2024-03-28T11:11:14Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt03n5v0t62021-12-22T19:33:16Zqt03n5v0t6Household Food Waste Developments: A Comparison of Progress in the European Union and the United StatesZaat, Sara2021-10-04application/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/03n5v0t6publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7zp5b1302019-06-12T22:02:34Zqt7zp5b130From Research to Market:What the EU can learn from the USA?Novikova, Jekaterina2019-06-12The research project “From Research to Market: What the EU can learn from the USA” addresses the gap between the laboratory research and market. I examine how government, universities and private companies facilitate the transition of research results to market in the USA. In the report I present various programs that are available to the researchers and entrepreneurs in the US and invite to consider them for implementation in Europe. I argue that different stages of lab-to-market transfer require different mechanisms that should not be limited to funding but include technology transfer assistance and advice on intellectual property, mentoring by peers and industry mentors and access to the laboratory space and incubators. I conclude that the Bay Area answer to closing the lab-to-market gap is by a combination of support mechanisms that reinforce and complement each other, when implemented simultaneously. I invite to discuss which of the US initiatives and programs described in this report shall be promoted in Europe and at which level.innovationinnovation ecosystemslab-to-markettechnology transferuniversity-industry collaborationstartupsventure capitalgrantsacceleratorsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zp5b130publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7t86g05f2018-09-22T00:43:16Zqt7t86g05fRefugees and their Allies as Agents of Progress: Knowledge, Power and Action in Forbidden and Dangerous Boundary RegionsCrawford, Beverly2018-09-21Focusing on the historical and contemporary dilemmas posed by the “refugee crisis,” this essay investigates the potential for international progress in acknowledging our common humanity. I examine the utility of Emanuel Adler’s theory of cognitive evolution as a lens through which to assess the extent of that potential. I employ the theory to explore how certain practices dealing with forced migration became prevalent, while others lay dormant. I also examine how competing communities of practice battle to shape our understanding of forced migration in the current “post-truth” environment. I argue that cognitive evolution offers a potent conceptual framework for understanding both the extent to which the suffering of migrants has and has not been alleviated—a powerful indicator of the degree to which the world community has acknowledge their humanity. This holds for the social order of refugee protection, even in the current period as tribalism threatens to erode epistemological security, as normlessness threatens to replace a competition among norms, and as these threats weaken our shared reality. Refugee CrisisUNHCR. League of Nationspost-truthforced migrationapplication/pdfCC-BYeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t86g05fpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5qh6m0z42017-02-28T00:17:56Zqt5qh6m0z4“Not Laughing Now”: Nigel Farage, European Identity, and Euroscepticism in the EUBaronia, Nitisha2017-04-01Due to economic, political, and cultural disparities between member states, the European Union (EU) has been unable to form a pan-European political and cultural identity. This has resulted in a long-term vote capturing opportunity for far-right political parties, which have brought Euroscepticism to the EU’s doorstep through election to the European Parliament (EP). Furthermore, because of their ability to emphasize these deeply rooted economic, political, and cultural disparities, far-right eurosceptic Members of European Parliament (MEPs) exacerbate Euroscepticism in a self-sustaining cycle that both internally and externally threatens EU legitimacy and, if left unaddressed, the very future of European integration.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qh6m0z4publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4w38m7nf2016-04-15T00:16:07Zqt4w38m7nfThe Doors That April OpenedSantos, José Carlos Ary dosPimentel, AntónioAdão, Deolinda M.Potts, Claude H.2014-04-25An outgrowth of a library exhibition in UC Berkeley’s Doe Library, this book commemorates the 40th anniversary of Portugal’s Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos) which took place on April 25, 1974. The poem “As portas que Abril abriu” first published in 1975 by the fabled poet of the revolution José Carlos Ary dos Santos and graphically reinforced by António Pimentel’s illustrations provided a fitting and powerful structure for the installation. Because a translation was not available, the curators provided one there and now documented in this book the first-ever parallel English translation of the text.PortugaldictatorshipEstado Novocoup d'étatCarnation RevolutionRevolução dos Cravos25 de Abrilpoetryliterature and revolutionPortugal -- History -- Revolution1974application/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4w38m7nfpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt667699tw2016-03-28T17:31:34Zqt667699twTowards Fiscalization of the European Union? The US and EU Fiscal Unions in a Comparative Historical PerspectiveWozniakowski, Tomasz P.2016-03-28application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/667699twpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4px3g37h2016-02-09T18:15:32Zqt4px3g37hThe Abyss of Complexity. Some Remarks on European and German Law in the Migration CrisisSölter, Nicolas2016-02-09This article focusses on dysfunctions of European and German law in the face of mass migration. In particular, it reflects the German debate on the relation of domestic constitutional provisions and EU asylum law.Refugee CrisisMigration CrisisDublin RegulationTemporary Protection DirectiveSeparation of PowersFederal Loyaltyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4px3g37hpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1x9831v32015-09-04T00:55:16Zqt1x9831v3Managing the multigenerational workforce: Lessons German companies can learn from Silicon ValleyKlaffke, Martin2015-04-01Germany is undergoing a dramatic demographic change that requires its organizations to make workforce talent of all ages a strategic priority. Practitioners in Germany focus largely on Generation Y employees, because this young employee cohort expresses new and different work-related values. However, diverse attitudes and behaviours of employees of different age groups can potentially lead to conflict and have an overall negative impact on organizational performance. Given US labour legislation and media pressure, managing workforce diversity has been on the agenda of U.S. organizations for many years. Consequently, it can be assumed that there are areas in which German organizations can learn best practices from the U.S. experience. Although data collected from Silicon Valley organizations suggest that taking specific action for managing the multi-generational workforce is currently not a pressing issue in the tech industry, setting up innovative workplaces is an action field in which Germany can learn from its U.S. counterparts.GermanyDemographicsDiversityGeneration ManagementSilicon Valleyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x9831v3publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0q71b0p22014-07-29T19:23:07Zqt0q71b0p2The Vienna Archives: Musical Expropriations During the Nazi Era and 21st Century RamificationsShapreau, Carla2014-06-05application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q71b0p2publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9jn0p8k62014-01-14T16:48:35Zqt9jn0p8k6The Loss of French Musical Property During World War II: Post-War Repatriations, Restitutions, and 21st Century RamificationsShapreau, Carla2014-01-08application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jn0p8k6publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt73g7c2rk2014-01-08T23:53:27Zqt73g7c2rkForeign Workers and Labour shortages in East Asia: Implications for the EUAbella, Manolo I2014-01-13application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/73g7c2rkpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1vp517x12013-02-13T21:06:53Zqt1vp517x1The Portuguese Republic at One HundredHerr, RichardCosta Pinto, AntónioHerr, RichardCosta Pinto, António2012-12-14In October 1910 a revolution drove out the king of Portugal and established the Portuguese Republic. In 1926 a military coup overthrew the parliamentary system and led to the authoritarian regime of Salazar, but in April 1974 a revolution led by the military restored the parliamentary republic. In this book edited by Richard Herr (Berkeley) and António Costa Pinto (Lisbon), eighteen Portuguese and American authors present essays in celebration of the centennial of the Portuguese Republic. With a review of its course and needs for the future, they offer an assessment of accomplishments of the two periods of the republic, the nature of republican institutions, the role of women in politics and letters, and the republic’s social, economic, religious, and environmental policies. Much thought has gone into analyzing the two revolutions, the challenge of an authoritarian tradition, and the difficulties posed for establishing a workable parliamentary government with a democratic suffrage.PortugalPortugueserevolutionrepublicgovernmentdemocracyAzorean Churchauthoritarianismwelfare stateentrepreneurshipenvironmentapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vp517x1monographoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3hz6k7vv2013-02-07T01:49:22Zqt3hz6k7vvImplementation of EU Waste Recycling Regulation in Macedonia: The Challenges of Policy Integration and Normative ChangeIlievska Kremer, Jannika SjostrandRomm, Jeff M2013-02-04The objective of this research is to examine changes made to harmonize the Macedonian waste and recycling regulatory framework with the European regulatory framework and from a behavioral and a policy perspective examine how the General Public in Skopje, Macedonia, perceives these regulatory changes on the ground. Specifically, it is an attempt to uncover behavioral and structural barriers and opportunities that might occur when implementing the Law on Packaging and Packaging Waste and the Law on Batteries and Accumulators, which have been transposed from European into Macedonian law as a part of the harmonization process. In order to get to these questions I carried out a comparative survey to study environmental behaviors and norms (and the factors affecting it) of Macedonian professionals working with waste and/or recycling as well as with the general public living in Skopje, Macedonia. The outcome of the survey, accompanying interviews, and literary review suggest among others things that people are supportive of recycling measures but that there are normative barriers that influence why the general public recycle or not. There alsoappears to be a lack of communication and collaboration between official stakeholders, which has resulted in confusion over who should implement and how to implement recycling reforms.Moreover, there is little done to address unintentional competition between informal and formal collectors of waste or to include the informal sector in the official decision making process. recyclingwasteEUMacedoniawaste managementnorms and behaviorharmonizationplastic bottlesbatteriesinformal sectorTriandi’s theory of interpersonal behaviorapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hz6k7vvpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4702x2jm2012-08-30T20:18:57Zqt4702x2jmWelfare State Growth and the Current Crisis in Portugal: Social Spending and its ChallengesGlatzer, Miguel2012-03-18This paper focuses on the deep transformation of the Portuguese state under democracy and charts the development of very substantial welfare state. It examines the very substantial investments in social protection, social transfers, education and health and finds remarkable results in some areas but only partial success in others. The paper also looks at changes in employment and the growth of the state as a provider of jobs. The paper then turns to an analysis of the current crisis, examining both long-term factors and current dynamics asPortugal turns from initial stimulus to austerity to structural reform.Portugalwelfare statesocial policysocial spendingeducationhealthemploymentEuro crisisapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4702x2jmpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt56g1k33h2012-08-30T20:18:52Zqt56g1k33hRepeat Migration between Europe and the United States, 1870-1914Keeling, Drew2009-09-01Repeat crossings of the North Atlantic by European migrants during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were more frequent, faster-growing and had more intricate and significant impacts on the overall long-distance relocation process than previous scholarship has appreciated. This result is revealed by the first comprehensive accounting of all crossings between Europe and North America during the period, and by a consistent, broad, and process-based definition of migration which encompasses all transoceanic journeys except those made by tourists and business travellers. The rise of repeat migration between Europe and the United States was a rational response of migrant networks to the growth of “floating” job opportunities in America, and to the need for diversifying the risks of remote and uncertain employment across multiple individuals making multiple moves.Center for German and European StudiescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/56g1k33hpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9rp2j8m12012-05-02T00:36:47Zqt9rp2j8m1Immigration, Jobs and Employment Protection: Evidence from EuropePeri, GiovanniD'Amuri, Francesco2010-06-30In this paper we analyze the effect of immigrants on native jobs in fourteen WesternEuropean countries. We test whether the inflow of immigrants in the period 1996-2007decreased employment rates and/or if it altered the occupational distribution of nativeswith similar education and age. We find no evidence of the first but significant evidenceof the second: immigrants took “simple” (manual-routine) type of occupations and nativesmoved, in response, toward more “complex” (abstract-communication) jobs. Theresults are robust to the use of an IV strategy based on past settlement of different nationalitiesof immigrants across European countries. We also document the labor marketflows through which such a positive reallocation took place: immigration stimulated jobcreation, and the complexity of jobs offered to new native hires was higher relative tothe complexity of destructed native jobs. Finally, we find evidence that the occupationreallocation of natives was significantly larger in countries with more flexible labor laws.This tendency was particularly strong for less educated workers.ImmigrationTask specializationEuropean Labor Marketsapplication/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rp2j8m1publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6wv4s6q42012-05-02T00:36:43Zqt6wv4s6q4Managing Migration and Integration: Europe and the USMartin, Philip2012-03-09Most Americans and Europeans in opinion polls say that governments are doing a poor job of selecting wanted newcomers, preventing the entry and stay of unwanted foreigners, and integrating settled immigrants and their children. This seminar reviewed the evidence, asking about the economic and socio-political integration of low-skilled immigrants and their children.The context for links between immigration and integration is that most European nations have shrinking populations and extensive welfare states that provide support to the elderly and poor from the contributions of currently employed workers. If immigrants and their children add to employment, they can achieve the higher wages and more opportunities most sought inEuropeand help to preserve generous welfare states. However, if immigrants and their children are mostly jobless or out of the labor force, they may add burdens to welfare states.migrationworkerseconomicsimmigrationapplication/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wv4s6q4publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3x11j4fm2012-05-02T00:36:38Zqt3x11j4fmWelfare State Integration of Immigrants: the Case of GermanyHeckmann, Friedrich2012-03-09Why doesGermany– in contrast to theUS– have a system of integration policies? I begin with the hypothesis that societies have certain basic ways of securing general macro – social, societal integration and of tackling social problems and tensions. Thesemodes of dealing with tensions and social problemsderive from fundamental principles and values of the social order. In the tradition of the German welfare state philosophy starting with Bismarck, the contemporary Soziale Marktwirtschaft is a system of economic, social and political relations that is a basic element of the social order in Germany: an interventionist welfare state to reduce tensions and to help provide social security, social justice and improve opportunities for disadvantaged groups and in general to prevent social exclusion.When a new social problem arose – immigrant integration – the approach was that used to deal with other social problems, i. e. by means of the welfare state. As a result, migrants have always been included in the major welfare system institutions (health insurance, unemployment insurance and pensions), with systematic special integration policies added afterGermanyaccepted its status as an immigration country.integrationgermanyimmigrationwelfare stateapplication/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x11j4fmpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0mb045tt2012-05-02T00:36:34Zqt0mb045ttIntegration of Low-Skilled Immigrants to the United-States and Work-Family BalanceGirard, Magali2012-03-03The role played by immigrants in the American economy is well documented and, to a lesser extent, the effect of the migration experience on the families of immigrants. However, little is known of the connections between work and family when it comes to immigrants, especially immigrants in low-skilled jobs, whether it is the effect of labour market experiences on the family or the effect of family patterns on integration into the labour market. Yet, the issue of balancing personal life with professional responsibilities is of growing interest among scholars and policy makers, given the increasing participation of women in the labour market, the increase in non-standard work and the high proportion of immigrants in these work arrangements. family lifeimmigrationlow skilled laboreconomicsunited statesapplication/pdfCC-BY-NC-NDeScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mb045ttpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt77p3j2hr2011-07-03T20:33:29Zqt77p3j2hrUniversity Research Management: An Exploratory Literature ReviewSchuetzenmeister, Falk2010-01-02Professional management is increasingly important for successful research at universities as well as other organizations. This exploratory review draws on different bodies of literature in order to reformulate the complex challenges of research management by applying newer organizational theory. Research management can be described as boundary work that produces couplings between science and the wider society. Because of the complexity of organized science, management is increasingly indispensable to ensure the social, cognitive, and material preconditions of research. This paper discusses different means of research management on the research group level and within university departments. Research organizations are characterized by their relative diffuse distribution of management functions over organizational levels as well as by little direct determination between organizational elements. Charismatic scientific leaders can enhance the efficiency of research organizations and projects. More recently, universities have started to create new management positions within projects and centers. Scientifically trained people are hired as specialists in research management, constituting a new professional role. In contrast to pure administration, the new research managers make decisions with reference to scientific knowledge and the societal environment of research.IESInstitute of European StudiesResearch ManagementHigher EducationResearch OrganizationOrganizational TheoryUniversity CollaborationScience StudiesScientific LeadershipOrganization of ScienceBoundary WorkProfessionalizationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/77p3j2hrpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7h61204m2011-07-03T17:43:37Zqt7h61204mHow to Concretize Research on the Coupling of Ecosystems to Human Action? The Case of Plant Communities in SettlementsJetzkowitz, JensSchneider, Jörg2008-11-04Recent ecological studies have integrated human actions as a relevant dimension for maintaining ecosystems and current evolutionary processes. However, most of them rely on indicators which are subject to critical scrutiny in sociological discourse since the 1980s. Therefore, we bring the concept of style up to discussion. Analysing the styles of living can be considered as a strategy to understand the coupling of society to nature.We examine our assumption in an interdisciplinary approach to urban ecology and landscape research aiming to explain the distribution of native and alien plants and its interaction with urbanization. In a tentative outline we determine four dependent species-related variables in 67 settlements near Frankfurt/Main (Germany). As predictor variables we use geological, habitat-related and infrastructural parameters and also variables based on observed styles of acting and living. The findings indicate that lifestyles, garden styles and spatio-temporal action patterns strongly influence plant species composition in settlements.Keywords: human-environment interaction, lifestyle, plant distribution, plant biodiversity, urbanization, urban ecologyCenter for German and European StudiesEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7h61204mpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2cg0m6cq2011-07-03T17:43:06Zqt2cg0m6cqA Hidden Language – Dutch in IndonesiaMaier, Hendrik M2005-02-08This paper discusses the impact of Indonesian language politics on the formation and consolidation of Indonesian national identity. Maier’s central argument is that Indonesia’s claim to have completely eradicated colonist language from that of the independent state is a myth. He contends rather, that the revolutionary fervor that drove the creation of a new language and national culture in Indonesia also contributed to the repression of the ongoing presence of Dutch in both its language and national infrastructure. Indeed, Indonesian leadership has endeavored since Independence to disregard both the state’s colonial antecedents, and ongoing Dutch physical and cultural presence in it. Indonesians have been extremely reluctant for instance to acknowledge that the basis of modern Indonesian was laid by Dutch scholars. Maier maps this linguistic foundation through the work of earlier Dutch students of Malay, such as Van Ophuijsen, Takdir Alisjahbana, Gerth van Wijk and De Hollander. He stresses moreover, that significant aspects of Takdirs scholarship may be found in the Standard Grammar of Indonesian, published in 1988 and used to this day. Dutch has also contributed grammatical structure and vocabulary to Indonesian; roughly 20% of contemporary Indonesian can be traced back to Dutch words, and appear even in quintessential nationalist texts such as the October 1988 Pledge of Youth. They are unrecognized as such however, because few Indonesian speakers are aware of this linguistic history. Finally, Maier argues, Malay is accepted today by inlanders as Indonesia’s most inclusive language, only because colonial administrators and scholars deliberately encouraged its use as the official language of communication in the Indies. This chapter in Indonesian history has also been obscured.Center for German and European StudiesconferencescultureEuropean studiesIESimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cg0m6cqpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6923r4552011-07-03T17:42:47Zqt6923r455Some Comments Concerning the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: The Performance of the European UnionPerez Bernardez (Pérez Bernárdez), Carmela2005-02-01On December 8th, 2003, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to submit the question concerning the legality of Israel’s construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion. The Court accepted, and thus entered into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - one of the most far reaching, difficult, and delicate disputes that the international community has faced. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it analyzes the most relevant issues in the Wall case related to jurisdiction and merits. Second, it considers the position of the European Union in terms of the Middle East conflict, and specifically, concerning this advisory opinion.European studiesIESinternationalpoliticalapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6923r455publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7821m7372011-07-03T17:31:19Zqt7821m737The Building of Regional Security Partnership and the Security Culture Divide in the Mediterranean RegionAttina (Attinà), Fulvio2004-05-08Fulvio Attinà examines the concept of "regional security partnership" both theoretically and in the context of Euro-Mediterranean region-building. He argues that this partnership is an intermediate venture on the road to the possible appearance of a Euro-Mediterranean security community. By discussing the difficulties of negotiating a security partnership in the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Attinà highlights the security culture divide on both sides of Mediterranean. The differences in the security culture between European and Arab states have deepened in recent years in view of regional and global developments, constituting a major obstacle to the implementation of a security partnership. Attinà argues, however, that the interaction between the two shores of the Mediterranean in coping with globalization-driven problems may prevail over the factors that have led to a deepening of the security culture divide in recent years.comparativeEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7821m737publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4kj4q4c82011-07-03T17:31:14Zqt4kj4q4c8Mare Nostrum? The Sources, Logic, and Dilemmas of the Euro-Mediterranean PartnershipSolingen, EtelOzyurt, Saba Şenses2004-03-02Etel Solingen and Saba Şenses Ozyurt emphasize institutions and socialization within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. The paper begins with an analysis of the theoretical foundations of the institutional theory that underlies the "triple logic" of the EMP, that is, economic reforms, democratization, and regional multilateralism, and elaborates on specific arguments on which each pillar of the "triple logic" rests. Subsequently they use Turkey as a case study in order to analyze the "triple logic" at work, paying attention to both the role of institutions and the effects of socialization. By exploring the difficulties of the triple logic in the case of Turkey, a state that might be expected to provide an "easy case" for Euro-Mediterranean cooperation, Solingen and Senses Osyurt point out a number of intrinsic dilemmas within the "triple logic" on which the future of Euro-Mediterranean region building will hinge.comparativeInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kj4q4c8publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2dd6z05p2011-07-03T13:16:28Zqt2dd6z05pThe Uneasy TriangleUlman, LloydGerlach, Knut2002-11-01"...It is impossible for any community to have very full employment and completely free collective bargaining and stable prices. Either one of the three will be completely sacrificed, or else all three will have to be modified.""...In the last resort the answer will be given not by economists or by administrators but by the public opinion. At each corner of the triangle, the limiting factor is what public opinion will stand, and the degree of comprehension that public opinion will show for an economic policy that tries to preserve balance between competing objectives."
(The Economist, August-October, 1952: 376, 435)
Can Germany in the 1990s provide a contemporary example of the “uneasy triangle” posited by The Economist in the early 1950s? As the millennium approached, Germany’s inflation rate was very low; its unemployment rate unacceptably high; and its system of collective bargaining arguably the strongest to be found in any major industrial country. Public opinion appears to have played a more limiting role in the first of these corners of Germany’s triangles than in the other two.Center for German and European StudiesCGESeconomyfinanceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dd6z05ppublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6562p0242011-07-03T11:59:33Zqt6562p024How Many Third Ways? Comparing the British, French and German Left in GovernmentSchröter, Eckhard2004-02-01In the late 1990s, the European Left seemed to be once more in the ascendancy with Social Democratic-led governments in power in the majority of EU countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. At the same time, the debate about the so-called ‘Third Way’ — as an icon of the apparent electoral revitalization of European Social Democracy — rose to become the most important reform discourse in the European party landscape.In Germany, the much heralded ‘Neue Mitte’ reform agenda of Gerhard Schroeder’s incoming new cabinet of 1998 owed obvious intellectual debt to the Blairite doctrine of the Third Way. Against this background, some observers claim to have identified a convergent trend within European Social Democracy, while others stress the importance of national contexts and point to distinct national profiles ranging from market-oriented New Labour to (what used to be) statist ‘Jospinism’. In this context, this paper seeks to set the policy agenda of Germany’s Red-Green government into a comparative European perspective.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6562p024publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4z6868qv2011-07-03T11:59:28Zqt4z6868qvWhy is there No Mad Cow Disease in the United States? Comparing the Politics of Food Safety in Europe and the U.S.Struenck, Christoph2001-12-01This paper compares approaches towards food safety regulation in Europe and the United States. It focuses on mad cow disease and examines how the British Government and the European Union handled the first big crisis in the nineties, juxtaposed to the American response. This worst public health disaster in Europe has led to new agencies and policies. However, these institutional changes do not abolish fragmentation, but extend the existing landscape of regulatory bodies. The paper emphasizes that fragmentation – as the American case shows despite its shortcomings – prevents science from being captured by the state, allows interest groups broader access and ensures a distinct pattern of checks and balances.comparativeinstitutionspoliticalPRIapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z6868qvpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7sr6t33m2011-07-03T11:59:23Zqt7sr6t33mEurope between Brussels and Byzantium: Some Thoughts on European IntegrationFerguson, Niall2003-11-01There is, in theory, a plausible role for the European Union as the partner of a militarily assertive United States: the peacekeeper that follows in the wake of the peacemaker. The war in Iraq, however, has raised the possibility of a diametrically different role for Europe: as a potential imperial rival to the United States. There is no need to invoke the memory of either Rome or Byzantium to make the case that Europe is capable of spoiling America’s unipolar party. The successful conclusion of accession agreements with ten new member countries – not to mention the sustained appreciation of the euro against the dollar since Kennedy’s article appeared – have seemingly vindicated this analysis. So too, in the eyes of some commentators, has the vociferous and not wholly ineffectual opposition of at least some E.U. member states to American policy in Iraq. If the U.S. has an imperial rival today, then the E.U. appears to be it.Institute of European studiesintegrationinternationalPRIrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7sr6t33mpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt54j362v12011-07-03T11:59:12Zqt54j362v1Making Money: Political Development, the Greenback, and the EuroMcNamara, Kathleen R.2004-03-05The creation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe challenges much of what we have come to take for granted about states and the components of sovereignty. What does the willingness of twelve European Union (EU) members to abandon their own currencies mean for the nation-states of Europe? Does the Euro automatically imply further political development at the EU level? To address these questions, this paper parses out the role that national currencies play in statebuilding with reference to the nineteenth century American experience. Just as US federal authorities engaged in a political project to wrest control over money from subnational authorities to the center and unify the currency, so have the dynamics of currency unification in the EU involved important conflicts over the location of the legitimate exercise of control and rule. In particular, I highlight the role of war and market integration in prompting currency consolidation, and the importance of linkages between money and fiscal capacity for statebuilding, and apply the analytical lessons learned from the US experience to the case of the Euro.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/54j362v1publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6823v94w2011-07-03T11:59:06Zqt6823v94wWhy Has There Been Less Financial Integration In Asia Than In Europe?Eichengreen, BarryPark, Yung Chul2003-01-01This paper inquires into the causes of the contrasting experiences between Asia and Europe and asks what they bode for the future. It poses questions like: Is the contrast explicable in terms of the fact that Europe was earlier to begin the process of removing controls on cross-border portfolio capital flows? Is it explicable by the fact that Europe had better developed financial markets at the start of its regional monetary and financial integration project? Is the main difference deeper trade and factor market integration due to Europe’s Single Market project, compared to more partial and tentative moves toward regional trade integration in Asia? Or does the euro make a key difference through the elimination of exchange risk?comparativeeconomyeurofinanceintegrationPEIFapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6823v94wpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt318662242011-07-03T11:59:01Zqt31866224Tax Reforms and "Modell Deutschland": Lessons from Four Years of Red-Green Tax-PolicyTruger, AchimJacoby, Wade2002-12-09When the red-green (SPD-Bündnis90/DieGrünen) coalition took over the federal government from the Christian-Democrat/Free-Democrat (CDU/CSU/FDP) coalition in 1998, tax reforms had a very high political priority. And, in fact, the government pushed through an astonishing number of far-reaching tax reforms/tax changes within a period of little more than two years. This paper follows two aims. First, it gives a short description of the measures taken and evaluates them with respect to tax theory and the German tax reform debate of the 1990s. Second, it explicitly addresses the question whether the tax changes were influenced by the wish to reform the Modell Deutschland, i.e. whether something substantial was done to change Germany´s status as a perceived high tax country and if so, whether the attempt was successful. It will be shown that even though the problem of high taxes might have been many observers´ and, indeed, also the government´s dominant concern, there was much more to the German debate. The chapter will also ask whether generously cutting taxes was the right thing to do. It demonstrates that under Germany´s peculiar economic and institutional circumstances at the end of the 1990s, the attempt to cut taxes led to serious problems for fiscal policy, growth, and employment.Center for German and European StudieseconomyfinanceinstitutionsPEIFapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/31866224publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt16g425jb2011-07-03T11:58:53Zqt16g425jbLessons of the Euro for the Rest of the WorldEichengreen, Barry2002-12-01Europe’s single currency is widely invoked as a potential solution to the monetary and exchange rate problems of other regions, including Asia, Latin America, North America and even Africa. This lecture asks whether the Europe’s experience in creating the euro is exportable. It argues that the single currency is the result of a larger integrationist project that has political as well as economic dimensions. The appetite for political integration being less in other parts of the world, the euro will not be easily emulated. Other regions will have to find different means of addressing the tension between domestic monetary autonomy and regional integration. Harmonized inflation targeting may be the best available solution.comparativeeconomyeurofinanceInstitute of European studiesinternationalPEIFapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/16g425jbpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4pw1d4j72011-07-03T11:58:49Zqt4pw1d4j7Romancing the Early Franco Regime: the Novelas Románticas of Concha Linares-Becerra and Luisa-María LinaresLabanyi, Jo2004-03-05This paper considers works of romance fiction produced between 1933 and 1943 by two prolific writers, both with Nationalist sympathies, whose works sold widely (and can still be purchased today), attracting numerous film adaptations. It explores the ways in which their romances illustrate a conservative modernity, through their choice of upwardly mobile, active female protagonists and through their plots driven by change and speed. The paper also examines the self-reflexive dimensions of these romances, arguing that we should not assume that self-reflexivity is the prerogative of high culture. Particular stress is based on the repeated plotlines based on fraudulent marriages which blossom into ‘true love’. The paper concludes that, although these novels in no way reflect the reality of their time, at a structural level their stress on spatial dislocation, chance, and impersonation speaks to the popular imaginary in two periods – the Second Republic and the early Franco regime – characterized by personal and political upheaval.conferencesEuropean studiesoccasional papersworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pw1d4j7publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4xg3v10s2011-07-03T11:57:12Zqt4xg3v10sForging Catholic National Identities in the Transatlantic Spanish Monarchy, 1808-1814Eastman, Scott2008-02-25By 1810, with the convening of the Cortes of Cádiz, the opening of the public sphere and war threatening to tear apart the monarchy, Spaniards began to forge a new national identity and an inclusive transatlantic nation. The common cultural idiom of religion and the language of national sovereignty provided a unifying symbolic repertoire for Spanish national identities during the transition from the Old Regime to liberal ascendancy. Yet American independence severed the ties of a transatlantic Spanish monarchy and an inclusive national identity as prescribed in the Constitution of 1812. The Virgin of Guadalupe, which had been appropriated by royalists as well as insurgents during the War of Independence in New Spain, soon emerged as the symbolic image of the Mexican nation. Religious imagery that had served to unite Spaniards on both sides of the Atlantic fragmented into regional identifications in the Americas, and Spain itself emerged as a sovereign nation that had broken with the Old Regime.This paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.conferencescultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xg3v10spublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6rg3b4bw2011-07-03T11:56:57Zqt6rg3b4bwStaging the Revolution(s)Gies, David T.2008-02-22Spanish playwrights in the period between the French Revolution and the Spanish War of Independence became increasingly sensitized to militarization and conflict. Manuel José Quintana's ground-breaking Pelayo (1805) drew on tropes from Spain's historical past to discuss current and coming events. A new reading of Quintana's play suggests that he, among others, marked this rapidly changing cultural and political milieu with works that projected a growing nationalism and defense of Spain against the threats from north of the Pyrenees.This paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.cultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiessocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rg3b4bwpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt54p3z1zb2011-07-03T11:56:48Zqt54p3z1zbMexican Silver for the Cortes of Cadiz during the War against Napoleon, 1808-1811Marichal Salinas, Carlos2008-02-18In this essay attention is focused on the persistence of colonial loyalties despite the profound crisis at the center of the Spanish monarchy as a result of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian peninsula. One clear indicator of colonial support can be found in the review of the numerous loans and donations collected in colonial Mexico for the purpose of assisting the patriot forces in Spain in their struggle against Napoleon. The financial contributions were considerable. Between late 1808 and early 1811, over 25 million pesos in tax monies, loans and donations were sent from New Spain to Cádiz, principal seat of patriot resistance in southern Spain.The Spanish American financial contributions to the treasury of the Junta Central in Seville and Cadiz in 1809 and the Cadiz Parliament in the years 1810-1812 underscore the significance of fiscal and financial contributions of Mexico and the other colonies to the struggle against Napoleon during this period and demonstrate that without the silver sent, the patriot resistance in southern Spain would have probably lacked the financial resources to resist the prolonged French siege of Cadiz.The paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.conferencescultureeconomyEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/54p3z1zbpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9xw0s1992011-07-03T11:56:43Zqt9xw0s199The Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro and Napoleon’s Black LegendNizza da Silva, Maria Beatriz2008-02-18Napoleon and the European war were not the primary concerns of Brazil's inhabitants. They had their own agenda and saw the British as their mercantile competitors. Most of all they resented the 1810 treaty of alliance and the article on the abolition of slave trade. Not even a a Constitution was asked for in Brazil because Brazilians were happy enough with the presence of the royal family to think of a change in government.The paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.conferencescultureEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xw0s199publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt83m8170g2011-07-03T11:56:38Zqt83m8170gThe “Perfidious Invasion” of 1808: Ideological Disquiet and Certainty in MoratínPérez Magallón, Jesús2008-02-17This paper revisits the afrancesados’ role in Spanish historiography as well as their political positioning prior to, during and after the French invasion of 1808. Taking the famous playwright Leandro Fernández de Moratín as a case study, the paper explores his political ideas beyond established labels such as “supporter of enlightened despotism” coined by Sánchez Agesta. To this end the article reviews a variety of Moratín’s texts, including Carta de un vecino de Foncarral a un abogado de Madrid sobre el libre comercio de los huevos, Apuntaciones sueltas de Inglaterra, Viaje a Italia, a Prologue to Isla’s Fray Gerundio de Campazas, as well as Moratín’s correspondence. The essay argues that despite his confessed social, economic and even political liberalism, Moratín never supported any specific form of political organization, neither absolutist nor liberal. His open skepticism locates him beyond prevailing ideologies.The paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.cultureEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/83m8170gpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt95n4b4sp2011-07-03T11:56:33Zqt95n4b4spA Theory of Decay of Security Communities with an Application to the Present State of the Atlantic AllianceMueler (Müller), Harald2006-04-04The emergence and stability conditions of security communities have been the subject of many studies. The possibility of decay, the factors potentially causing it, and the pattern of a decay process have been largely neglected. This eufunctional bias should be corrected; social institutions, as we know from history, are liable to vanish, and there is no categorical reason why security communities should be the exception. Filling the gap may also be helpful to recognise early indicators for decay and to take countermeasures to prevent it. With this theoretical and practical objectives in mind, the paper develops a theory of decay that relies on the ideational and material factors which resarch has identified as key variables in the process leading to the growth of security communities. Starting from this basis, it identifies changes and sequences of events that could reverse the progressive evolution into its opposite. The model is then applied to three case studies, the Delian League, the Hansa League, and the Concert of Europe. A final look at the present state of the Atlantic Community identifies reason for concern, but not for panic.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeconferencesEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/95n4b4sppublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1td1h23k2011-07-03T11:56:20Zqt1td1h23kTechnology Regimes and Productivity Growth in Europe and the United States: A Comparative and Historical Perspectivevan Ark, BartSmits, Jan Pieter2005-10-01Over the past decade much has been published on the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to economic growth. In an attempt to find parallel historical evidence, several scholars have attempted to review the contribution of other general purpose technologies (notably steam and electricity) to output and productivity growth. Most of these contributions have had a national focus on the United States and for a limited number of European countries (for example, Finland, Sweden, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom). In this paper we review the evidence from these individual studies from an international comparative perspective. This should help us to better understand how general purpose technologies (steam, electricity and ICT) have contributed to differentials in productivity growth between European countries and the United States. In addition to the evidence from the macroeconomic perspective we also focus on the diffusion of technologies by industry, for which we exploit information on technology adoption and productivity growth by industry and their contributions to the aggregate. We conclude that in terms of the speed of diffusion, the ICT era is comparable to the electricity age, i.e., a relatively rapid diffusion across the economy. But the impact of ICT on productivity growth is, at least for the time being, less pervasive than for electricity. The diffusion is strongest in market services, but European countries generally seem to have fallen behind the U.S.. The paper speculates that non-technological factors may have interacted more intensively with technology use during the ICT era than during the electricity and steam ages.economyEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1td1h23kpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6sp4b6j62011-07-03T11:56:14Zqt6sp4b6j6Lusofonia - Some Thoughts on LanguageAlmeida, Onesimo (Onésimo) T.2005-05-21Lusofonia is a concept coined fairly recently, and in reference to the existing eight Lusophone countries, along with other Portuguese-speaking groups, such as the Portuguese communities abroad, otherwise known as the Portuguese Diaspora. The term has been controversial given its symbolic power, related to the Portuguese language as the vernacular of the colonizer. Lusofonia, however, nowadays serves as a buzz-word for the generalities and platitudes repeated by political figures in the postcolonial Portuguese-speaking world, a usage that frequently reflects a confused understanding of language and its role in identity formation. Unfortunately, political expediency often appears to be reason enough to allow for muddy thinking.What I propose here is an attempt to “unmuddy” some of the misconceptions held by these prominent figures in referencing Lusofonia, misconceptions that are often echoed by the media in a rather uncritical fashion. This paper will critically scrutinize some often-repeated claims concerning the nature and impact of language, through an analysis inserted into the particular context of the on-going Lusofonia debate.My analysis forms a part of a much larger, on-going series of reflections in which I draw upon the experiences of major writers from the Lusophone world, whose battles over language occur almost daily.conferencescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalprogramsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sp4b6j6publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8j15f28g2011-07-03T11:56:09Zqt8j15f28gPost-Colonial Cultures and Globalization in FranceHargreaves, Alec G.2005-05-01Most of the papers in this colloquium relate to the territories which the European powers built up overseas during a period of several centuries, part of a process which some theorists of globalization have referred to as a kind of globalization avant la lettre. During the colonial period, the main direction of population flows was from Europe to the overseas empires in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania plus forced migrations from Africa to the Americas. One of the unexpected consequences of European empires and their dissolution has been a reversal of those original North to South migratory flows. Since the end of empire, there have been significant population flows from South to North, i.e. from formerly colonized territories to Europe, leading to the rise of post-colonial minorities within the heartland of the former colonial powers. Post-colonial migrants and their descendants constitute new minorities in Europe not only in a demographic sense but also in their social, political and cultural status. Unlike the United States, which from 1965 onwards gave priority to skills-based criteria in selecting migrants, in Europe during the same period the majority of immigrants from former colonies were unskilled and often illiterate. Not surprisingly, the languages they brought with them have generally remained highly marginalized in relation to the national languages of the countries in which they have settled.conferencescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j15f28gpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4c63k7bh2011-07-03T11:56:03Zqt4c63k7bhCastilian, or the Colonial Uncanny: Translation and Vernacular Theater in the Spanish PhilippinesRafael, Vicente L2005-03-24This paper examines the origins of nationalism in nineteenth century Philippines through cultural translation practices. Its central thesis is that Filippino nationalism did not originate with the discovery of an indigenous identity by the colonized and his/her subsequent assertion of an essential difference from the colonizer. Rather, its genesis lay in the transmission of messages across social and linguistic borders among diverse people whose identities and identifications were far from settled. The paper traces this process along three fronts: Spanish conversion practices, vernacular plays, and Phillipine nationalist activism.Due to a shortage of missionaries in the archipelago, Spanish clergy chose to learn the numerous languages of the colonized rather than preaching in their own, and in so doing, made translation into an evangelical instrument. This practice rendered native languages ‘foreign’ in some respects to their local users, and turned conversion into a way of identifying with the uncanny presence of alien messages from alien speakers, from within one’s own speech. Because missionary translation localized Christian discourse while at the same time retaining certain Castilian and Latin words deemed sacred in their original forms, translation also instituted a linguistic hierarchy that made local languages appear to be naturally subordinate to Castilian and Latin.Castilian words, most of which were unfamiliar to mass audiences, were also used in the domain of vernacular theater or Comedyas. Rafael argues that it was precisely a widespread mass belief in the link between Castillian’s untranslated foreignness and its perceived telecommunicative properties, which accounted for the popularity of vernacular plays. He thus understands Comedyas as performative modes which mobilized Castilian’s potential for communicating in and through different local languages, across geographic and social distances, and through the boundaries of class. Preceded by the drama of Christian conversion, Comedyas were also products of translation themselves, providing venues for domesticating alien places and alien sources of power lying at the basis of colonial-Christian authority. But, unlike Catholic prayers that were directed to God, vernacular plays relied on the recognition of an audience which was yet to consolidate its position as such. The comedya anticipated nationalist attempts to invest a second language with the capacity to recast vernacular languages and local identities into something other that could then be commonly shared.In forming a Filipino nationalist identity, appealing for the expansion of limits to citizenship and political representation under colonial rule, Ilustrado nationalists also sought to become agents of translation – using Castilian, a language deployed by those in authority. Thus, this paper argues that Filipino nationalism was a practice of translation, understood first as the coming into contact with the foreign and subsequently reformulating it into an element of oneself. This process entailed at least in its formative moments, discovering an alien aspect residing within colonial society and translating it into a basis for a future history.Center for German and European StudiescomparativecultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4c63k7bhpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt78t8m1n72011-07-03T11:55:53Zqt78t8m1n7Skills and Talent of Immigrants: A Comparison between the European Union and the United StatesPeri, Giovanni2005-03-04The nineties has been a period of increasing migratory flows from less developed countries to industrialized nations. It is instructive to compare the two largest economies in the world, the European Union and the United States, in terms of the magnitude, trends and composition of their migratory inflows. While the two economies are similar in terms of size and level of development, the European Union still lags behind in its ability to attract immigrants and in the degree of internal mobility of its citizens. Moreover we document a general feature that became more prominent during the nineties. While both economies attracted less educated workers (primary school graduates) as well as highly educated workers (college graduates) from less developed countries, the United States have been able to attract “talent” ( i.e. the best among the skilled workers) from all over the world at a rate unmatched by the European Union. In fact the U.S. attracted a large number of talents from the European Union itself during the nineties. This “brain drain” (probably driven by the large economic reward granted by the American economy to scientific, technological and professional talent) is worrisome for the European Union. Its ability to keep pace with the economic growth of the United States depends, in fact, on its ability to compete in the scientific and technological fields.European studiesfinanceIESimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/78t8m1n7publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0vh0f7t92011-07-03T11:55:49Zqt0vh0f7t9(Post)colonialism, Globalization, and Lusofonia or The ‘Time-Space’ of the Portuguese-Speaking WorldArenas, Fernando2005-03-02My objective today is to briefly offer a critical framework that will provide historical, geopolitical, discursive, and cultural coordinates in order to understand the emergence and development of Portuguese-speaking nations as individual entities, but also as a group of nations, varyingly interconnected for several centuries through the experience of colonialism as well as the trans-Atlantic slave trade, but more recently, through globalization. In agreement with Boaventura de Sousa Santos, I argue for the importance of looking at the situatedness of specific colonial and postcolonial experiences that theoretical currents emanating mostly from the Anglophone world since the late twentieth century, as a result of the experience of British colonialism, cannot fully account for in their nuanced differences. Nevertheless, postcolonial theory has provided key insights into European discursive constructions of its others and their deployment in the fields of power (Said), the psychic underpinnings of the relations between colonizers and colonized in the contact zones, with their manifold effects in reference to racial, ethnic, gender, or class differences (Fanon, Memmi, Bhabha, Spivak), or the cultural place of postcolonial diasporic intellectuals in the metropole (Hall, Bhabha), among others. I do not intend to rehearse the main arguments, terminological or others, within the field of postcolonial studies, or for that matter, the arguments in favor or against hegemonic or counter-hegemonic globalization. Instead, I wish to focus on the specificities of the (post)colonial experience as they pertain to the Lusophone world and how they inform the historical and epistemic turn from postcoloniality to globalization em português.comparativecultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vh0f7t9publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7fs6w3gp2011-07-03T11:55:43Zqt7fs6w3gpLanguage Communities or Cultural Empires? The Impact of European Languages in Former Colonial TerritoriesMartinho, Ana Maria Mão-de-Ferro2005-02-10In this text we will consider two main topics: 1- the notion of post-colonial utopia through social, political and literary events in Angola and Moçambique namely during the 60s and the 80s; 2- the ways in which Literature in these countries has shown to be consistent with such a reality in particular through a semiotics of cultural resistance.conferencescultureIESimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fs6w3gppublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt83m7b47x2011-07-03T11:55:39Zqt83m7b47xThe EuroMed beyond Civilisational ParadigmsNicolaïdis, Kalypso AudeNicolaïdis, Dimitri2004-06-18Nicolaïdis and Nicolaïdis ask in this concluding paper: Why has a project with such auspicious beginnings, such worthy intentions failed to develop peace-making practices, increasingly exhibited inconsistencies and dilemmas, and proven unable to provide a framework for the negotiation of a security partnership? Authors of the other papers in this series give numerous clues to the contradictions that have characterized the Barcelona Process since its inception and the current challenges facing it. Above all, instead of seeing structural realities – the economic, political, social, cultural gap between Europe and the Arab world – progressively addressed through EMP institutions, geopolitical realities and developments have intruded to heighten these gaps and asymmetries. Moreover, Europe’s self-perception as a regional power increasingly colludes with its effort to protect itself against the fundamentalist threat under the growing political sway of right wing politics. The Arab regimes’ continued objective to avoid social-political destabilisation through external legitimacy while minimizing structural reform has generally been abated; and the necessity for all actors to take into account the growing presence of the US, its actions, initiatives and representations in the post 9/11 era, have further marginalized the EMP.European studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/83m7b47xpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3gr3m8sh2011-07-03T11:55:30Zqt3gr3m8shA Political Agenda for Region-building? The EMP and Democracy Promotion in North AfricaGillespie, Richard2004-05-30Richard Gillespie concentrates on the promotion of democracy as one of the instruments of Euro-Mediterranean region building in the framework of the EMP. In particular, this paper assesses the record of the EU’s democracy promotion in North Africa. Gillespie emphasizes the obstacles, and the causes for hesitation within the EU to an effective promotion of democracy. He further examines the set-backs in light of post-Barcelona international events, such as the breakdown of the Middle East peace process, 9/11, the Iraq war, and the eastern enlargement of the EU. Gillespie argues that, in spite of constraints, the EMP could still prove to be a valuable framework for the promotion of democracy in the long run. This is especially the case if the EU will act as democracy promoter in a more energetic manner than hitherto, and if local developments in North Africa actually help place democracy more firmly on the political agenda.European studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gr3m8shpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt57d5h0rk2011-07-03T11:55:10Zqt57d5h0rkEconomic Liberalism between Theory and PracticeTovias, Afred2004-05-04Alfred Tovias argues that the EU’s efforts to promote economic liberalization in the southern Mediterranean rely on the principles and instruments of economic liberalism within the so-called "second basket" of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. This paper focuses on the contradictions between the EMP’s underpinning principle of economic liberalism, upheld by the EU on a theoretical and declaratory level, and both the methods suggested to achieve this principle and the EU’s conduct of the economic dimension of the EMP in practice. The author argues that the EMP's economic component cannot attain its own declared objectives, namely the stabilization and growth of Arab Mediterranean economies. This is because the EMP’s economic strategies do not lead to real economic integration of southern Mediterranean states into the European economy. In the absence of reforms of the EMP's economic tools, the author is dubious of their success. The full implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean free trade agreements will be the acid test of the economic rationale of the EMP and its initiators.economyInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/57d5h0rkpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2nq1n3cg2011-07-03T11:55:05Zqt2nq1n3cgThe Euro-Med Partnership and Sub Regionalism: A Case of Region Building?Calleya, Stephen C.2004-04-24Stephen Calleya focuses on sub-regionalism as a tool of region building within the EMP. This paper’s main concern is the question of whether, in view of the present EMP difficulties, subdividing the southern Mediterranean into various sub-regions (such as the Maghreb and the Mashreq) may be an efficient tool of region building. By taking account of regional relations among southern Mediterranean states and sub-regional initiatives, Calleya discusses several options and conditions under which sub-regionalism within the EMP could contribute to Euro-Mediterranean region building. Calleya argues that if the EU is serious about having a significant positive impact on regional integration in the Mediterranean in the short term, it is necessary to develop an adequate strategy for supporting more directly all regional sub-groupings in the southern Mediterranean.Institute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nq1n3cgpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt471636sb2011-07-03T11:55:01Zqt471636sbPractices and their Failures: Arab-Israeli Relations and the Barcelona ProcessPeters, Joel2004-04-02Joel Peters focuses on the failed peace-making practices of the Middle East multilateral track process launched at Madrid in 1991. He thus uses the dynamics within Arab-Israeli relations to inform an assessment of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Peters shows that conflicts of interests and rivalries among the participating parties emerged as soon as the multilateral peace talks moved from the discussion of ideas to the stage where decisions on the actual implementation of cooperation projects had to be reached. Thus, the demise of the multilateral talks and the subsequent slowdown in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process were underway before the launching of the EMP. The failure of developing peace-making practices within the multilateral Arab-Israeli peace talks inevitably spilled over to the EMP from the outset.Institute of European studiesinternationalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/471636sbpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8qm646tx2011-07-03T11:54:51Zqt8qm646txPolitical Securitisation and Democratisation in the Maghreb: Ambiguous Discourses and Fine-tuning Practices for a Security PartnershipHaddadi, Said2004-03-23Said Haddadi examines the interaction between security and democracy discourses and their mutually affecting relationship within the framework of the political and security basket of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. In this context, Haddadi places special emphasis on the role that institutions and practices within the EMP may play in contributing to the convergence of security and democracy views between the EU and North Africa. Against this background, this paper assesses the main arguments that underlie the political and security partnership within the EMP. The focus is on the process that led to the EU’s ‘securitization’ of the Maghreb, that is, the EU’s prioritization of security concerns relating to North Africa. Haddadi's analysis of the interaction between security and democracy discourses in the EU and in North Africa points to a number of inconsistencies and dilemmas that are not sufficiently addressed by the institutions and practices of the EMP.comparativeInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qm646txpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0bc654jh2011-07-03T11:54:42Zqt0bc654jhWomen Writing on Physical Culture in Pre-Civil War CataloniaJohnson, P. Louise2004-03-05Anna Maria Martínez-Sagi is a largely forgotten but immensely evocative voice in the liberal-progressive press of nineteen-thirties’ Spain. In particular, she is remarkable for being one of very few female writers of the time who were also active sportswomen, as well as being fiercely Catalanist and pro-women, in an inclusive sense. This article looks at her contribution to the debate on physical culture in Catalonia at the time, with reference to other writers concerned with the subject, and aims to capture in some small way the energy and humour which characterized her columns and reports.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bc654jhpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt38d2r4z12011-07-03T06:00:31Zqt38d2r4z1The Enlargement Challenge: Can Monetary Union be Made to Work in an EU of 25 Members?Eichengreen, Barry2002-02-01This lecture considers how Europe’s monetary union will evolve in the next five to ten years. It concentrates on what is likely to be the most important change in that period, namely, the increasing number and heterogeneity of participating states. By 2006, less than four years from now, it is virtually certain that EMU will be enlarged to include a number of Eastern European countries that have not yet been admitted to the EU itself. These new members will differ sharply from the incumbents in terms of their economic structures, their per capita incomes, and their growth rates. The analysis focuses on the implications of this momentous change for the structure, organization and operation of EMU.comparativeconferenceseconomyeurofinanceintegrationinternationaloccasional papersapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/38d2r4z1publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt07h5c51w2011-07-02T16:12:58Zqt07h5c51wThe Accession Economies’ Rocky Road to the EuroEichengreen, Barry2003-11-01Now that the decision has been taken to admit to the European Union eight of what were once called the transition economies, attention has naturally turned to whether these countries should also join Europe’s monetary union. But where is a consensus that joining the EU, while posing certain difficulties, will be a source of net benefits, there is no such consensus about the adoption of the euro. In part this uncertainty reflects the unusual difficulty that monetary economists have in translating theory into policy. We specialists, in other words, cannot even agree amongst ourselves.In this lecture I suggest that this uncertainty is unwarranted. Adopting the euro is clearly superior to the other monetary options available to the new EU members. These countries are right to be committed to joining Euroland as soon as possible. And the incumbent members of the euro area should be happy to have them. To be sure, enlarging the monetary union will pose difficulties for both the incumbents and the new members. But these are minor compared to the difficulties that will arise under other scenarios. From this point of view, it is regrettable that the incumbents appear to be placing unnecessary obstacles in the path of the aspirants.Center for German and European Studieseconomyeurofinancepoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/07h5c51wpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7wr2g49j2011-07-02T15:30:05Zqt7wr2g49jPhases of Competition Policy in EuropeResch, Andreas2005-04-01In the process of globalization, international convergence of competition legislation has steadily gained importance. Yet, specific aspects of European history gave capital markets, corporate governance and competition policies a special flavor. Historically grown peculiarities have to be taken into account when it comes to evaluate actual policy decisions.In this paper the focus is on four phases of European competition policy. Prior to World War I banks gained a strong position thanks to block holdings, proxy votes, and a high degree of capital intermediation. Closed market structures prevail to our days. The interwar period was characterized by attempts to overcome the economic disintegration by international cartels. This experience influenced post World War II institutions like the European Community for Coal and Steel. After 1945, attempts by the U.S. to provide for a strict antitrust regime in Western Europe had very limited success. Yet, from the late 1950s on, the EEC saw strict competition policy as a vehicle for market integration. While during the 1970s and 1980s in the U.S. antitrust was counterbalanced by efficiency considerations, in Europe a policy aiming for competitive structures gained weight.Those who plead for convergence between European and U.S. competition policies should, however, be aware of the fact that due to closed markets and regional protectionism in Europe antitrust laws need to play a more important role to provide for an efficient economic system.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeeconomyfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7wr2g49jpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6t22342r2011-07-02T14:48:11Zqt6t22342rFrench as a Tool for Colonialism: Aims and ConsequencesJudge, Anne2005-03-18This paper examines the use of French as a political tool for colonialism during the 2nd French Colonial Empire (1830-1946), with special reference to educational policies. The term ‘colonialism’ is used in its broadest sense to include not only the colonies but also the protectorates which rapidly became de facto colonies. The main areas examined are the Maghreb, Africa (excluding Madagascar) and Indochina. No mention will be made of the 1st French Colonial Empire, during which French cannot be properly regarded as having served as a ‘tool for colonialism’, since it was the natural language of its settlers (although spoken in different forms depending on their geographical and social origins). The 2nd Empire, on the other hand – with the exception of Algeria – was not intended to be made up of colonies à peupler, but of colonies à administrer. This required extending the French language to the native populations, but in what proportions and to what degree depended on the current colonial doctrine.conferencescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t22342rpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9km4z5vf2011-07-02T13:52:53Zqt9km4z5vfGoverning the Capital — Comparing Institutional Reform in Berlin, London and ParisSchroeter, EckhardRoeber, Manfred2004-02-01The paper examines institutional changes in the political and administrative structures governing the cities of Berlin, London and Paris. In doing so, it analyzes the extent to which convergent trends – driven by forces related to increased international competition and European integration – have shaped recent reforms of the governance systems of these European capital cities.In particular, the analysis focuses on the vertical dimension of centralization vs. decentralization as reflected in the power balance between city-wide authorities and lower-tiers of government (such as Bezirke, boroughs or arrondissements). In view of the two-tier system of government, there are many clear lines of comparison between the sample cities. Traditionally, however, in each case government reform has followed conspicuously different routes. While Paris represents a classical example of a centralized-unitary city government, London’s system of government – despite the recently installed Greater London Authority – illustrates vividly a pluralistic and borough-centered approach. On the spectrum between these polar ends, Berlin’s variant of urban governance appears to take a middle position featuring both a well-established city-wide government and a relatively autonomous – and recently strengthened – level of district authorities.The sample cities also capture and encapsulate three distinct national and urban administrative cultures which are expected to be significant factors in shaping institutional developments by defining a corridor of path-dependent reform trajectories.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9km4z5vfpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt191249912011-07-02T13:52:44Zqt19124991From Alliances to Ambivalence: The Search for a Transatlantic AgendaJanes, Jackson2003-11-03During the Cold War, European-American relations were often marked by differences over tactics, but we did share for the most part a strategic goal that was to be achieved on the basis of the twin principles of deterrence and détente. Yet there are some that would argue that this past year has been different; that the transatlantic rift goes deeper and will last longer. If the Americans and Europeans cannot find common ground in certain regulatory areas, it may be that we will agree to disagree on the use of GMO’s, technological standards, or Anti-trust legislation. This could lead to more competition but also to duplication in an increasingly interwoven global market. Yet, because we face a vastly more complicated environment today than during previous years — full of threats and opportunities — it will remain a challenge for the coming decade to strategize as to how transatlantic political policy problems can best be dealt with.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/19124991publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt20r2p1hb2011-07-02T13:51:58Zqt20r2p1hbSlavery, Science, and the End of the Old Regime in the Luso-Brazilian EmpireSchultz, Kirsten2008-02-21This paper provides a preliminary examination of some of the late eighteenth-century bases for the reception of liberalism and debates on slavery, specifically the Luso-Brazilian engagement with natural science and the work of the Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences. The Academy’s work most directly concerned with the question of slavery and the slave trade appealed to economic principles of utility, efficiency and productivity to identify ways to reform the practice of enslaving Africans in the interest of increasing the wealth generated within the colonial and imperial economies. Thus, even as slavery was being assailed internationally on both philosophical and religious grounds, Luso-Brazilian Academic writing insisted it was an economic rather than moral problem. At the same time, however, Academic inquiries into the question of human difference often undercut claims about Africans that were invoked elsewhere in the Atlantic world to justify the perpetuation of slavery and the slave trade. As Academic reformism thus grappled with the humanity of Africans, civilization and barbarism emerged as privileged categories of analysis for discerning the future of slavery, reasserting the moral dimensions of the institution.The paper was presented at the conference on The End of the Old Regime in the Iberian World sponsored by the Spanish Studies Program and the Portuguese Studies Program of UC Berkeley on February 8-9, 2008.comparativecultureEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationssocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/20r2p1hbpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2xz370862011-07-02T13:51:54Zqt2xz37086Risk Sharing, Financial integration, and "Mundell II" in the Enlarged European UnionBoewer (Böwer), Uwe2006-08-01While empirical research in the tradition of the classical optimum currency area theory, inspired by Mundell (1961), has stressed the costs of a common currency ("Mundell I"), the later and less well-known contribution of Mundell (1973) high- lights the benefits that arise from the risk-sharing opportunities in a financially- integrated currency union. This paper assesses the degrees of risk sharing and financial integration in the enlarged EU in the context of Mundell II. We find limited but increasing comovement of consumption, output and real interest rates between the new member states (NMS) and the euro area. In comparison, we find substantially higher figures for the "old" EU countries which give rise to the hope that the NMS will develop in a similar fashion. Also, we observe that output comovement increases faster than consumption comovement which may lend support to Imbs (2006) who argues that the consumption correlation puzzle may not be rooted in a lack of risk sharing but rather in the even stronger effect that financial integration experts on output comovement in comparison to consumption comovement. In essence, the benefits for the NMS to join the euro area rather earlier than later may have been underestimated.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeeconomyeuroEuropean studiesfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalPEIFworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xz37086publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt05m659jt2011-07-02T13:51:36Zqt05m659jtGlobalization and the Role of African Languages for DevelopmentNegash, Ghirmai2005-02-19Indigenous African languages are largely eliminated, and marginalized from use. Instead of investing in and using their linguistic, cultural, and human potential, African governments and the elite still continue to channel away their resources and energies into learning 'imperial' languages that are used by a tiny minority of the populations. Against the backdrop of constraining global forces, and Africa's internal problems (wars, repression, and general economic misery), this paper argues that African languages could be the most critical element for Africa's survival, and cultural, educational and economic development. In order for this to happen, however, Africa must invest in this sector of 'cultural economy' as much as it does (should do) in the 'material economy', since both spheres are interrelated and impact on each other.conferencescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/05m659jtpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8c44c3952011-07-02T13:51:29Zqt8c44c395The European Origins of Euro-Mediterranean PracticesBicchi, Federica2004-06-12Federica Bicchi compares the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership with previous efforts of the EU to address the southern Mediterranean. The paper focuses on the main practices by which the EC/EU has pursued its aim of region building in the Mediterranean. First, by examining the making of the Global Mediterranean Policy the paper analyses how the concept of a "Mediterranean region" came to be enshrined in European external relations. Second, it describes the multilateral institutional setting created by the EMP. Third, the paper shows how the agenda of the EMP has changed since 1995. Bicchi then analyzes the origins of these practices, as well as their pros and cons , arguing that EMP practices strictly relate to EC/EU internal practices, more so than to OSCE core principles. She warns that ‘downloading’ from EU cooperation history with little adaptation might miss the point in diversified and fragmented Southern Mediterranean societies.comparativeInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c44c395publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7vg0d9tk2011-07-02T13:51:24Zqt7vg0d9tkTurkey “between East and West”Heper, Metin2004-05-16Metin Heper discusses the formation of Turkey’s identity, which came to encompass both an "Eastern" and a "Western" (or European) dimension. Against this background, Heper discusses three main issues within the politics of Turkey that have remained problematic from the perspective of the EU: Islam in politics, nationalism and the consideration of Turkey’s ethnic minorities, and the political role of the military. Based on the "identity history" of Turkey, Heper puts forward some suggestions about how the alleged divide between East and West, and Islam and Europe, may be bridged. The paper concludes by exploring the possibility that an intellectual departure from the concept of a "shared civilization" towards the idea of "sharing a civilization" may contribute to the construction of a Euro-Mediterranean region.European studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vg0d9tkpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8w04f98k2011-07-02T13:49:36Zqt8w04f98kJay translation, ki ma qal AbdicheRosello, Mireille2005-03-24One of the heroes of this talk is Fellag, a famous Algerian humorist. In a portrait of the artist included in the published version of another of his plays, Djurdjurassique Bled, Pierre Lartigue writes that in Arabic, the name Fellag means "bûcheron, coupeur de routes. Au figuré, bandit de grand chemin" [lumberjack, road cutter. Figuratively: highway man or high way robber] (Fellag 1999, 95). We do not need to know this or even to believe that it is accurate to appreciate Fellag's work but for the purpose of this talk, it is worth keeping in mind that, according to a public portrait inserted into one of his books, Fellag accepts that we imagine him as someone who stands in the middle of roads. Moreover, depending on whether we are in the literal or the figurative mood, the "cutting" involved may be deemed legitimate or illegitimate.conferencescultureEuropean studiesimmigrationInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8w04f98kpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6xx6n5p42011-07-01T07:47:04Zqt6xx6n5p4Normative Power: The European Practice of Region Building and the Case of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP)Adler, EmanuelCrawford, Beverly2004-04-01This paper lays out a normative approach to the study of power in International Relations. This approach emphasizes the role of cooperative security practices, region building, and pluralistic integration in order to achieve peaceful change. The paper discusses the challenges to cooperative security practices in the Euro-Med process, a process that aims to promote the construction of a Mediterranean “region” of stability and peace. In order to understand what lies behind the EU's use of use of these practices, this paper suggests that they represent the application of “normative power” (Manners 2002: 240) in international relations. The practice of normative power differs significantly from a traditional understanding of the use of power in international relations. The paper assess the potential this concept of normative power to promote a shared sense of security in, and peoples' regional identification with, spaces and socially constructed regions that transcend the cultural and civilization borders of the Mediterranean region.European studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xx6n5p4publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9gd2v1922011-03-19T02:06:50Zqt9gd2v192Dealing with Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906Strupp, Christoph2006-07-19The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 remains one of the biggest urban disasters in American history. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of how the city coped with the immediate consequences of the catastrophe and quickly rebuilt. It analyzes the tense political situation of San Francisco in 1906, the role of the economic elite during and after the disaster, insurance aspects, social consequences of the process of rebuilding, and, finally, the treatment of the earthquake in the media and by contemporary geologists. I argue that the rebound of San Francisco was contingent on a unique combination of factors that ensured its success. However, San Francisco has limited value as a role model for other cities in a disaster situation. The downplay of the geological danger in the interest of economic benefits stood in the way of an adequate preparation for future earthquakes and hampered attempts to educate the general public.Keywords: San Francisco; Urban History; Earthquake; Natural DisastersCenter for German and European StudiesconferencescultureeconomyfinanceInstitute of European studiessocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gd2v192publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt94f2963j2011-03-19T01:57:03Zqt94f2963jMad Cows and Ailing Hens: The Transatlantic Relationship and Livestock DiseasesO'Neill, Katherine2006-05-17This paper examines how the emergence and spread of animal diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") or avian influenza have shaped the dynamics of transatlantic trade in live animals and meat products. It then compares the responses of the US and the EU, respectively, to looming, potentially long-term threats of epidemics to human and animal health, focusing particularly on recent outbreaks BSE and avian flu. It documents what appears to be a shift away from a sole reliance on trade embargoes to protect animal and public health from disease outbreaks to deeper, institutional responses on the part of the US and EU respectively. However, while it appears that the EU is learning from the US public health establishment, there is little evidence of transatlantic cooperation in this area.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeconferenceseconomyEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/94f2963jpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7zm012hd2011-03-19T01:24:09Zqt7zm012hdThe EU’s CAP, the Doha Round and Developing CountriesHalderman, MichaelNelson, Michael2004-10-20This study analyzes the political economy of European Union policy-making in regard to EU trade in beef and dairy with developing countries. The way the EU makes its agriculture and trade policies involves three levels: the EU member state, the EU itself, and the international trading system. The study also considers a fourth "level," developing countries, that is affected by EU policy-making. We present criticism from various sources concerning negative international effects of EU agriculture and trade policies. Recognizing the great range of trade-related interests among developing countries, the study analyzes relevant issues of four categories of such countries. EU trade and agriculture policy is strongly influenced by international factors, particularly by multilateral trade negotiations. Change in relevant EU agriculture and trade policy affecting developing countries has been part of or directly linked to - and in the future will require additional reform of - the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Recent reform of the CAP has been affected by and linked to the current Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations conducted under the auspices of the WTO.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zm012hdpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7ng1c97h2011-03-19T01:15:17Zqt7ng1c97hThe Italian Stabilization of 1947: Domestic and International FactorsMartinez Oliva, Juan Carlos2007-05-14The paper examines the 1947 monetary stabilization in Italy, tracing the domestic and international political dynamics that allowed ideas and theoretical concepts developed within the Bank of Italy to be applied in a successful action to subdue spiraling inflation. The combination of events and circumstances necessary for the good outcome in a critical juncture of Italian economic history was the fruit of the efforts made by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi in both the domestic and international political arenas and of the collaboration he received from Luigi Einaudi and Donato Menichella. The Government’s economic action in this crucial episode constitutes perhaps the first outstanding example of cooperation between politicians and experts in the annals of the Italian Republic.Center for German and European StudiescultureeconomyEuropean studiesfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ng1c97hpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7bz5801b2011-03-19T01:07:00Zqt7bz5801bThe Politics of Restitution for Nazi Victims in Germany West and East (1945 – 2000)Goschler, Constantin2003-09-25On first sight, a comparison between restitution for Nazi victims in Germany West and East does not seem to leave ample space for interpretation: While the Federal Republic at least in principle accepted their obligation to compensate former Nazi victims and paid huge amounts for that purpose over the last 50 years, the GDR only offered elaborated social security for the tiny faction of Nazi victims who decided to live in the GDR after 1949. As a consequence, while restitution in the West has been a predominantly Jewish affair, restitution in the East was chiefly a communist matter. However, in my talk I will not focus on a comparison of material payments. Rather, I am interested in the different structure of the answers of two German societies to the same problem: the persecution and killing of millions of people by the Nazi regime. This implies three sets of questions. First: On which perception of the events between 1933 and 1945 were the respective attempts at rehabilitation and compensation for Nazi victims in the two German societies based? Second: What relation between former Nazi victims and German post war societies underpinned the respective attempts at restitution? And third: What consequences did German reunification have for this process?Center for German and European Studiesoccasional paperspoliticalrelationsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bz5801bpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt74t7b43f2011-03-19T01:00:17Zqt74t7b43fInternational Capital Flows and Financial Markets in Transition Economies: The Case of CroatiaSohinger, JasminkaHorvatin, Darko2006-04-05Following the economic and political reforms international private capital started flowing into the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe reducing the official capital flows to the region. The composition of private capital flows showed continuous dominance of direct equity investment but, with the perceptions of risk changing, portfolio capital also made its way into the transition economies. Both types of flows caused significant changes in the domestic financial markets. In this paper, after reviewing the composition and direction of international private capital flows, we focus on the effects that the international private capital flows had on the Croatian banking industry as well as how they helped shape its stock market. We conclude with some insights and dilemmas regarding the desirable degree of openness of the capital accounts with regard to the trade-off between growth and stability in the long run.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeeconomyeuroEuropean studiesfinanceIESinstituteInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/74t7b43fpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6xs1c91n2011-03-19T00:54:15Zqt6xs1c91nGlobal Warming And Lifestyle Choices: A Discussion PaperSchuetzenmeister, Falk2009-04-01In this conceptual paper, I discuss the lifestyle approach as a possible sociological contribution to the interdisciplinary discourse on climate change mitigation. The lifestyle approach could integrate sometimes contradicting results from micro-economics, social-psychology, cultural anthropology, as well as from social geography, and relate them to resource consumption. Even if the word “lifestyle” is very popular within environmental discourse, it has rarely been used in a sociological sense. Lifestyles are bundles of meaningful routines (not only consumption) embedded in everyday practices that have a cultural-symbolic as well as a material dimension. To assess the potential of behavioral change, it seems not to be sufficient to study the effects of values and attitudes on environmental behavior as separated from other social activities. Con-flicting goals and individual priorities have to be taken into account as well. Lifestyle changes are dependant on individual opportunities to choose between different options. People need financial, cultural, or social resources to realize their values in everyday life. I suggest an integrative life-style model, which reflects these levels. In the second part of the paper, I sketch its potential value in the case of car use. The system of automobility affects the chances of many people to create a meaningful life. It allows new lifestyles but it also limits the feasibility of other lifestyles at the same time. Environmental policy could support the creation of new, more sustainable life-styles by reducing the lock-in effect of automobility and reopening this socio-technological sys-tem. In this paper, lifestyles are treated as an interpretative scheme, but I also like to encourage further operationalization efforts.comparativeconferencesEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalnational resource centersocietyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xs1c91npublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6r3612gz2011-03-19T00:48:53Zqt6r3612gzEuropean Integration and National Social Citizenship: Changing Boundaries, New Structuring?Ferrera, Maurizio2003-06-01With the creation of EMU, European Welfare States have entered a new phase of development. The margins for manoeuvring public budgets have substantially decreased, while the unfolding of the four freedoms of movement within the EU have seriously weakened the traditional coercive monopoly of the state on actors and resources that are crucial for the stability of redistributive institutions. The article explores these issues adopting a Rokkanian perspective, i.e. building on Rokkan’s pioneering insights on the nexus between boundary building and internal structuring.The first part of the paper briefly presents the theoretical perspective. The second part sketches the development of national welfare institutions from their origin up to the early 1970s, discussing their implications in terms of boundary building and internal structuring. The third part describes the challenges that have emerged in the last couple of decades to the “social sovereignty” of the nation state: challenges that are largely linked to the process of European integration, but that are partly reinforced by endogenous developments as well. The final part offers some more speculative remarks of the potential de-structuring of the traditional architecture of social protection, with some hints at cross-national variations and possible developments at the EU level.CIIPcomparativeimmigrationrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r3612gzpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6h4146cm2011-03-19T00:41:12Zqt6h4146cmFundamentalist terrorism – the assault on the symbols of secular powerHalfmann, Jost2003-04-17Jost Halfmann argues that fundamentalist terrorism is an extreme expression of protest against the separation of state and religion; this form of protest is motivated by a utopian vision of society as a community of the faithful. The protest against secular states arises in states with forced modernization politics (such as Iran or Egypt), but also in states which base national identity on religion (such as Israel) and in states with high popular religiosity (such as the US). The terrorist form of protest exhibits an extreme form of self-ascribed marginality. Terrorism seems to be the only expression of protest when the enemy is considered overwhelmingly powerful, the struggle must, however, not be lost. Fundamentalist terrorists view themselves as being engaged in a cosmic war enforced on them by the enemy. Terrorist assaults are, therefore, symbolic acts of violence against symbols of the enemy's power to demonstrate emporarily the enemy's weakness.occasional papersapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h4146cmpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6f02368k2011-03-19T00:39:15Zqt6f02368kThe Idea of the West:: Changing Perspectives on Europe and AmericaGamble, Andrew2006-04-19America owes its origins to Europe and is unthinkable without Europe, but there has always been a strand of American thinking which has downplayed the connection and wished to assert the exceptionalism of the American experience and the need for America to keep Europe at a distance to involve contamination from its old, corrupt power politics. Europeans were fascinated by the new world unfolding in America, which contrasted so sharply with their own, yet was so intimately related to it. At the same time they regarded America as for the most part a novice and outsider in world politics. Recently roles have been reversed, with many Europeans condemning America as a new Empire, while many Americans accuse Europe of refusing to share the burdens and make the hard choices needed for global leadership. The idea of the West which for four decades united Western Europe under American leadership after 1945 has been undermined. Different current meanings of the ‘West’ are explored through recent arguments about the nature of the relationship between Europe and America, focusing on narratives of security, modernity and ideology. A number of possible scenarios for the future of this relationship are then outlined.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeconferencescultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f02368kpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt67r2w8b32011-03-19T00:29:55Zqt67r2w8b3Transatlantic Tensions and European SecuritySarotte, Mary Elise2006-05-05Any nuanced assessment of current transatlantic tensions requires an awareness of their historical context. An understanding of the legacy of the Cold War in particular helps to answer the following questions: (1) What are the sources of current US-European tensions? (2) Has the transatlantic connection sustained mortal damage, or can it endure? (3) What changes of attitude and of focus might help the transatlantic relationship in the future? The argument is as follows: The US-European relationship is under assault not just because of recent US military actions but also because of a longer-term shift away from a successful US Cold War grand strategy that still had much to offer the post-Cold War world. However, cause for alarm is limited, because the history of cooperation, the lack of alternative partners, and the very real nature of external threats means that neither the US nor the Europeans have any realistic alternative to cooperation with each other.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/67r2w8b3publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt65b9q82m2011-03-19T00:27:37Zqt65b9q82mProblems of Democratic Control in European Security and Defense Politics – a View from Peace and Conflict ResearchWagner, Wolfgang2007-09-05Since EU members have agreed to establish integrated military forces and to decide jointly on their deployment in European institutions, the EU’s “democratic deficit” is no longer confined to issues of common market governance but also includes foreign, security and defense politics. Drawing on recent debates in peace and conflict research, I will argue that a democratic deficit in European security and defense politics is not only worrying for its own sake but also because a growing body of literature regards the democratic control of security and defense politics as the best guarantee to maintain peaceful and cooperative relations with other states.Center for German and European StudiesCIIPcomparativeconferencesEuropean studiesIESinstituteInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/65b9q82mpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vg0813m2011-03-19T00:19:18Zqt5vg0813mWorkshop Report: Climate Change Mitigation: Considering Lifestyle Options in Europe and the USSchuetzenmeister, Falk2009-07-23This report summarizes the presentations and outcomes of a European-American Workshop about lifestyle changes as a mitigation strategies for global warming. The conference was held on May 1, 2009 at the University of California, Berkeley and sponsored by the European Commission. The participants discussed various lifestyle approaches as a promising way to address environmental behavior and action within social and cultural contexts. The presenters and discussants acknowledged the theoretical and practical difficulties of this multi-faceted concept which relies on several sometimes virtually incommensurable traditions. Both a merely individualist interpretation of lifestyles (“green consumption”) and a rather socio-structural view (“green milieus”) are not well-geared to explain the often observed discrepancies between environmental attitudes and people’s action. Lifestyle research must address this gap by explaining individual decisions within societal contexts that provide but also limit the possibilities of lifestyle changes. Despite these difficulties, the huge appeal of the lifestyle approach that makes the work on these problems worthwhile is the prominent role of the term “lifestyle” in the public and political discourse about environmental change. However, many policy attempts to influence lifestyles are barely grounded in sociological grounded theories of social change. The report shortly introduces the problem, summarizes the workshop presentations, and outlines central discussion points.Center for German and European StudiescomparativecultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vg0813mpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5qg2v2d82011-03-19T00:15:14Zqt5qg2v2d8The Rise and Fall of the Bush Doctrine: the Impact on Transatlantic RelationsVaisse (Vaïsse), Justin2006-04-06Between 2002 and 2005, a relatively coherent and profoundly renewed strategic approach to international relations was developed by the Bush administration. Premised on an optimistic assessment of great power relations ("a balance of power that favors freedom"), it emphasized the importance of promoting democracy as a way to solve many of the long-term political and security problems of the greater Middle East. It rested on the view that American military power and assertive diplomacy should be used to defeat tyrannies, challenge a pernicious status quo and coerce states into abandoning weapons of mass destruction and support for terrorism - without worrying too much about legitimacy or formal multilateralism. The Bush doctrine led to tensions with the Europeans, who for the most part shared neither the world view that underpinned it nor its optimism about possible results, especially as far as geopolitical stability, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction were concerned. Then, in 2005, two silent developments took place: the Bush administration, while insisting on staying the course rhetorically (through "transformational diplomacy"), reverted to classical realism in its actual diplomacy - largely for reasons of expediency. China and India, on the other hand, imposed themselves on the global agenda, bringing multipolarity back into the picture of the world to come. While generally closer to European views, the new American realist line remains distinct from the European insistence on strengthening the rules and institutions of global governance.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeconferencesEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qg2v2d8publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5pq840bv2011-03-19T00:14:27Zqt5pq840bvPolicy Experimentation and the Search for Institutional Change: The Politics of Red-Green Reform in GermanyZiegler, J. NicholasLeslie, John C.2006-06-01The first coalition government in Germany between Social Democrats and Greens aimed primarily at reform legislation in a series of policies. This paper examines three policy areas of direct concern to business – job creation, codetermination, and tax policy. It argues that the coalition suffered an initial defeat in job creation and then settled into a de facto strategy of incremental reform through experimentation in the areas of codetermination and tax policy. This strategy resulted from tensions rather than agreement between the coalition partners. While the Social Democrats pressured organized business and organized labor toward compromise, the Greens wanted to undermine the encompassing control of these organized groups by bringing a broader set of constituencies into the policy process.Center for German and European StudieseconomyeuroEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinstitutionspoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pq840bvpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5hp2z2m52011-03-19T00:09:46Zqt5hp2z2m5Another Turn of the Tide? World War II and the Writing of Military History in West Germany 1945-2005Echternkamp, Joerg (Jörg)2006-07-30The 60th anniversary of May, 8, 1945 made it quite clear: There has been an inreasing public interest in the history of the Second World War in Germany. This is to a large extent due to structural developments in historiography and the social, political, and cultural conditions of the writing of military history.The conventional approach of war history had little to do with the standards and methods of academic historiography that in turn was hardly interested in war and military. While historiography on World War II was institutionalized in the 1950s it was the 1970s and 80s that saw first changes in perspective that have had a larger impact only since the 1990s. Growing concern with the social and the subjective side of the past, mostly on a regional level led to a fresh look at the war situation. “Military science” expanded on a large scale to include theoretical considerations, methodological approaches and the topics of a “new military history”. At the same time World War II came into the limelight of academic research and teaching. This led to a broadened vision of a “total war” and its consequences that clearly meets while the demand of the public.It remains to be seen, however, in how far the necessary debate of strategic bombing, flight and expulsion that lends itself to a narrative of German vicitimization can be integrated into the more complex picture of World War II.Center for German and European StudiesCGESconferencescultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5hp2z2m5publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt58p3c5kk2011-03-19T00:03:19Zqt58p3c5kkThe Influence of the SS on the Foreign Exchange Controls and the Despoliation of the German Jews, 1935-1941Banken, Ralf2006-04-12The law on Foreign Exchange Control, which had been passed as early as 1931 in oder to fight the scarcity of foreign currency, was used to impede the transfer of Jewish property abroad immediately after the Nazis came to power. However, only from 1935 on, legislation on foreign currency aimed at the limitation of Jewish property transfers. After Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as the head of the foreign currency investigation office, intervened in the legislation from late 1936 on, the foreign currency laws in very short time were expanded into an instrument of discrimination for Jewish emigration. Even before the pogrom of November 1938, it prevented nearly every transfer of property abroad if the owners were Jewish.Center for German and European StudiesCGESeconomyEuropean studiesfinanceInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/58p3c5kkpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5615g5pm2011-03-19T00:00:57Zqt5615g5pmNational Socialist Plundering of Precious Metals, 1933-1945: The Role of DegussaBanken, Ralf2006-04-12This research project of the Research Institute for Social and Economic History at the University of Cologne is to clarify the process and causes of the theft of precious metals by the Nazis as well as explaining the economic utilization of the stolen property between 1938 and 1945, giving special consideration to the participation of Degussa in this process. The focus of the study is not only the plundering of Jewish gold in the German death camps, but considers all forms of the confiscation of gold, silver and platinum by German institutions in occupied Europe and the Reich. In this short overview, the sources, methods and results of the study are presented, with special regard to the Polish example.Center for German and European StudiesEuropean studiesfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5615g5pmpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5174h9b82011-03-18T23:56:23Zqt5174h9b8Transforming Competitiveness in European Transition Economies: The Role of Foreign Direct InvestmentSohinger, Jasminka2004-05-29Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become one of the main drivers of globalization and integration of the European transition economies into the world economy, especially the European Union. Its growth enhancing capacity has played a significant role in transforming their competitiveness, both locally and on international markets, and its propensity to stimulate institution buliding is changing both economic and political landscapes in the region. The economic conditionality of FDI and the EU access-driven reforms are working hand in hand in helping the goals of transition and the convergence process. The achievement of both goals is seen as the best guarantor of peace and security in the region.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5174h9b8publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4vw3775g2011-03-18T23:52:11Zqt4vw3775gLow Emission Lifestyles in Megacities: Communication and Participation Strategies in HyderabadWalk, HeikeSchröder, Sabine2009-07-01The paper presents the first results of the research project “Low Emission Lifestyles – Communication and Participation Strategies for Hyderabad”. This project addresses the challenges of a society-wide transition towards sustainability in the context of so-called "Megacities” by taking into account their complex social and economic characteristics. The project is part of an Indo-German research project “Climate and Energy in a Complex Transition Process towards Sustainable Hyderabad”. The aims of the project are to develop adaptation strategies (“manage the unavoidable”) and mitigation strategies (“avoid the unmanageable”) by changing institutions, governance structures, lifestyles and consumption patterns. The geographic focus of the project is the Indian city of Hyderabad, capital of Andhra Pradesh, a southern state of India. The objective of the research project is to integrate methods of public awareness raising, participation and communication in the local context, for example web-based and direct interactive forms of dialogue (online dialogue, citizens’ panels) as well as participatory methods like citizens’ exhibitions, citizens’ juries and citizens’ forums. One of them, the citizens’ exhibition, is presented in detail in this paper.Center for German and European StudiescomparativeconferencescultureeconomyInstitute of European studiesinternationalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vw3775gpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4pn8j9zs2011-03-18T23:47:08Zqt4pn8j9zsThe Unraveling of the Atlantic Order: Historical Breakpoints in U.S.-European RelationsKupchan, Charles A.2006-04-14The argument of this paper is that the Atlantic order is in the midst of a fundamental transition. The transatlantic discord that has emerged since the late 1990s marks a historical breakpoint; foundational principles of the Atlantic security order that emerged after World War II have been compromised. Mutual trust has eroded, institutionalized cooperation can no longer be taken for granted, and a shared Western identity has attenuated. To be sure, the Atlantic democracies continue to constitute a unique political grouping. But as scholars and policy makers alike struggle to diagnose the troubles that have befallen the Atlantic community and to prescribe mechanisms for redressing the discord, they would be wise to recognize the scope of change that has been taking place in the Atlantic order.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pn8j9zspublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4p15c19g2011-03-18T23:46:29Zqt4p15c19gRestructuring “Germany Inc.”: The Politics of Company and Takeover Law Reform in Germany and the European UnionCioffi, John W.2002-04-15The reform of German company law by the Control and Transparency Law (“KonTraG”) of 1998 reveals politics of corporate governance liberalization. The reforms strengthened the supervisory board, shareholder rights, and shareholder equality, but left intra-corporate power relations largely intact. Major German financial institutions supported the reform’s contribution to the modernization of German finance, but blocked mandatory divestment of equity stakes and cross-shareholding. Conversely, organized labor prevented any erosion of supervisory board codetermination. Paradoxically, by eliminating traditional takeover defenses, the KonTraG’s liberalization of company law mobilized German political opposition to the EU’s draft Takeover Directive and limited further legal liberalization.economyfinancePEIFapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p15c19gpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4hd751712011-03-18T23:42:03Zqt4hd75171Industrialization and Urbanization: Did the Steam Engine Contribute to the Growth of Cities in the United States?Kim, Sukkoo2004-09-20Industrialization and urbanization are seen as twin processes of economic development. However, the exact nature of their causal relationship is still open to considerable debate. This paper uses firm-level data from the manuscripts of the decennial censuses between 1850 and 1880 to examine whether the adoption of the steam engine as the primary power source by manufacturers during industrialization contributed to urbanization. While the data indicate that steam-powered firms were more likely to locate in urban areas than water-powered firms, the adoption of the steam engine did not contribute substantially to urbanization.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hd75171publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt472341ct2011-03-18T23:34:01Zqt472341ctThe Governmentalization of “Lifestyle” and the Biopolitics of CarbonLipschutz, Ronnie D.2009-08-27The search for a sustainable civilization—an essential concomitant of dealing with global warming—will be driven, in part, by the “normalization” of a low-carbon lifestyle. To date, most research and discussion of this transition have centered on technological fixes and their psychological equivalent, “getting prices right.” Although both approaches seem to point to reduced levels of consumption as a result of more “efficient” processes and practices, neither really addresses the material and cognitive changes associated with the “low-throughput” economy (along the lines of what Herman Daly called the “steady-state economy) that is likely to follow from the current economic downturn and the need for drastic reductions in carbon-burning. More specifically, there is a glaring contradiction between the impetus for high rates of economic growth and the major modifications of “lifestyle” necessitated by environmental crisis.“Lifestyle” is usually approached as an individual attribute: each of us has preferences, linked to basic needs and “expressive functions,” which we seek to fulfill through “choices in the market.” This disregards both the societal and regulative aspects of lifestyle, the first conditioned by subjectivities shaped through socialization from an early age into class, nation, ethnicity, identity, and other groups, the second by the governmentalization of consumption through advertising and other forms of preference-shaping, which serve to link lifestyle to “identities.” In other words, if “we are what we consume,” it is the regulation of “who we are” that will determine not only “what we consume” but also “whether we survive.”Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeconferencesEuropean studiesInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/472341ctpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt44h5r8sz2011-03-18T23:31:28Zqt44h5r8szMaking and Unmaking Money: Economic Planning and the Collapse of East GermanyZatlin, Jonathan R2007-04-28This paper locates the collapse of East German communism in Marxist-Leninist monetary theory. By exploring the economic and cultural functions of money in East Germany, it argues that the communist party failed to reconcile its ideological aspirations a society free of the social alienation represented by money and merchandise with the practical exigencies of governing an industrial society by force. Using representative examples of market failure in production and consumption, the paper shows how the party’s deep-seated hostility to money led to economic inefficiency and waste. Under Honecker, the party sought to improve living standards by trading political liberalization for West German money. Over time, however, this policy devalued the meaning of socialism by undermining the actual currency, facilitating the communist collapse and overdetermining the pace and mode of German unification.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScultureeconomyeuroEuropean studiesfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsintegrationinternationaloccasional paperspoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/44h5r8szpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3kt912b32011-03-18T23:15:38Zqt3kt912b3American and European Ways of Law: Six Entrenched DifferencesKagan, Robert A.2006-04-06In the wake of intensified global economic competition, economic liberalization, waves of immigration, and the rise of European Union governance, many observers suggest that there has been a sharp diminution of the long-standing differences between hierarchically-organized European legal processes and the more fragmented, malleable “adversarial legalism” of the United States. It is not easy to find meaningful quantitative indicators of convergence (or of continued divergence) in systems as complex and multi-faceted as contemporary legal systems. I argue, however, that six salient features of the American way of law have not emerged and are unlikely to emerge in European legal systems.Two of these differences are structural or procedural: (1) the political nature and powerful remedial powers of American judiciaries; (2) the high levels of adversarial legalism in the American regulatory process. The next four differences are substantive, relating to differences in the content of bodies of law that are central to the experience of citizens: (3) laws and institutional practices that make American tort law uniquely threatening; (4) the more limited rights to social provision and employee protections that prevail in American law; (5) the less demanding obligations of American tax law; (6) America’s more punitive criminal sanctions, more permissive gun laws, and greater reliance on adversarial legalism in criminal adjudication and police accountability. These six differences are not likely to narrow significantly, I will argue, since they are rooted in the distinctive features of American and European political structures, political belief systems, and legal cultures.Center for German and European StudiescomparativecultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsintegrationinternationalpoliticalworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kt912b3publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3dx3m4mc2011-03-18T23:10:52Zqt3dx3m4mcEurope’s Identity and IslamsHolub, Renate2003-08-30Until the break-up of the Soviet Union, dominant intellectual and educational cultures in Europe worked primarily with national concepts. In the twentieth century, nationalist ideologies have, of course, lost some of their glamour due to the impact of two disastrous world wars. But while leading European intellectuals over the past 50 years developed a research program that transcended the national spirit, they nonetheless remained bound by the concept of “modernity,” which comprises the concept of the modern nation state and the modern nation state system. Steeped in this cultural unconscious, Europe has neglected the systematic study of alternative modernities and alternative systems of governmentality -- including systems of democratic governmentality in the internet age -- especially as these alternative modernities relate to the influx of Muslim populations.Key conceptual relations: modernity and violence; intellectuals north-south; ontology of peace and ontology of violence; modern modes of knowledge organization and alternative modes of knowledge organization; history of jurisprudence 1500-1700 and inversion of rights; principle of rights and principle of the mind/soul; anthropological principal of the human capacity for justice; ontology of violence and modern philosophy; ontology of violence and modern social sciences; right to the right to knowledge on global peace and disciplinary censorship.Center for German and European StudiesCIIPcultureEuropean studiesIESimmigrationInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dx3m4mcpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt34p6v7pt2011-03-18T23:02:29Zqt34p6v7ptInstitutions for Fiscal StabilityEichengreen, Barry2003-10-01This paper reviews the controversy over Europe’s Stability and Growth Pact and offers a proposal for its reform. It argues that Europe would be best served by focusing on the fundamental causes of unsustainable debts — public enterprises that are too big to fail, unfunded public pension schemes that are too big to ignore, inefficient and costly labor market and social welfare problems, and budget making institutions that create common pool and free-rider problems — rather than on arbitrary numerical indicators like whether the budget deficit is above or below 3 per cent of GDP. It proposes defining an index of institutional reform with, say, a point each for reform of budget making arrangements, reform of public pension schemes, and reform of labor markets and unemployment insurance. Countries receiving three points would be exempt from the Pact’s numerical guidelines, since there is no reason to think that they will be prone to chronic deficits. The others, whose weak institutions render them susceptible to chronic deficits, would in contrast still be subject to its warnings, sanctions and fines.Keywords: Stability Pact, fiscal policy, EuropeCenter for German and European StudieseconomyfinancePEIFworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/34p6v7ptpublicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt34j035642011-03-18T23:02:18Zqt34j03564Inevitable Decline versus Predestined Stability: The Structure of Disciplinary Explanations of the Evolving Transatlantic OrderHellmann, Gunther2006-04-03The future of NATO has been a hotly debated topic at the center of IR debates ever since the end of the Cold War. It has also been a very complicated one given the discipline´s conceptual and theoretical difficulties in studying change. Most analysts now agree that NATO (and the transatlantic order more broadly) are going through some major changes. Yet while there is consensus that the depth as well as the pace of these changes is more far-reaching than in past decades it is unclear exactly how deep and how far these changes reach. In order to come to grips with these changes most of the chapters in this book are exploring the character as well as the sources of these changes. This chapter approaches the topic by examining how the discipline has dealt with the question of the evolution of the transatlantic order in the past. It argues that IR has not been very well equipped conceptually to deal with the phenomenon in question, ie. large-scale processes of change. In applying a typological framework developed by Paul Pierson the chapter discusses what types of causal accounts have dominated in the IR literature – and what this may tell us about particular strengths, biases and potential blind spots in coming to grips with the evolution of this order. In essence it argues that the structure of the most prominent explanations is often quite similar irrespective of paradigmatic descent. Inspite of major differences – inspite, even, of mutually exclusive predictions – as to the expected path of the order´s evolution realist, liberal and constructivist accounts heavily rely in equal fashion on causal arguments which emphasize large-scale causal processes which are almost always framed in rather statist structural terms even though they essentially entail slow moving causal processes. This temporal dimension of the causal processes presumably shaping the future of the transatlantic order is seldom spelled out in detail, however. Thus, if one examines the debate as a whole one sees a picture of IR scholarship which essentially oscillates between two extremes: the position that NATO (as the core institution of the transatlantic order) was (and is) certain to survive and the position that it was (and is) certain to collapse. What is more, these extremes on a spectrum of possible positions on the transatlantic order´s evolution between breakdown on the one hand and successful adaptation on the other are not hypothetical but mostly real. Thus, the debate does not gravitate towards the center (ie. a position which, for instance, envisages a loser but still cooperative relationship) after the usual give and take of exchanging scholarly arguments. Rather it mostly sticks with either of the two extreme positions. The chapter illustrates the problems associated with this point in some details and discusses potential remedies.Center for German and European StudiesCGESEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesintegrationinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/34j03564publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2kt1w2392011-03-18T22:46:54Zqt2kt1w239The Euro Through a Glass DarklyEichengreen, Barry2003-09-01On January 1st, Europe’s monetary union will celebrate its fifth anniversary. Congratulations are not exactly pouring in. For going on two years, growth in the countries of the Euro Area has been significantly slower than in the United States. Unemployment over much of the continent remains disturbingly high. The single currency has not been a tonic for Europe’s stagnant economy. To the contrary, numerous critics complain, the advent of the euro has only compounded Europe’s economic problems. This paper provides a review and analysis of the debate.economyeuroEuropean studiesfinanceIESInstitute of European studiesPEIFworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kt1w239publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1v68f9k52011-03-18T22:25:15Zqt1v68f9k5The Atlantic Alliance and Geopolitics: New Realities and New ChallengesLie, Kai Olaf2009-05-04This paper is based on the hypothesis that the new geopolitical environment for the Atlantic Alliance is mainly influenced by the following five elements: The renaissance of Germany as the central player on the European theater after the collapse of the Soviet Union; the shift of American geopolitical focus from Europe to the Middle East and central Asia; the increasing geopolitical influence of petroleum energy resources; the increasing power of china; and the differing perceptions of political reality within the Atlantic Alliance. The new situation was clearly demonstrated after 9/11 when the “neocons” were able to implement their ideas about how to handle Iraq and the Germans rejected their arguments and refused to participate. With Obama as president it seems to be a certain rapprochement with the “old Europeans” in substance as well as methods in foreign policy. But the world is moving away from the bipolar world that the military alliance could feel comfortable with and towards a more dynamic theatre where the German Russian “strategic partnership” is a central feature of what can be labeled “The New Atlantic Reality”Center for German and European StudiescomparativeeuroEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsintegrationinternationalpoliticalprogramrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1v68f9k5publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1gb6j2032011-03-18T22:14:31Zqt1gb6j203Germany: Managing Migration in the 21st CenturyMartin, Philip L.2002-05-01This monograph reviews Germany’s evolution from a country of emigration to a reluctant land of immigration between the 1960s and 1980s, as guest workers settled and asylum seekers arrived. During the 1990s, Germany became a magnet for diverse foreigners, including the families of settled guest workers, newly mobile Eastern Europeans and ethnic Germans, and asylum seekers from throughout the world. Germany, with a relatively structured and rigid labor market and economy, finds it easier to integrate especially unskilled newcomers into generous social welfare programs than into the labor market. Since immigration means change as immigrants and Germans adjust to each other, an aging German populace may resist the changes in the economy and labor market that could facilitate immigrant integration as well as the changes in culture and society that invariably accompany immigrants.CIIPapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gb6j203publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt04v433432011-03-18T21:37:13Zqt04v43343Europe and United States, 1944-2006: Two Destinies in an Uncertain WorldBossuat, Gerard (Gérard )2006-05-30An Atlantic partnership is acceptable if the European cultural, linguistic, social and economic diversities are preserved. And yet, Europe feels a threat through the now Globalisation which is so often seen as a form or aspect of Americanisation. The European Union is weak but not drifting away. If the Union do wants to behave as “a global power in the Economic, Social, Environmental governance of the world” (Josaiane Tercinet), it must talk as a united power. This short overview of the period 1945-2006, made by an historian who is aware of the long term influence, shows that it is European integration that has recreated the conditions of the European renewal. Of course, Atlantic economic integration represents a mighty trend ever since 1944. But the Atlantic economic and financial interactions do not necessarily create the political unity of action between the two sides of the Atlantic ocean. It seems that trouble between the two banks of Atlantic is rising because the political, even mental, position of now US leaders and not because economic or commercial tensions. However, it doesn’t only depend on the short term situation. We will conclude on the specificity of the two sides of Atlantic. Beyond an economic integration which seems inevitable in an open world and which will spread to another part of industrial countries, beyond the necessary bilateral cooperation due to the old friendship, to hope overcoming the political and cultural differences between the two is both an unrealizable dream and a mistake.Keywords: Atlantic partnership, European diversities, European Union, European integration, economic integration, European powerCenter for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeconferencesEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinternationalpoliticalrelationsworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/04v43343publicationoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0411j8nk2011-03-18T21:36:26Zqt0411j8nkStruggling Over Civil Liberties: The Troubled Foundations of the WestNewman, Abraham2006-05-04Shared fundamental liberties and democratic principles have long provided the core of what observers of international affairs termed the West. While national institutions and policies have at times varied, they rarely challenged the foundations of the transatlantic partnership. With the rise of information technology and the new security environment, however, local variations in fundamental rights have produced significant international implications. Examining recent transatlantic disputes over privacy and free speech, the paper argues that a new set of international issues have emerged dealing with transnational civil liberties. Once core unifying principles of the transatlantic relationship these basic freedoms have transformed into flashpoints for conflict. After identifying this new trend, the paper argues that the nature of these conflicts is framed by the timing of international interdependence relative to the maturity of national regulatory regimes.Center for German and European StudiesCGEScomparativeconferencescultureEuropean studiesIESInstitute of European studiesinstitutionsinternationalpoliticalsocietyworking paperapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0411j8nkpublication