGender ParityGender QuotasOne-Party StateOne-Party Dominant Systemapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4028c5t9articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt23w0n5sw2016-05-30T19:11:17Zqt23w0n5sw“We Must Help Them Build Free Institutions”: Neoliberal Modernization and American Nation-Building in IraqReyes, Kevin D.2016-01-01After the American invasion of Iraq in 2003, neoliberal hawks in the Bush administration embraced the goals of liberating the Iraqi people from economic constraints. This fast regime change, however, soon turned into a long quagmire that required a nation-building effort, reflecting the language of modernization theory. Thus, in the case of the Iraq War, two distinct and opposing theories of economic development—neoliberalism and modernization—merged together. What made this possible was the nature of analyzing American history through a lens of exceptionalism, as well as the transformative moment in the post-Cold War 1990s that began to remake the Middle East as the next adversary of the American superpower. This article uses this episode to suggest that intellectual histories of political economy need to reconsider narratives that present dominant theories through rigid periodization, while relying on works from Walt Rostow, David Harvey, Benjamin Barber, Timothy Mitchell, and Michael Latham, as well as rhetoric from George W. Bush and other neoliberal voices around the invasion.NeoliberalismModernizationWar on TerrorPolitical EconomyForeign PolicyIraqapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/23w0n5swarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6g4786zx2016-05-30T19:11:16Zqt6g4786zxThe Influence of Perceived Gender Roles on the Use of Water Services in Chiapas, MexicoSainburg, Estrella2016-01-01Two intersecting concerns in development studies include gender inequality and inaccessibility to safe and affordable drinking water. In five rural communities of Mexico where non-governmental initiated and community managed water systems seek to address these concerns, this original ethnographic research asked how the gender composition of the management of a water service influences people’s perception of the given water service. This question was influenced by the need for research on perceptions of water quality in developing countries and the importance of understanding and promoting gender equity as a process involving men and women. Using ethnographic tools, original data were gathered at each of the five water systems, two of which are managed by committees made up entirely of women and three with mixed-gendered committees. The results suggest that the gender composition of the committee and gendered distribution of responsibilities among committee members carry influence over a person’s perception of the water service. In particular, when these factors do not align with the gender norms of the community, a community member’s perception of the service can become negative. These findings suggest that organizations dedicated to developing safe water services should consider factors such as gender norms and community dynamics as a way to improve access to safe drinking water sources.WaterGender EquityCommunity ParticipationNGOsInternational Developmentapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6g4786zxarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4w64g29s2016-05-30T19:11:15Zqt4w64g29sEnvironmental Impacts of Illicit Drug ProductionBurns-Edel, Tristan2016-01-01Illegal drug production, specifically marijuana in California, and cocaine in South America, is resulting in intensive environmental degradation. While commonly cited as detrimental to societal health, the impacts of illicit drugs are rarely referred to as environmentally threatening. Ecosystem toxification, greenhouse gas emissions, and unsustainable water usage account for a variety of malign effects resulting from the plantation, harvest, and production of cannabis and cocaine. Ecosystem degradation remains a serious concern into the 21st century, a result indicative of the fact that current methods designed to stem the drug-trade too often involve reactionary enforcement measures by unitary actors. Preventive, not reactive, actions must be implemented to stop the production of illicit drugs in their initial stages, before ecosystem injury occurs. Coordinated efforts involving the integration of environmental and enforcement agencies, in intrastate and international realms, will be imperative for the establishment of a competent, global, anti-drug security system. Public sector involvement, through petitions and advertising campaigns by non-governmental organizations and environmental interest groups, can assist government efforts by raising awareness of drug-initiated ecosystem degradation and persuading constituents to lobby legislators for legal revisions.Illegal DrugsDrug ProductionEcosystemDegradationDeforestationCocaineMarijuanaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4w64g29sarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 4, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9xd906cz2016-02-01T22:11:39Zqt9xd906czHelping Hands in Haiti: Examining the Sustainable Strategies of Partners In Health and Build ChangeNeiman, Andrew Joseph2015-01-01Much has been written on the negative aspects of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Haiti and elsewhere as organizations have been criticized for squandering donor funds, back room decision making and operations, and for creating a cycle of dependence between developing and developed countries. On the other hand, many NGOs have done good work in their respective nations. This paper examines the projects of two NGOs working in Haiti: Build Change and Partners In Health. Drawing on observations gathered from travel in Haiti as well as scholarly books and articles, press releases, and other content, I highlight similarities between the strategies taken by these organizations, such as their focus on development and in installing a full system or industry in Haiti, rather than distributing imported commodities. My conclusions provide insight that can be used by potential donors as well as local and international governments. Moreover, other NGOs could benefit from this information in determining ways to improve dysfunctional organizations, other projects and programs, and reverse the problem of dependency on relief aid by underdeveloped countries.
Helping Hands in Haiti: Examining the Sustainable Strategies of Partners in Health and Build Change
HaitiNGOsSustainable DevelopmentDisaster ReliefForeign Aidapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xd906czarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8s1938qf2016-02-01T22:11:36Zqt8s1938qfPolitical Psychology, Identity Politics, and Social Reconciliation in Post-Genocidal CambodiaEbrahim, Shireen2015-01-01Various factors besides culture and religion assist in defining the identity of a community. In the case of Cambodia, the tragic genocide of the Khmer Rouge and its aftermath forged a Cambodian identity suffering from severe psychological trauma. The lack of essential reconciliation and rehabilitation efforts by the government has played a role in the transgenerational passage of the trauma and needs to be addressed for the stable progression of Cambodian society.
Political Psychology, Identity Politics, and Social Reconciliation in Post-Genocidal Cambodia
Political psychologyGenocideTraumaKhmer RougeCambodiaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8s1938qfarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3m41z83s2016-02-01T22:11:34Zqt3m41z83sA Radical Theory of Bodies: Synthesizing the Manipulation of Corporeal and Affective Bodies in Feminist TheoryBaker, Sally2015-01-01Drawing chiefly upon Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, this article argues that feminist theory does not operate in isolation from the body, but rather that the body is a medium through which feminist theory is performed. It examines how various feminist theorists conceive of the body, both corporeally and affectively, and how the body is mediated by a variety of culturally specific forces. Through a carefully crafted Butlerian lens, the article examines the body of the third world prostitute, the body of the fetus, the invasion of bodies by modern capitalism, the reimagining of the body in radical feminist utopia, and other constructions of the body. By placing the work of multiple feminist theorists in conversation with one another, the article offers theoretical insight by synthesizing seemingly disparate feminist theories.Gender PerformativityCorporealityAffectivityBodiesCultural Mediationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3m41z83sarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vg7n7kt2016-02-01T22:11:31Zqt5vg7n7ktSayyida Salme / Emily Ruete: Knowledge Flows in an Age of Steam, Print, and EmpireMaxwell, Katherine2015-01-01This paper analyzes the writings of Sayyida Salme bint Sa’id ibn Sultan (1844-1924), the Zanzibari-Omani princess who married a German merchant and converted to Christianity. While she spent the rest of her life as Emily Ruete, existentially she lived “between two worlds.” I argue she successfully navigated her core identities as an Islamic(ate) woman despite adopting and adapting to European customs. Her successful Memoirs of An Arabian Princess, originally published in German as Memoiren einer arabischen Prinzessin in 1886, and her Letters Home (Briefe nach der Heimat), published in 1993, demonstrate her ongoing significance to scholars of gender, travel, globalization, and culture. I seek to expand her legacy by going beyond the constraining narrative that she failed to achieve her initial goal of monetary remuneration. I will instead focus on moments of hybridity, wisdom, resilience, and growth to show how she made progress in her second goal: to rectify distorted views of “the South.”
GlobalizationGerman-African tradeZanzibarMuslim female travelogue19th centuryapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vg7n7ktarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0487w52c2016-02-01T22:11:30Zqt0487w52cLowriding Through New SpacesCano, Beatriz2015-01-01Although lowriders may be a familiar image, many people merely label these custom cars as a manifestation of gang culture rather than seeing them as a Chicano cultural production. The former view dismisses the rich background that informed and led to the creation of lowriders. This paper argues that the creation of lowriders is not a manifestation of gang culture, but instead reflects efforts to create a space that expresses Chicano identity informed by inequality and segregation. The lowrider is a way of symbolically and literally traveling beyond segregated spaces that marginalize Chicanos, giving rise to Chicano pride and power. Lowriders also express Chicano identity through their abstract and representational painting, for example the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a significant Chicano icon, which is often painted on lowriders. The lowrider is more than a vehicle; it is a representation and display of Chicano identities informed by experiences with inequality, segregation, and resistance.LowridersChicano identityartspaceVirgin of Guadaluperesistanceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0487w52carticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt15v5j7w32016-02-01T22:11:27Zqt15v5j7w3Hong Kong and China: One Country, Two Systems, Two IdentitiesYip, Anastasia2015-01-01Since the handover of Hong Kong from Britain to China in 1997, there has been underlying tension and many outbreaks of civil disobedience in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong people’s hostility towards China was fully visualized in the student-led “Umbrella Revolution” in September 2014. This paper explores the roots of conflicts this social uproar from cultural and political perspectives. It examines the fundamental flaws of “One country, two systems” that provokes fear of re-colonization by assessing the similarities between the British hegemony and Chinese sovereignty in Hong Kong. This paper also analyzes the rhetoric of the Hong Kong Federation of Students and their demands, in order to provide a deeper investigation into why Hong Kong people often alienate themselves from their mainland counterparts. One hypothesis in this paper suggests that over a century of British colonization influenced the political ideals in Hong Kong, while such concepts cause resentment as they deviate from those of the rest of China. Seeing the divergence of Hong Kong’s individualism from Chinese Confucianism, this paper proposes that the departure of cultural identities within one national framework creates difficulties for forming a cordial relationship between Hong Kong and mainland China. While Confucianism emphasizes on constructing harmony in the society, the construction itself requires much exclusion, as well as sacrifice of personal interests. This harmony building agenda proves extremely hard in Hong Kong, where multiple languages are spoken and individuality, as opposed to conformity, is celebrated. Despite the return of sovereignty, conflicts between Hong Kong and China become almost inevitable with these fundamental differences.
RevolutionChinaconstitutionspecial administrative regionsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/15v5j7w3articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9p08t8562016-02-01T22:11:25Zqt9p08t856The Ghosts of Colonialism: Economic Inequity in Post-Apartheid South AfricaFarkash, Andrew Tzvi2015-01-01Although political apartheid in South Africa ended in 1993, racial and economic inequity persisted. The end of White minority rule in government prompted the birth of the multicultural/non-racial “Rainbow Nation,” promising freedom and equality for all South Africans. However, the shift in political representation to Black majority rule in 1994—led by the African National Congress (ANC) and former president Nelson Mandela—failed to confront and reverse the vast inequities produced by the former apartheid state. This paper contextualizes the current state of affairs by tracing the histories of occupation and racial capitalism in colonial South Africa.South Africaapartheidcolonialismpost-colonialismracismmulticulturalismNelson Mandelaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p08t856articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt24g728jb2016-02-01T22:11:21Zqt24g728jbResistance of Mayan Women against Obstetric ViolenceGonzalez-Flores, Marina2015-01-01Mayan women are often victims of obstetric violence in the Yucatan Peninsula. Obstetric violence is defined as violence women experience by health officials or midwives during birth. This article will examine five different communities within the states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo in Mexico and compare and contrast activism efforts against obstetric violence among Mayan women. Mayan women are organizing to create unions for midwives, workshops on reproductive rights and health care, and demonstrations that advocate for the end of obstetric violence in their communities. Through unstructured interviews and participant observation, this research illustrates the variety of experiences these women face when giving birth, and the expressions of activism women utilized to counter obstetric violence and resist larger issues of structural violence. This research can help us understand the obstacles Mayan women face and provide strategies for organizations, governments, and institutions to further support and empower women’s organizing strategies. Such work is important for informing practical solutions to end obstetric violence in these communities.Obstetric violenceMayan womenmaternal healthorganizingactivismMexicoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/24g728jbarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 3, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt75m582wc2014-10-21T15:36:29Zqt75m582wcThe Battle for Development: Economic Growth versus Institutions, Fighting for Long-term Sustainable OutcomesBrown, Hannah K.2014-01-01The globalization process, accelerated through technology proliferation, has “brought about profound changes in the international context [and] could have far-reaching implications for development” according to Deepak Nayyar. He argues a myth exists advocating the spread of globalization and global economic wealth convergence; however, globalization is uneven and a sharp divide between rich and poor countries persists. For example, during the 1980s and 1990s poverty increased in most Latin American, Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan African countries. However, not all developing nations have stagnated, some have experienced high sustained economic growth rates. Both China and Botswana have been hailed as such examples in the developing world while some of their neighbors, notably Mongolia and Zimbabwe, have had more trouble. This begs the question, why have some developing countries achieved development while others have not? To begin to address this question, one must look at various development models and case studies. Before trying to achieve rapid economic growth, it is critical that nations have strong institutions embedded within state infrastructure to ensure long-term sustainable development.DevelopmentSustainabilitySub-Saharan AfricaBotswanaDiamondsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/75m582wcarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vb3n9tc2014-10-21T15:36:28Zqt5vb3n9tcAnnexation of Crimea: Causes, Analysis and Global ImplicationsSaluschev, Sergey2014-01-01In the wake of Russia’s annexation of the Crimean Autonomous Republic, some scholars and analysts of international relations rushed to proclaim the inauguration of the new world order. In this paper, I argue that such claims are mistaken and groundless. Further, Russia’s actions in the peninsula do not represent a stratagem of geopolitical expansion and pose no implications for the global balance of power. Of course, Russia’s annexation of Crimea was in severe violation of international law. Nevertheless, only careful and informed analysis of the political coup that ousted the government of Yanukovych and familiarity with Crimea’s history can illuminate one’s understanding of the causes of the territory’s decision to secede from Ukraine’s authority and reunite with Russia.CrimeaUkraineEuromaidanRussiathe world order.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vb3n9tcarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6x06c2x62014-10-21T15:36:26Zqt6x06c2x6Indigenous Visions of Self-Determination: Healing and Historical Trauma in Native AmericaAvalos Cisneros, Natalie2014-01-01Indigenous people in the U.S. and Canada define self-determination as the right to be recognized as an autonomous nation with international status free from paternalistic intervention by settler-state governments. The discourse on Native self-governance suggests that self-determination can be best realized through Native centered practices and logics. Mohawk scholar, Taiaiake Alfred, argues that chief among them is the regeneration of Native lifeways and spiritual practices. The work of Andrea Smith cautions us to recognize how the self-determining subject is in itself a racial project wherein the Native subject is always aspiring to be “fully human.” In contrast, Smith argues that true liberation could be realized by negotiating an alternate definition of personhood that is constituted in and through our beings. Alfred theorizes a form of self-determination that is based on the regeneration of religious lifeways, which, I argue, express the ‘radical relationality’ that Smith describes. This article tethers the work of these two scholars to suggest that Native-centered negotiations of self-determination can only be understood through Indigenous ontological logics and religious lifeways.Native lifewayshealingindigenous spiritualitysubjectivityself-determinationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6x06c2x6articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9fx326b52014-10-21T15:36:25Zqt9fx326b5Closing the Gap: How the U.S. Education System Could Close the Economic Gap between Developed CountriesBurns, Amanda2014-01-01This paper analyzes the United States education system and how it has recently declined in comparison with other developed countries. The impending results of this lack of educational quality contribute to a possible shortening of the economic gap between the United States and other developed countries. Many nations in the world, though quite strong economically, have GDPs that currently fall behind the United States by a vast amount. However, with the change in education rankings, comes a likely a change in economic rankings in the future. This development could possibly close the gap between developed nations’ GDPs, demonstrating the effect that the United States education system potentially has on the global economy.EducationGlobal EconomyGlobal CompetitionEconomic GapDeveloped Nationsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fx326b5articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt34c5582q2014-10-21T15:36:23Zqt34c5582qLet's Meet at the Langar: How the Sikh Community has Persevered and Thrived in the USTanabe, Sean2014-01-01Despite being the fifth largest religion in the world, Sikhism continues to be misunderstood. This research looks at the diaspora of Sikhs, specifically from Punjab to the United States of America. The goal is to illustrate the components of their experience – when, why, and how they came, along with reasons why Sikh struggles have eventually developed into triumphs. It is clear that a focus on community has been an overarching theme of their resolute success. However, that community has experienced nuances of division within itself, due to developing relationships with tradition that inevitably follow diaspora and modernization. Misplaced strife faced in the aftermath of 9/11 is also examined. Research was drawn primarily from academic writings and articles, government documents, a joint study by the Stanford Peace Innovation Lab and Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund, and personal interactions with Sikhs. By understanding the Sikh Diaspora, one is able to view a case study of where globalization, tradition, and modernization meet.SikhismDiasporaUnited StatesImmigration HistoryGlobalizationModernizationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/34c5582qarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt66k9b4km2014-10-21T15:36:22Zqt66k9b4kmDirect Trade: The New Fair TradeLatta, Peter2014-01-01The growth of the coffee industry over the last 20 years has led to expanding global coffee markets. During this time, consumer product awareness has increased the demand for higher quality products. Coffee has been a leading export of many developing countries due to their fertile growing regions and availability of cheap labor. The creation of the Fairtrade Labelling Organization has led many to believe the coffee they are consuming is contributing to development in these products countries of origin. Recent studies show that the push towards fair trade coffee production has had little impact on the goals the organization seeks to achieve. An alternative model, Direct Trade, is increasingly becoming more popular with roasters and has proven to have a more relevant impact on individual farmers and villages it sources coffee from.CoffeeFairtradeDirect TradeDevelopmentConsumerismLatin Americaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/66k9b4kmarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 2, iss 0oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4r64r5wj2013-09-24T21:51:36Zqt4r64r5wjGlobalization, Women's Empowerment and Sustainable Growth: Development Theory with a VaginaAdcock, Kimberly2013-01-01Through a gendered lens, this paper seeks to explore certain social realities and their effect on the global economic climate. Many across the globe are subjugated, actively oppressed and even murdered simply because they are female. While this can easily be seen as a human rights issue, it is also arguably an important economic factor that has yet to be adequately incorporated into development discourse. For example, gender equality is one of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), however, the connection between women’s rights and all of the other MDGs is inextricable. Further, key to the realization of gender equality is one of the most difficult pieces to the development puzzle—personal empowerment, which is not something that an outside force can easily influence. Applying these concepts to a case study of Sri Lanka illustrates the difficulty in measuring gender equity and the complexities in understanding the effect that gender relations has on development.GenderDevelopmentMillennium Development GoalsSri Lankaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r64r5wjarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt13s698mx2013-09-24T21:51:34Zqt13s698mxThe Crisis of Contemporary Arab Television: Has the Move towards Transnationalism and Privatization in Arab Television Affected Democratization and Social Development in the Arab World?Elouardaoui, Ouidyane2013-01-01Arab media has experienced a radical shift starting in the 1990s with the emergence of a wide range of private satellite TV channels. These new TV channels, such as MBC (Middle East Broadcasting Center) and Aljazeera have rapidly become the leading Arab channels in the realms of entertainment and news broadcasting. These transnational channels are believed by many scholars to have challenged the traditional approach of their government–owned counterparts. Alternatively, other scholars argue that despite the easy flow of capital and images in present Arab television, having access to trustworthy information still poses a challenge due to the governments’ grip on the production and distribution of visual media. This paper brings together these contrasting perspectives, arguing that despite the unifying role of satellite Arab TV channels, in which national challenges are cast as common regional worries, democratization and social development have suffered. One primary factor is the presence of relationships forged between television broadcasters with influential government figures nationally and regionally within the Arab world.Arab televisionsatellite transmissiontransnationalismdemocratizationdevelopment.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/13s698mxarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1bv3q5jj2013-09-24T21:51:33Zqt1bv3q5jjLebanon: A State of Many Nations & a Menagerie of Many ModernitiesZorub, Daniel2013-01-01This essay seeks to analyze some political complexities of the country of Lebanon in light of popular literature concerned with global governance. By particularly considering some of Lebanon's demographic complexities in light of John Ikenberry's Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order, James Mittelman's Hyperconflict: Globalization & Insecurity, Mary Kaldor's New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era and Charles Taylor's Modern Social Imaginaries, conflict in Lebanon can be contextualized within a sort of global governance framework. Or rather, a global governance framework can offer an approach for explaining some complexities of conflict and the distribution of power in Lebanon. Such a framework can be extracted from the above mentioned literature, by understanding how multiple modernities bound under hegemonic power can become the fault lines for conflict and competition when hegemonic order fails and disintegrates into hyperconflict and asymmetrical warfare. This can be applied to the Lebanese context by recognizing how demographic complexities in the country fostered the construction of multiple modernities and political futures tethered to differing communitarian identities. In the face of a weak state system and failures of the government to maintain order between Lebanon's competing communities, the battle lines of the Lebanese Civil War and ongoing political conflicts today have been drawn along these confessional and communitarian lines. Such conflict has been especially asymmetrical in nature as no one faction or external actor has been able to reestablish hegemonic order in the country. Leaving Lebanon in a sort of indefinite deterritorialized global conflict.Global governancedemographicsdistribution of powermodernityidentityLebanonapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1bv3q5jjarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt40m4t2rt2013-09-24T21:51:31Zqt40m4t2rtThe Fragility of the Modern Imaginary: A Case Study of Western SaharaMcManus, Allison2013-01-01While the European Enlightenment marked the dawn of our modern era, marked by a belief in the rule of law to deliver security and prosperity to all people, the geopolitical reality of world order has not delivered on this promise. The case of Western Sahara, a UN declared non-self-governing territory demonstrates the negative implications for human rights where fissures occur between what Charles Taylor deemed the modern social imaginary and this global political reality. This paper explores the history of the Western Sahara conflict with respect to the UN framework of international law regarding self-determination. It concludes by offering suggestions for moving past a mere acceptance of the feasible, looking towards the ideal.GeopoliticsUnited NationsWestern SaharaMoroccoSelf-determinationhuman rightsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/40m4t2rtarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2rw706q32013-09-24T21:51:30Zqt2rw706q3Control and Intervention of Cholera Outbreaks in Refugee CampsSim, Christianna2013-01-01Cholera, a disease with a long history, continues to devastate populations around the world. Due to the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes the disease, cholera only seems to affect developing countries, giving rise to a health disparity. For developed countries with adequate water and sewage treatment systems, the threat of cholera is irrelevant. Meanwhile, developing countries which have underlying vulnerabilities of poverty and lack basic access to clean water and proper sanitation are disproportionately affected. There are many factors that put different populations at risk for cholera outbreaks. Epidemiological studies of cholera outbreaks show that the combination of poverty with the effects of conflict or natural disaster produces the most vulnerable population of refugees or internally displaced persons (IDP). Not only are these populations more susceptible to the risk of cholera outbreak, but they are more vulnerable to its devastating effects. Refugee and IDP camps experience higher attack rates and case fatality rates (CFR) due to the scarcity of resources (Brown, Jacquier, Bachy, Bitar, & Legros, 2002). Cholera outbreaks in displaced populations present a public health hazard in an emergency context. If these outbreaks are not properly managed, they can develop into epidemics and pandemics. Thus, it is important to implement a swift and effective strategy to manage cholera outbreaks in refugee and IDP camps. To do this there are two main objectives: control transmission of the disease and emergency medical relief. Control of transmission must be accomplished through short- and long-term solutions: a supply of adequate water and sanitation combined with a public health campaign to promote knowledge and proper practices. Emergency medical relief would consist of establishment of cholera treatment centers (CTC) that would provide urgent intervention to efficiently diagnose and treat cases of cholera to reduce fatality rates.CholeraDisease preventiomrefugeesdisplaced peoplepublic healthsanitationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rw706q3articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4jr8s5v22013-09-24T21:51:29Zqt4jr8s5v2Women Spring: Reclaiming Resistance as the Ultimate OtherRice, Paige2013-01-01Arab women are often marginalized in the minds of the West as oppressed by Arab, Muslim men. The language used to represent these women is often that of victimhood, stripping the women of the possibility of self-determination and agency. This article looks at a total of six articles and their commentary from Al Jazeera, Fox News, and Huffington Post to analyze how the language used in news articles both reproduce and challenge these stereotypes. The articles are specific to events related to the Arab Spring and women’s involvement in it. The commentary proves to be the true representation of Western knowledge production about Arab women as it ignores the elements of empowerment echoed in the articles, and focuses solely on the elements of Arab women’s passivity and Arab men’s brutality. I make the argument that this discourse is produced and reproduced in order to sustain a sentiment of Western superiority over the “brutal”, “oppressive” East. First, I discuss the absence real discussion about women in this conversation about women, and how it quickly turns to men and the East/West divide. Arab women become collateral damage in the bigger war and quest of the West to confirm its’ moral high ground above Arab Muslim men and their culture. I then discuss how some Arab women are taking control and subverting these images through a call to violence and a call for equal rights.Arab womenArab springRepresentationKnowledge productionNewsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jr8s5v2articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt77m340wn2013-09-24T21:51:28Zqt77m340wnThe Commodification of the Native in the 21st CenturyFowler, Sarah2013-01-01This paper explores the emerging popularity of Native American inspired goods within the context of URBN retail stores. Using American Indian stereotypes and symbols these products speak to the western desire to mimic the perceived ideals of Indians, including spirituality and environmentalism thus allowing Americans to assuage technological anxieties with the consumption of a contrived naturalistic lifestyle. It is argued that the production of such “native” goods has further restricted the self-determination of American Indians and perpetuated intolerance by limiting the scope of modern Native American life to once again fit within the definition of a western world. This cycle is additionally harmful in the recreation of the good and bad Indian narrative, popular in the seventeenth century. The good Indian has become a passive naturalist, whose culture is available for consumption while the bad Indian remains the enemy, he continues to lie and cheat and is exemplified by portrayals of modern American Indian entrepreneurs. As an international retailer, URBN is indicative of a global trend in the western perception and treatment of modern native peoples. It is suggested that the global marketing of a trend detrimental to the agency of Native Americans has become an international issue for all indigenous people and stands to perpetuate prejudices around the world simultaneously hindering progress on issues surrounding indigenous rights.Cultural appropriationethnocentrismplaying Indianstereotypeself-determinationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/77m340wnarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3n85m56s2013-09-24T21:51:27Zqt3n85m56sNeither Legal nor Justiciable: Targeted Killings and De Facto Immunity within the War on TerrorMedeiros, Christopher Paul Kailani2013-01-01This article seeks to highlight and discuss many of the legally problematic aspects of the US’s War on Terror targeted killing policies and programs, namely drone strikes and “capture/kill” missions. First, the US has sought to characterize the War on Terror, in its entirety, as a “non-international armed conflict of international scope” and, as a result, governed by the paradigm of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). While the factual basis of this definition is dubious at best, it is exceedingly more permissive of the sort of lethal force that central to the targeted killing program. Suspending disbelief, however, it seems equally questionable that the US actually respects the legal provisions of a non-international armed conflict. Though current disregard for transparency impedes a more thorough analysis, what information is available strongly suggests that targeted killing policy explicitly violates the IHL principles of proportionality and distinction. Cumulatively and effectively, domestic law, unfortunately, does not appear any more capable of constraining targeted killing policy’s inherent potential for widespread abuse, with current juridical dogmas regarding questions of standing, political questions doctrine, and state secrets privilege cumulatively effectively rendering the program non-justiciable.Targeted KillingUnmanned Areal VehiclePrinciple of DistinctionPrinciple of proportionalityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3n85m56sarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt23h636xc2013-09-24T21:51:26Zqt23h636xcSo Close Yet So Far: Contrasting Andean Attitudes toward Foreign Direct InvestmentPeinado, Daniela2013-01-01Should a developing nation embrace foreign direct investment, or are such decisions more likely to result in a dependency that inhibits growth in the long run? The recently elected presidents of neighboring countries Bolivia and Peru have opposing attitudes in this regard, despite their analogous reliance on mineral exports and predominantly indigenous populations. I closely examine the impact of two lucrative mines—both in production for over one hundred years, privatized around the turn of the last century, and most recently owned by Swiss company Glencore. I find that Morales’s choice to renationalize the mine in Bolivia is justified based on the perceived impact of foreign involvement, the desires of his constituents, and his overwhelming concern for the environment. However, though the country has made significant financial gains thus far, it is still too soon to fully realize the repercussions of his decision. On the other hand, as Peru enjoys a relatively prosperous economy, even a narrowly focused case study illustrates the merits and downfalls of neoliberal policies in Latin America.political economynationalizeprivatizeforeign direct investmentdevelopmentresourcespopulistpublic opinionneoliberal policiesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/23h636xcarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9dr224z32013-09-24T21:51:25Zqt9dr224z3Copyright Law and the Democraticization of Cultural ValuePitzek, Kristopher2013-01-01This essay examines and criticizes copyright law as it now functions in Western society. I argue that copyright law only serves corporate interests and functions to limit the development of and use of cultural symbols and texts. In effect, this eliminates the use of cultural texts by marginalized groups. Furthermore, I bring to light several case studies that suggest copyright law does not only hinder the production of cultural material, but is not necessary to facilitate a healthy environment for the production and distribution of cultural material within a given society. Conversely, I suggest that by way of eliminating copyright law altogether, we may expedite a process I call the "democratization of cultural production and exchange". By allowing citizen consumers of cultural products, using new digital technologies, to assign cultural value to cultural texts without the politics and economic injustices that arise from the use and abuse of copyright law, we may have a richer and ultimately more economically sound system by which cultural texts can be generated and shared. In order to defend against those who have similar notions about copyright law as I, but call for the implementation of a limited copyright law, I explain how communities and individual artists can and indeed do thrive while entirely disregarding copyright law. This paper should motivate future scholars to examine in particular the compatibility of outdated copyright law with digital technologies and web-based services. It is suggested through my initial research that these services can and will replace the function of rigid copyright law to help facilitate and incentivize a democratized and streamlined system of cultural production and exchange.Copyright lawdigital agecorporatismremix cultureideological apparatusapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dr224z3articleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt729197cx2013-09-20T17:45:08Zqt729197cxControl and Intervention of Cholera Outbreaks in Refugee CampsSim, Christianna2013-01-01Cholera, a disease with a long history, continues to devastate populations around the world. Due to the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes the disease, cholera only seems to affect developing countries, giving rise to a health disparity. For developed countries with adequate water and sewage treatment systems, the threat of cholera is irrelevant. Meanwhile, developing countries which have underlying vulnerabilities of poverty and lack basic access to clean water and proper sanitation are disproportionately affected. There are many factors that put different populations at risk for cholera outbreaks. Epidemiological studies of cholera outbreaks show that the combination of poverty with the effects of conflict or natural disaster produces the most vulnerable population of refugees or internally displaced persons (IDP). Not only are these populations more susceptible to the risk of cholera outbreak, but they are more vulnerable to its devastating effects. Refugee and IDP camps experience higher attack rates and case fatality rates (CFR) due to the scarcity of resources (Brown, Jacquier, Bachy, Bitar, & Legros, 2002). Cholera outbreaks in displaced populations present a public health hazard in an emergency context. If these outbreaks are not properly managed, they can develop into epidemics and pandemics. Thus, it is important to implement a swift and effective strategy to manage cholera outbreaks in refugee and IDP camps. To do this there are two main objectives: control transmission of the disease and emergency medical relief. Control of transmission must be accomplished through short- and long-term solutions: a supply of adequate water and sanitation combined with a public health campaign to promote knowledge and proper practices. Emergency medical relief would consist of establishment of cholera treatment centers (CTC) that would provide urgent intervention to efficiently diagnose and treat cases of cholera to reduce fatality rates.
choleraglobal healthglobal policypubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/729197cxarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bv7z5wn2013-09-20T17:44:59Zqt6bv7z5wnSo Close Yet So Far: Contrasting Andean Attitudes toward Foreign Direct InvestmentPeinado, Daniela2013-01-01Should a developing nation embrace foreign direct investment, or are such decisions more likely to result in a dependency that inhibits growth in the long run? The recently elected presidents of neighboring countries Bolivia and Peru have opposing attitudes in this regard, despite their analogous reliance on mineral exports and predominantly indigenous populations. I closely examine the impact of two lucrative mines—both in production for over one hundred years, privatized around the turn of the last century, and most recently owned by Swiss company Glencore. I find that Morales’s choice to renationalize the mine in Bolivia is justified based on the perceived impact of foreign involvement, the desires of his constituents, and his overwhelming concern for the environment. However, though the country has made significant financial gains thus far, it is still too soon to fully realize the repercussions of his decision. On the other hand, as Peru enjoys a relatively prosperous economy, even a narrowly focused case study illustrates the merits and downfalls of neoliberal policies in Latin America.political economynationalizeprivatizeforeign direct investmentdevelopmentresourcespopulistpublic opinionneoliberal policiesGlobal StudiesEconomicsLaw and SocietiespubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bv7z5wnarticleGlobal Societies Journalvol 1, iss 1