2024-03-28T17:15:24Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt24m6w58t2019-05-13T20:55:15Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/24m6w58tCicourel, Aaronauthor1988-01-01If we need a new language of national and international politics in order to think differently so as to cope with the dangers of a nuclear world, we also need a new language of policy analysis to examine the structures and processes by which defense policy in general, and nuclear policy in particular, is made. What is needed, as a start, is a new lexicon of basic terms derived from language and discourse but applied to the policy process. We might then begin to develop this new vocabulary into an effective critique of defense decision making in the modern or indeed, the post-modern state. publiclinguisticsdiscourseinternational relationsnuclear policyCognitive-Linguistic-Organizational Aspects of Field Research in International Relations. Working Paper No. 5, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt712318n32019-04-26T22:18:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/712318n3Feshbach, SeymourauthorSinger, Robertauthor1986-05-01The function of the two-day conference "Psychological Research on International Conflict and Nuclear Arms Issues" and its proceedings was three-fold: 1) to stimulate interest on the part of psychologists at the University of California, and of psychologists more broadly, in research efforts that are addressed to problems of international conflict resolution, the prevention of war, and the fostering of peace; 2) to formulate research issues that are germane to the avoidance of war and the quest for peace; and 3) to stimulate greater support by foundations, institutes, and related organizations concerned with peace and conflict resolution, of psychological research in these areas. The specific task of the conference was to formulate "requests for research proposals" (RFPs) addressed to psychological aspects of conflict reduction and the environment and maintenance of peaceful relations between nations.publicnuclear armspsychologyinternational conflictnegotiation peace studiesPsychological Research on International Conflict and Nuclear Arms Issues: Possible Directionsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt23t2x1032019-04-26T22:09:17Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/23t2x103Herken, Greggauthor1987-02-01On February 5-7, 1987, the University of California's Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation sponsored a conference on "Historical Perspectives on Global Conflict and Cooperation." The aim of the conference was two-fold: to identify promising new areas for historical scholarship in the field of global conflict and cooperation, and to generate new ideas for specific research proposals that University of California historians might later present to IGCC for funding.publicnuclear historyscience and technologyglobal conflictcooperationHistorical Perspectives on Global Conflict and Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0fj499jw2019-04-26T22:00:45Z am 3u Institute on Global Conflict and CooperationVol. 2, no. 8 (Oct. 1992) 1091-11061544-9173eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fj499jwMcElroy, John HauthorMacauley, Mary KauthorWilliamson, Ray AauthorUhlir, Paul Fauthor1992-10-08Taken from the content of the October 1992 meeting on Space Monitoring and Global Change, the contents of this IGCC paper range from means of assuring global cooperation in earth observation, potential systems and the practical difficulties of assembling and managing such systems.publicSpace monitoringcollective goodsENVIROSATremote satillite sensingProceedings of the Conference on Space Monitoring of Global Changearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6fj238mn2019-04-26T21:58:52Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fj238mnInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, (IGCC)author1985-06-01Transcript of six half-hour radio programs on the Strategic Defense Initiative, aired initially on public radio stations in May and June 1985. Narrated by Cynthia Perry. Experts include Sanford Lakoff, Sidney Drell, Lowell Wood, Philip Farley, William Van Cleave, Fred Hoffman, and John Holdren.publicRonald ReaganStrategic Defense InitiativeSDInuclear deterrenceSanford LakoffSidney DrellLowell WoodPhilip FarleyWilliam Van CleaveFred HoffmanJohn HoldrenStar Wars: The Experts Debate the Issuesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9744r5sj2019-04-26T21:48:25Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9744r5sjReynolds, Akieauthor1987-06-01From the introduction:For over ten years now, I have been working in the Career Services Center of the University of California, Santa Cruz. My duties include attempting to give advice and practical help to a growing number of students who come to me with this problem: "Just how do I apply my own commitment to peace, my classroom knowledge, my desire to contribute to peacemaking, to the realities of the working world? In a word, "How can I work for peace, and make a living at it?" Gradually I have taken upon myself the task of trying to answer this most challenging question. I began by gathering information on a number of organizations that are working to create conditions and mechanisms, at the international level, for reducing conflicts, solving problems, and developing understanding. I was encouraged by the fact that there already exists a number of helpful publications in this area. Following this, in this pamphlet, I have tried to define specific fields of a peacemaking career, and to recognize a group of people who are dedicated practitioners. I have tried to assemble information that might be useful to students who, already realizing the need for a world of peace, want to put their dreams into action, and become practical peacemakers.publicpeacemaking careersactivismemployment resourcesPlanning Your Career in Peacemakingarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8w4236cs2019-04-26T21:39:24Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8w4236csBreyman, Stevenauthor1987-01-01Initial European reactions to President Reagan's Strategic DefenseInitiative (SDI) speech were a mixture of disbelief and irritation. European military-strategic concerns are several and are presented in the paper in five separate butoverlapping sections: 1) questions about coupling, the credibility of theAmerican nuclear guarantee and effects on NATO strategy and doctrine; 2) concerns about strategic instabilities and the arms race; 3) worries about the future of arms control and the ABM Treaty; 4) speculation about the impact on the French and British nuclear forces and alliance cohesion; and 5) anxieties over the enormous costs involved.publicStrategic Defense InitiativeSDINATOFederal Democratic Republic of GermanyStar Warsnuclear deterrenceSDI, The Federal Republic of Germany, and NATO: Political, Economic, and Strategic Implicationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt30m9b6fh2019-04-26T21:29:20Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/30m9b6fhIntrilligator, Michael DauthorBrito, Dagobert Lauthor1987-01-01An examination of the viability and usefulness of arms control in the late 1980s, the paper looks at the prospects of arms controls to maintain peace and the dangers inherent to such agreements. The authors then provide a series of suggestions to improve the procedures surrounding arms control implementation and management.publicArms ControlNuclear ProliferationArms RacesArms Control: Problems and Prospectsmonographlocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt59r8037m2019-04-26T21:15:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/59r8037mKaun, Davidauthor1988-01-01publicdefense industry profitsUS defense contractorsgovernment contractsWhere Have All the Profits Gone? An Analysis of the Major Defense Contractors: 1950-1985monographlocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5zq426wj2019-04-26T21:04:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zq426wjGitlin, Toddauthor1989-01-01What follows the Cold War? Even the fact that the question can be asked isastounding. Shall the sequel be "peaceful competition" (Gorbachev), "cold peace and peaceful competition" (The New York Times editorial of August 10, 1987), "stable coexistence" (the American Committee on U. S.-Soviet Relations, including Arthur Macy Cox, William Colby, and George Ball)- or, grudgingly, "steps ... to reconcile vital U. S. and Soviet interests" (Henry Kissinger and Cyrus Vance)? There is dispute and confusion in both camps over what the new relationship is, what to call it. As the American establishment reorganizes its understanding of the world, theAmerican right is not silent. It is therefore useful to monitor the right's reactions to East-West rapprochement. In these notes, I look at the American right's responses to the East-West relaxation marked by the Washington and Moscow summits and the signing of the INF treaty. The discourse of the right in the first half of 1988 offers a preview of how it may be expected to react during the years to come.publicdetentediscourseCold WarrapprochementAmerican conservatismComing Detractions: Notes on the Right's Mobilization against the New Detente, Working Paper No. 20, Second Conference on Discourse: Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6m7328x82019-04-26T20:52:34Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m7328x8Connor-Linton, Jeffauthor1988-01-01This study suggests the value of a "multi-feature/multi-dimension" method of discourse analysis (Biber in press) to the study of nuclear discourse by reporting some of the results of a pilot study of four different written texts about the nuclear dilemma. The quantitative results showthe texts to differ in their uses of groups of concurring linguistic features and motivate a microanalysis of the texts seeking to discern the author's underlying assumptions about the relations of the United States and the Soviet Union to each other and to their nuclear weapons. The results also extend the work of James Wertsch (1987) in constructing a typology of modes ofnuclear discourse by (1) describing concrete lexical and syntactic variation between nuclear discourse texts and between nuclear discourse, as a subgenre, and other written and spoken genres of English, (2) ascribing general rhetorical strategies to different authors' "styles" of nuclear discourse identified by the quantitative analysis, and (3) associating these "styles" of nuclear discourse with some aspects of the authors' world-views which form their cognitive foundations.publicnuclear discourseUnited StatesSoviet Unionarms controlStylistic Analysis and Authors' Assumptions in Nuclear Discourse, Working Paper No. 17, First Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7bt3f8kj2019-04-26T20:47:14Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bt3f8kjHook, Glennauthor1988-01-01This article examines the mode of censorship and reportage of atomic damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in one of Japan's leading newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun, during the months of August and September 1945, as well as representative cases of censorship during the early years of the Allied Occupation to answer the question of why there was not more immediate "horror and repulsion sweeping over the rest of the world" as predicted by the Franck Report. By going back to the very start of press coverage of atomic damage we hope to be able to shed light on the evolution of nuclear discourse in Japan, and, to a lesser extent, the United States.publicHiroshimaNagasakidiscoursepress censorshipatomic bombnuclear warWorld War IIRoots of Nuclearism: Censorship and Reportage of Atomic Damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Working Paper No. 16, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3jp684qf2019-04-26T20:35:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jp684qfZimmerman, Rudigerauthor1988-01-01This paper traces the way in which "quality papers" such as the Economist helped to convince European opinion leaders of the advantages of President Reagan's so-called Strategic Defense Initiative. The paper proceeds in the following way: It first outlines the presentation of the issue, sketching typical references to SDI and the arguments in favor of it. It then compares the presentation of the protagonists: Reagan as the champion of the free world and Gorbachev as the new representative of Soviet Russia. Finally, it summarizes the metaphors of good and evil.publicStrategic Defense InitiativeSDIRonald ReaganMikhail GorbachevSelling "SDI" to Europeans: Arguments, Metaphors, and Adversary Images, Working Paper No. 15, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2zw6m1fn2019-04-26T20:22:28Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zw6m1fnKay, Richardsonauthor1988-01-01This paper discusses how the British popular press (tabloids) covered the visit of the British Prime Minister to Moscow for talks with the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, about arms control and other matters of mutual interest. It concentrates on the geopolitical significance of the visit and the coverage--their relevance to the prospects for nuclear arms reductions on both sides of the Iron Curtain.publicBritish-Soviet relationsMikhail GorbachevMargaret Thatcherarms controlAnglo-Soviet SummitThe Mikhail and Maggie Show: The British Popular Press and the Anglo-Soviet Summit, Working Paper No. 14, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4hx8t76j2019-04-26T20:08:49Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hx8t76jShapiro, Michaelauthor1988-01-01publicdiscoursesportswarnuclear conflictRepresenting World Politics: The Sport/War Intertext with a Postscript on the Nuclear Question, Working Paper No. 9, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5251g9c42019-04-26T20:07:49Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5251g9c4Joenniemi, Perttiauthor1988-01-01The concept of a "nuclear winter" has effected a turn in the discourse on nuclear war, which had long focused on imagery related to the initial blast and immediate after-effects. The paper discusses the origin of the nuclear winter theory and how it has influenced the nuclear debate.publicnuclear winterdiscoursewarDecoding Nuclear Winter: Has War Lost Its Name? Working Paper No. 11, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8md1w9xb2019-04-26T18:12:12Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8md1w9xbNathanson, Charlesauthor1988-01-01"The Soviet threat" has provided a frame of reference for American politics since shortlyafter the end of World War II. Demonstrating, measuring, and responding to "the threat" have been subjects of intense concern and debate. The reality of "the threat" has been taken for granted. The paper examines the origins and reproduction of the Soviet threat" in American politics. This is not an analysis of whether or not the threat is or has been "real." Rather, it is a study of how Americans have come to regard it as real. The distinction is crucial: we are dealing with the sociology of knowledge and the politics of representation. We are interested in seeing how and why a society constructs an enemy.publicSoviet threatCold Warnational securitypolitics of representationThe Social Construction of the "Soviet Threat": A Study in the Politics of Representation, Working Paper No. 10, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt83k4763m2019-04-26T17:50:13Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/83k4763mCohn, Carolauthor1988-01-01This paper is the beginning of an analysis of the nature of nuclear strategic thinking; its emphasis is on the role of a specialized language that I call "technostrategic." I have come to believe that this language both reflects and shapes the nature ofthe American nuclear strategic project; that it plays a central role in allowing defenseintellectuals to think and act as they do; and that all of us who are concerned about nuclear weaponry and nuclear war must give careful attention to the role of language we and others choose to use -- who it allows us to communicate with, and what it allows us to think as well as say.publicstrategic analysisarms controlnuclear wardiscoursegenderSex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals, Working Paper No. 8, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5383t78x2019-04-26T17:43:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5383t78xChilton, Paulauthor1988-01-01One aim of this paper is to begin to face the problem of how to relate an ethical, polltical, and critical perspective to the rational-technical means of analysis and description that have been developed by modern linguists.The second (and principal) question that this paper seeks to pursue is the following. Given that any utterance is a highly complex event in which wording, phrasing, and text-organisation fulfill multiple and simultaneous functions, what details is it possible to pin down in a text in such a way that it is rational to make claims about and critiques of ideological or distorted communication?publicdiscoursenational securitylinguisticsCritical Discourse Moments and Critical Discourse Analysis: Towards a Methodology, Working Paper No. 7, First International Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt95z4f5wp2019-04-26T17:20:52Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/95z4f5wpGregory, Donnaauthor1988-01-01An critique of the applicability and influence of Clausewitz's On War to the national security policies of the Reagan era.publicnuclear deterrenceClausewitzdiscoursenational securityClausewitz: A Mind Under Arms, Working Paper No. 6, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9fm317g52019-04-26T17:08:19Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fm317g5Walker, R.B.J.author1988-01-01The participation of states in a wide range of processes--economic, military, tecnological, cultural, and political--produces ever more intense forms of insecurity on many dimensions. This working paper explores some of the assumptions that underlie conventional discourse on national securityand how they intersect with modern international relations theory.publicinternational securityinternational relationsdiscoursenuclear weaponsarms controlThe Concept of Security and International Relations Theory, Working Paper No. 3, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3340v84w2019-04-26T16:47:57Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3340v84wErbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-22This is the eighth case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt40t6z9x02019-04-26T16:47:39Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/40t6z9x0Erbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the sixth case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With Discriminationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7jn085nq2019-04-26T16:46:58Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jn085nqMehan, HughauthorSkelly, James Mauthor1988-01-01This document examines the fundamental changes in negotiating techniques and posturing by the United States and USSR that appeared in the days following the Reykjavik conference on nuclear arms. Predictions and prospects follow.publicNuclear Arms reductionsReykjavik negotiationsSDIStrategic Defense InitiativeReykjavik: The Breach and Repair of the Pure War Script, Working Paper No. 12, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8j4591mm2019-04-26T16:45:59Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j4591mmGitlin, Toddauthor1988-01-01This publication dicusses the interplay between various political factions, the scientific community and the media regarding the rise and decline of the SDI program in the 1980s. It also explores the implications of ABM technologies and the responsibilities of various parties in its development.publicSDIAnti-Ballistic Missile TechnologyNuclearArms ControlMediaThe Greatest Story Never Told: Working Paper No. 1, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt80k1f2kq2019-04-26T16:45:16Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/80k1f2kqMehan, HughauthorWills, Johnauthor1988-01-01A survey of the work and role of Nuclear Disarmament bodies such as Mothers Embracing Nuclear Disarmament (MEND) and their means of influencing the Nuclear Issue in the west. Based on the assumption that nuclear wars are unwinnable, MEND and similar groups arose during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s to attempt and influence policy from within nations.publicnuclear armsnuclear disarmamentarms controlhistoryMEND: A Nurturing Voice in the Nuclear Arms Debate, Working Paper No. 13, First Annual Conference on Discourse, Peace, Security, and International Societyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0vm5g8jk2019-04-26T16:41:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0vm5g8jkErbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This series, Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action, presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying this introduction. Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided here is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesIntroduction to Conflict Case Studiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3vk8810q2019-04-26T16:41:07Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vk8810qErbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the fifth case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith & Power Abusearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt61f3h9hj2019-04-26T16:40:03Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/61f3h9hjErbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the second case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive & Perceptual Biasesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5j65k1zj2019-04-26T16:39:27Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j65k1zjErbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the seventh case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity & Speaking Truth to Powerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5t45v3c52019-04-26T16:38:47Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5t45v3c5Erbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the first case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted Systemsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6fh683x22019-04-26T16:38:11Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fh683x2Erbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the fourth case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating Aggressionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9dn998r22019-04-26T16:36:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dn998r2Erbe, Nancyauthor2019-04-26This is the third case study in the series Holding These Truths: Empowerment and Recognition in Action. This series presents case studies for a future conflict resolution textbook. It has been successfully piloted with several international classes. Those, who benefit most, stress the importance of carefully studying the introduction. (See Introduction to Conflict Case Studies, Nancy D. Erbe). Because the case study format is intentionally unique, written in an interactive and non-linear workbook style, unlike many introductions, the information provided there is required for understanding the case studies. Readers are encouraged to send comments and critiques directly to the author. Because of the deliberate one-of-a-kind format of the text, detailed page-by-page comments and questions are welcome. A list of the entire series is included below.Introduction to Conflict Case StudiesCase Study #1: Neutral Fact-Finding and Empowerment Within Conflicted SystemsCase Study #2: Intrapersonal Approaches to Conflict: Cognitive and Perceptual BiasesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup InfluenceCase Study #4: Empathy: Effective Response with Escalating AggressionCase Study #5: Assessing Covert Bad Faith and Power AbuseCase Study #6: Cultural Competence: Ethical and Empowered Response With DiscriminationCase Study #7: Empowered Process---Skilled Leadership: Diffusion, Party Capacity and Speaking Truth to PowerCase Series #8: Empowered Process: Multicultural Collaborationpubliccase studieshuman rightsconflictpeacelawcultural perspectivesCase Study #3: Negative Intergroup Influencearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wt3613v2019-04-26T16:34:55Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-1 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wt3613vCheung, Tai MingauthorMahnken, Thomas G.authorRoss, Andrew L.author2018-05-30The central focus in this brief is to make sense of different approaches to defense innovation by determining whether there are general patterns and characteristics that offer insights into questions such as why some states are able to pursue innovation at a faster rate or more advanced level than others, and the essential ingredients for successful innovation. This brief seeks to develop an understanding of the relationship between defense innovation and military innovation, and more specifically the linkages and interaction between the defense innovation system and the military establishment.publicinnovationgreat power competitionChinaUnited StatesdefenseAssessing the State of Understanding of Defense Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt170219mp2019-04-26T16:34:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-2 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/170219mpCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30This brief provides an analytical framework to identify, categorize, and assess the diverse array of factors that are involved in the pursuit of defense innovation, as viewed through an innovation ecosystem prism. Defense innovation systems are engaged in highly complex, time-consuming and resource-intensive work. Many of the insights from this framework are derived from an extensive examination into the state of innovation in the contemporary Chinese defense science, technology, andindustrial system, examined in more detail in Brief 2018-3 in this series.publicdefense innovationanalytical frameworkChinaCritical Factors in Enabling Defense Innovation: A Systems Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6rr4j9cv2019-04-26T16:33:41Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-8 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rr4j9cvKashin, Vasilyauthor2018-05-30Innovation in the Russian defense industry has drawn significant international attention since Russian President Vladimir Putin’s state of the nation address of March 1, 2018. While the first part of the address covered the usual ground of planned economic policies, the second part was an extended presentation of Russian defense industry achievements. What Putin left outwas as important as what he highlighted, and provides a clear picture of Russia’s prioritization of radical over incremental innovation, sometimes to the detriment of current battlefield readiness. This research brief discusses Russia’s successes and failures in modernizing its weapons systems since 2000.publicRussiadefense innovationPutinradical innovationRussian Defense Innovation in the 2010sarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1hw200dw2019-04-26T16:33:13Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-11 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hw200dwMahnken, Thomas G.author2018-05-30Defense innovation is the transformation of ideas and knowledge into new or improved products, processes, and services for military and dual-use applications. It refers primarily to organizations and activities associated with the defense and dual-use civil-military science, technology, and industrial base. Included at this level are, for instance, changes in planning, programming, budgeting, research, development, acquisition and other business processes. The period between the two world wars offers a rich set of cases for examining defense innovation. These include the development of armored warfare, strategic bombing, close air support, carrier aviation, amphibious warfare, and radio and radar. Whereas others have focused on military innovation in the interwar period, the focus of this brief is on defense innovation in general, andthe development of tanks in Britain, the United States, and Germany in particular.publicdefense innovationGermanyBritainUnited StatestanksInnovation in the Interwar Yearsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7c75995r2019-04-26T16:32:53Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-3 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c75995rCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30The preceding brief in the series provided an analytical framework for examining a country’s defense innovation system and the factors that shape innovation outcomes. This brief applies the framework to examine the factors at work in the Chinese defense innovation system. There are many reasons explaining the successful transformation of the Chinese defense innovation system from an ossified dinosaur in the 1990s to an increasingly credible military technological competitor on the global stage at the end of the 2010s. China’s approach to defense innovation has undergone considerable evolution since it launched a full-fledged modernization of its defense science, technology, and industrial (DSTI) system in the late 1990s. Some of these changes mirror what has taken place within the civilian sector, but there is also much that is different because of the specific dynamics of the defense arena.publicdefense innovationChinascience and technologyHow China’s Defense Innovation System Is Advancing the Country’s Military Technological Risearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6wb1f7tf2019-04-26T16:32:05Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. SEries 10, no. 2018-10 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wb1f7tfBehera, Laxman Kumarauthor2018-05-30India has expended a great deal of energy and resources to set up a vast defense economy to innovate and produce state-of-the-art weapon systems for use by the armed forces. However, the performance of the defense economy has been largely suboptimal, leading to poor self-reliancein arms procurement and heavy dependence on foreign sources for meeting the key defense requirements. An examination of the causes of poor performance exhibits a number of hortcomings related to India’s both 'hard' and 'soft' innovation capacities. Inefficiency and lack of reforms of the main research and development (R&D) and manufacturing players, meager R&D and procurement budgets, poor management of human resources, lack of strong support from the political leadership, and a weak acquisition system, leave India’s defense innovation in a poor state.publicdefense innovationIndiaarms procurementR&DExamining India’s Defense Innovation Performancearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt037138xt2019-04-26T16:31:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-6 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/037138xtLundmark, Martinauthor2018-05-30The defense innovation systems (DIS) in France and Sweden have longstanding traditions of domestic innovation and high self-reliance, but they differ greatly in how they have achieved these ambitions. France has almost complete self-reliance in defense technology and close government control of activities contributing to defense innovation and regarding the defense industry. In France, there is considerable state ownership, and foreign ownership is blocked. In contrast, Sweden has delimited its breadth of sovereign technology development since the 1990s, and now expresses three "essential security interests": fighter aircraft, underwater capability, and cyber. This research brief describes what characterizes the present defense innovation systems in these countries, discusses their similarities and differences, and points out factors that have led to their success.publicdefense innovationFranceSwedenstate ownershipA Quest for Autonomy and Excellence: The Defense Innovation Systems of France and Swedenarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt66n8s5br2019-04-26T16:31:02Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-12 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/66n8s5brKania, Elsa B.author2018-05-30Will the Chinese military succeed in advancing new frontiers of defense innovation? China has already emerged as a powerhouse in artificial intelligence and quantum technologies. The continued advances in these dual-use technologies may be leveraged for military applications pursuant to a national strategy of military-civil fusion. At this point, the trajectory of technological developments is uncertain, and considerable challenges remain to the actualization of deeper fusion of China’s defense and commercial sectors. However, if successful, China’s ambitions to lead in these strategic technologies could enable it to pioneer new paradigms of military power.publicChinadefense innovationartificial intelligenceAIquantum technologydual usemilitary-civil fusionNew Frontiers of Chinese Defense Innovation: Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Technologiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1958g0f92019-04-26T16:30:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-9 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1958g0f9Haggard, StephanauthorCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30The international community has consistently underestimated North Korean nuclear and missile capabilities. How has an economically impoverished, technologically backward, and internationally isolated state been able to establish robust and increasingly competent nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs, especially since the mid-2010s? Has North Korea predominantly relied on foreign sources of technology or are its nuclear and missile programs the result of domestic effort? Even when technologies have been borrowed, a detailed analysis of the evolution of the programs suggests sustained domestic investment has proven crucial. The result is a far-flung and large weapons of mass destruction (WMD) infrastructure. Any negotiations over the program must take the extent of this infrastructure into account and consider the challenges of how to inspect, verify, and limit them, including through repurposing these capabilities to civilian uses.publicNorth Koreanuclear weaponsballistic missilesWMDNorth Korea’s Approach to Defense Innovation: Foreign Absorption, Domestic Innovation, and the Nuclear and Ballistic Weapons Industrial Basearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9bp5v4z72019-04-26T16:29:58Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-5 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bp5v4z7Gholz, EugeneauthorSapolsky, Harvey M.author2018-05-30The US defense innovation system enjoys tremendous advantages that other countries cannot readily replicate. It has accumulated capabilities over decades of funding and experimentation that dwarf other countries’ efforts, and the incentives to innovate in the United States are not easily replicable elsewhere. The unique US political system favors substitution of technology for labor, openness to new ideas, and competition among decentralized organizations to solve national security challenges. The constant worrying that the United States is losing its defense innovation advantages is simply part of the politics that keep the United States far, far ahead of its potential rivals.publicUnited Statesdefense innovationtechnologyThe Very Healthy US Defense Innovation Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7vp2x1552019-04-26T16:29:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-4 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vp2x155Bitzinger, Richardauthor2018-05-30Israel and Singapore are both countries with small populations and no strategic depth, and both see technology as a crucial force multiplier when it comes to national security. Israel, however, has been much more successful than Singapore in developing a range of indigenous military-technological innovations. The reasons are both geostrategic and cultural. Israel faces a much more looming and imminent threat which demands more military-technological innovation. Moreover, Israel’s informal and anti-hierarchical society is much more supportive than Singapore’s when it comes to risk-taking and experimentation.publicIsraelSingaporedefense innovationmilitary-technological innovationindigenous industryMilitary-Technological Innovation in Small States: The Cases of Israel and Singaporearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4t07267h2019-04-26T16:29:02Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-7 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t07267hAdamsky, Dmitryauthor2018-05-30The brief reflects on the evolution of the Israeli approach to military innovation and describes its proclivities, in order to enable comparative analysis and a more generalizable analytical framework. It first describes the structural factors that account for the Israeli fixation on the military-industrial complex and defense innovation; then it outlines the social-organizational factors, which have enabled and conditioned its realization. It concludes with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the Israeli approach and a review of recent trends.publicdefense innovationIsraelqualitative military edgeThe Israeli Approach to Defense Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7p85x8w92019-04-26T16:28:11Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p85x8w9Cheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30How do countries around the world approach and engage in defense innovation? Are there common patterns, catalysts, and enabling factors that identify and explain why some countries are successful while others struggle? This year’s edition of research briefs from the University of California’s Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation Study of Innovation and Technology in China project examines these questions.publicdefense innovationIntroduction to 2018 SITC Research Briefsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt35r7s04w2019-04-22T16:55:58Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/35r7s04wJoeck, Neilauthor1986-01-01Written in the days leading up to the adoption of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the document details the history of nuclear testing by all nuclear club member nations since the Manhattan project. The document then goes on to outline the major points of the Test Ban Treaty and feasibility.publicNuclear weaponscomprehensive test ban treatyCountdown on the Comprehensive Test Banarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt67x812nh2019-04-22T16:44:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/67x812nhMILLER, Josephauthor2013-06-12publicChinamilitary policyPLA NavySITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Dream Armyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9x38n9b32019-04-22T16:44:18Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x38n9b3ANDERSON, Ericauthor2013-05-01publicChinaadditive manufacturing3D printingSITC Bulletin Analysis: Additive Manufacturing in China: Threats, Opportunities, and Developments (Part I)articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7h12120m2019-04-22T16:43:55Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7h12120mANDERSON, Ericauthor2013-05-09publicChinaadditive manufacturing3D printingaviationaerospacelaser metal depositionSITC Bulletin Analysis: Additive Manufacturing in China: Aviation and Aerospace Applications (Part 2)articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9xs4q8rn2019-04-22T16:43:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xs4q8rnREED, Laurenauthor2013-03-13publicChinaspace launch vehiclesScotlandChina Academy of Launch Vehilc TechnologyCALTUniversity of Strathclyderesearch collaborationsspace industrySITC Bulletin Analysis: University of Strathclyde and CALT Launch Joint Laboratoryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1839q9q82019-04-22T16:43:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1839q9q8TSAY, Brianauthor2013-07-01publicChinahigh performance computingHPCTianhesupercomputersexascale computingdual use863 ProgramSITC Bulletin Analysis: The Tianhe-2 Supercomputer: Less than Meets the Eye?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2tr126jk2019-04-22T16:42:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tr126jkWILSON, Jordanauthor2014-01-01publicChinahigh performance computingHPCoil securityTianheexascale computingoil explorationSITC Bulletin Analysis: Supercomputing and Energy in China: How Investment in HPC Affects Oil Securityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt06k0x5q52019-04-22T16:42:12Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/06k0x5q5LU, Hanluauthor2013-03-27publicChinaY-20military transport aircraftUkrainedefense aviationdefense procurementSITC Bulletin Analysis: Competition and Cooperation: The Story Behind the Y-20 Maiden Flightarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2js0c5r82019-04-22T16:41:49Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2js0c5r8POLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-10-17publicChinaspace explorationroboticssatellite technologyspace debrisdual-useSITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Space Robotic Arms Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9fv8r5jx2019-04-22T16:41:27Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fv8r5jxPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-02-01publicChinamissile defenseballistic missileASATdirect ascent kinetic killSITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Second Ballistic Missile Defense Test: A Search for Strategic Stabilityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1qg3k8kb2019-04-22T16:25:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qg3k8kbInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2002-01-01publicIGCC 2002 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7g50m9702019-01-07T18:10:16Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g50m970Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor1999-01-01publicIGCC 1999 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3xs868w02019-01-07T18:08:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xs868w0Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2000-01-01publicIGCC 2000 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt58x6j3x32019-01-07T18:07:26Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/58x6j3x3Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2001-01-01publicIGCC 2001 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wv6t9wm2019-01-07T18:04:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wv6t9wmInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2004-01-01publicIGCC 2003-2004 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt32d4z4rt2019-01-07T18:01:56Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/32d4z4rtInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2010-01-01publicIGCC 2010 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9sq8w0422019-01-07T17:59:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sq8w042Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2012-01-01publicIGCC 2012 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7790499s2019-01-07T17:46:39Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7790499sInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2019-01-07publicIGCC 2013 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt23j755ft2019-01-07T17:44:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/23j755ftInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor2014-01-01publicIGCC 2014 Annual Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4j31w3152017-02-28T20:26:54Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4j31w315CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2017-02-28publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionmilitary technologyIntroduction: The Emergence of Direct US‒China Defense Technological Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4s99s9rs2017-02-28T20:20:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-7 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4s99s9rsPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2017-02-28This research brief examines strategic competition between China and the United States in the fields of missiles, space, and counterspace. In particular, it looks at Chinese military advances in anti-ship missile (ASM), space, and counterspace technologies and the response of the US military to these developments. China and the United States find themselves in a security dilemma characterized by a competition that could easily turn into an arms race.publicChinaUnited Statesspace technologymissilesstrategic competitioncounterspaceThe US-China Reconnaissance-Strike Competition: Anti-Ship Missiles,Space, and Counterspacearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4x89j4n12017-02-28T20:19:44Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-9 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x89j4n1CLARK, BryanauthorWILSON, Jordanauthor2017-02-28This brief examines the nature and extentof maritime competition between the United States and China and what enduring advantages and disadvantages each possesses, yielding insights for US strategy going forward.publicChinaUnited Statesmaritime competitionmilitary technologystrategic competitionpower projectionStrategic Competition Between the United States and China in the Maritime Realmarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5f30512q2017-02-28T20:18:58Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-6 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f30512qBLAKELEY, Katherineauthor2017-02-28Department of Defense concerns over an eroding technological and capabilityadvantage have spurred the development of the Third Offset Strategy to focus investments on areas of greatest US competitive advantage. However, flat defense budgets and rising operations and maintenance costs will continue to constrain procurement and research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) spending within the US defense budget over the near and medium term. Later-stage RDT&E for the technological maturation of weapons systems and platforms in development will be more impacted. This brief outlines US defense budgetary trends for the overall defense budget and for RDT&E spending, highlights areas of particularrisk, and describes the potential impacts on US defense technological innovation.publicUnited Statesdefense budgetsdefense R&DThird Offset Strategymilitary technologyLong-Term US Defense Budget Trends and Implications for Defense Technological Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt84v3d66k2017-02-28T20:18:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-4 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66kCHEUNG, Tai MingauthorANDERSON, EricauthorYANG, Fanauthor2017-02-28Critical reforms are taking place in China’s defense industry. New long-term plans and institutional arrangements, an emphasis on turnkey technologies and civil-military integration (CMI), research institute system reforms, and capital market access will help the Chinese defense industry move to higher-endinnovation and away from reliance on foreign technology transfers. Themain implication for the United States is an increased ability for China to forge an independent development path that will be more resistant to US competitive strategies. The pace and intensity of Chinese defense industry development represents a long-term challenge to US superiority in military technology.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary technologystrategic competitioncivil-military integrationChinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43m5m3gp2017-02-28T20:17:22Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-2 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43m5m3gpCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2017-02-28How do Chinese decision-makers and strategists view the United States todayas a military strategic competitor especially in light of the US Third Offset Strategy? This brief examines the nature, dynamics, and direction of intensifying US–China military strategic technology competition and how the Third Offset Strategy may influence implementation of Chinese strategies and plans for long-termdevelopment of its military technological and war-fighting capabilities.publicChinaUnited Statesweapons development strategystrategic competitionUS–China Military Technological Competition and the Making of Chinese Weapons Development Strategies and Plansarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5wh2v87n2017-02-28T20:16:47Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-3 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5wh2v87nFAN, Gaoyueauthor2017-02-28Chinese defense analysts have widely divergent views on the rationale and intentions behind the US Third Offset Strategy. Some characterize it as a trap to induce China and Russia into an arms race or a hoax designed by the United States to cover its weaknesses. Others see it as a competitive strategy to seek technological superiority that will safeguard the security of the United States and its regional allies and partners. This brief presents a Chinese perspective on the strategy and its motivations, and offers some possible Chinese responses as China upgrades its defense technological capabilities.publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionThird Offset Strategymilitary technologyA Chinese Perspective on the US Third Offset Strategy and Possible Chinese Responsesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3nx3n18x2017-02-28T20:15:06Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-13 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nx3n18xMONTGOMERY, Evan Bradenauthor2017-02-28T he United States and China are engaged in an intensifying struggle for relative power, geopolitical influence, and positional advantage within East Asia and beyond. The military dimension of this bilateral competition has focused on the effectiveness of US conventional force projection capabilitiesversus the effectiveness of Chinese conventional anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) capabilities. As the back-and-forth between the rivals continues to evolve, emerging technologies such as those associated with the US Third Offset Strategy could significantly change the dynamics. It is difficult, however, to predict which side will gain and which will lose. The brief presents key factors to consider when assessing the long-term effects of these new technologies.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary technologystrategic competitionemerging technologiesUS-China Competition in Defense Technological and Industrial Development: Implications for the Balance of Power Over the Long Termarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9140j98k2017-02-28T20:14:23Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-12 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9140j98kBITZINGER, Richardauthor2017-02-28As tensions mount between China and the United States in the western Pacific, countering China’s growing anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities has been a major focus of the Pentagon’s current Third Offset Strategy, which is designed to leverage US advantages in new and emerging critical technology areas. The brief explores the implications of a push for cutting-edge military technology capabilties for both the US defense industry and the global arms industry and concludes that the United States might have to go it alone, at least in the short term.publicChinaUnited Statesarms industrystrategic competitionmilitary technologystrategic comeptitionThird Offset StrategyUS-China Competition, the Third Offset Strategy, and Implications for the Global Arms Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3pk902hm2017-02-28T20:13:27Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-14 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk902hmSNELDER, Julianauthor2017-02-28The Trump administration has prioritized economic policy—particularly trade with China. This emphasis is appropriate, given the extraordinary relative gains China has made in recent decades and the gigantic bilateral trade imbalance it has with the United States. Trade binds the two nations together. To some extent the imbalance reflects their complementarity, butit has also introduced unhealthy asymmetric financial dependencies. More fundamentally, it has enabled a steady transfer of knowledge that has allowedChina to substantially close the technology gap with the United States. Despite remaining much poorer overall, China is mobilizing its vast savings towards strategic projects. In some areas, it is now a near-peer rival. Advanced manufacturing is becoming a new theatre of superpower competition.publicChinaUnited Stateseconomic competitioncompetitive strategyLong-Term Economic, Financial, and Industrial Trends in the United States and Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2pq268gz2017-02-28T20:12:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-10 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pq268gzALDERMAN, DanielauthorRAY, Jonathanauthor2017-02-28As the United States and China continue their strategic competition fornew and emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and othermachine learning concepts have emerged as key enablers for both commercialand defense applications. This research brief presents AI R&D as a case study to build an analytical framework and sixmodels for understanding interactions between key players in the China–US competition. The models demonstrate the broad range of activities thatChinese planners utilize to pursue strategic objectives in AI and other emergingtechnologies. From domestic R&D to formal espionage, the models contextualize the complex interactions within this competition, providing a framework to forecast and analyze the coming decades of cooperation and conflict.publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionartificial intelligenceemerging technologydual-use technologyBest Frenemies Forever: Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, and China–US Strategic Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2dh5c1nh2017-02-28T20:11:28Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-11 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dh5c1nhKASHIN, Vasilyauthor2017-02-28The development of the US Third Offset Strategy has been closely watched by the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian defense industry, and Russian academics and government agencies. Although Russia has active technology development programs comparable to those associated with the Third Offset Strategy, the Russian authorities are paying close attention to what effects US breakthroughs might have on strategic, especially nuclear, stability. In light of worsening relations with the West, Russia seems to be reconsidering its previous model of defense industry cooperation with China. Joining efforts at this stage may be seen by the two countries as the only way to prevent the United States from gaining a decisive military and technological advantage.publicChinaUnited StatesRussiamilitary technologystrategic competitionThird Offset StrategyRussian Perspectives on the Third Offset Strategy and Its Implications for Russian-Chinese Defense TechnologicalCooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt00p6c0v82017-02-28T20:10:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-8 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/00p6c0v8MASTRO, Oriana SkylarauthorCHASE, Michaelauthor2017-02-28Given bilateral tensions and the importance of airpower to national defense, has long-term strategiccompetition between the United States and China in the military aviation sector emerged? This brief evaluates US and Chinese military aviation through three factors that shed light on the degree and nature of strategic competition: resource allocations, targeted platform development, and airpower employment concepts. While China has been competing with the United States for decades, China has only recently begun to drive US decisions. Cost-imposing strategies may not favor the United States, so innovation and technological developments in military aviation should focus on how to thwart China’s ability to achieve its military objectives.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary aviationmilitary technologystrategic competitionresource allocationsLong-Term Strategic Competition Between the United States and China in Military Aviationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5n80302d2017-02-28T20:08:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-5 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5n80302dLUCYSHYN, WilliamauthorRIGILANO, Johnauthor2017-02-28With the US military’s technological edge eroding, the US Department of Defense (DoD) has embarked on a path to renew its superiority through the implementation of its Third Offset Strategy. Implementationwill require a vibrant and innovative industrial base; however, external forces are actively shaping the US defense industrial base and limiting its capabilities. This brief explores some of these forces―including continued budgetary pressure, downward trends in research investment, a growing regulatory burden, and a reluctance to embrace globalization―and offers suggestions for a course of action for policymakers.publicChinaUnited StatesThird Offset Strategymilitary technologycompetitive strategyForces Shaping the US Defense Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0754362r2017-02-28T20:05:50Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-1 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0754362rMAHNKEN, Thomasauthor2017-02-28The concept of long-term peacetime competition between great powers isdeeply rooted in history. This brief offers a framework for thinking about afamily of peacetime competitive strategies. It begins by describing the conceptand provides four approaches to competitive strategy: denial, cost imposition,attacking a competitor’s strategy, and attacking a competitor’s political system.It then explores the criteria that strategists and policymakers should consider informulation of a competitive strategy. It concludes with some thoughts on how toevaluate the success of such a strategy and how the United States measures up.publiccompetitive strategygreat powers competitiondefense strategyChinaUnited StatesA Framework for Examining Long-Term Strategic Competition Between Major Powersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt41m3f73z2015-08-10T19:04:04Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/41m3f73zBorrus, MichaelauthorHaggard, StephanauthorNaughton, Barryauthor1997-09-01publicAsiainvestmentinternational political economycross-national production networkPolicy Brief 09: Integrating Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4982c7572015-08-06T20:39:50Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4982c757Carson, RichardauthorMarinova, NadjaauthorZilberman, Davidauthor1999-10-01Water allocation from the Jordan River and three major regional aquifers reamains a major obstacle in the path of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Middle East stability depends on effective regional water management.publicMIddle East peace processwater scarcityPolicy Brief 11-1: Smoothing the Waters: The Jordan Riftarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vk5284d2015-08-06T20:34:32Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vk5284dFeinberg, Richardauthor1998-07-01Summitry in the Americas has become the predominant insti-tution driving relations between the United States and its neighbors.publicNAFTAFTAANorth AmericaSouth AmericaPolicy Brief 10: Integrating the Americasarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0n2144d72015-08-06T16:11:44Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n2144d7MacDonald, Gordonauthor1995-02-01The United States must provide development assistance to break the chain of increased population, deforestation, and land degradation leading to social unrest and armed conflict—or face future Haitis and Somalias.publicenvironmentsecuritydeforestationUN. environmental degradationPolicy Brief 01: Environmental Security articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt01r1j0sn2015-08-06T16:11:27Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/01r1j0snJoireman, Sandraauthor2000-07-01A ceasefire in the border war between Ethiopia and Eritrea is only the beginning of the process of conflictresolution that must occur for peaceto take hold. The possibility ofthe conflict erupting into violenceagain is high unless serious internaland international effort is put into thedemarcation of the border and theacceptance of that demarcated borderas fair.The United States need to build strong relations with Ethiopia as well as encourage peace and economic development.publicEthiopiaEritreaHorn of Africaborder conflictinternational securityPolicy Brief 14: Good Fences Make Good Neighborsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8x68s85n2015-08-06T15:55:35Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x68s85nCalder, KentauthorFesharaki, FereidunauthorShirk, Susan L.authorStankiewicz, Michaelauthor1998-02-01Energy and Security in Northeast Asia is a three-part series of papers showing that there are unrealized gains to be had from multilateral cooperation on energy issues. Such cooperation is the goal of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation’s Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD), an informal track-two discussion exploring the potential for cooperation on security issues among China, Japan, Russia, the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and the United States. Many papers in this collection first were presented to a September 1996 NEACD workshop on Northeast Asian energy and security held in Seoul, Korea. That workshop offered participating government officials and private experts an opportunity to explore the ramifications of increasing energy demand on future relations among their countries. After the workshop, IGCC solicited additional papers to analyze the basic premises among our initial contributions.publicenergy policynortheast Asiasecurityenergy supplyPolicy Paper 35: Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Fueling Securityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2qs846932015-08-06T15:46:36Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qs84693Collins, Robert Oauthor1999-10-01It is in the best interests of the United States to use its influence among Nile Basin states to encourage the development of Nile waters as a whole, rather than only for its principal and most pow-erful user.publicNile basinnorthern Saharawater rightsdevelopmentPolicy Brief 11-2: Smoothing the Waters: The Nile Conflictarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3583t4sz2015-08-06T15:44:17Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3583t4szLake, David Aauthor1996-09-01Why Somalia failed, and why we should have known it would. Guarding against self-defeating uses of force.publicUS Foreign Policydiplomatic leverageinterventioncoercive forcePolicy Brief 08-2: Democratizing Foreign Policy (Part II of IV): The Big Stick Makes Few Friendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt33c2q03n2015-08-06T15:42:03Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/33c2q03nCostello, Christopherauthor2000-01-01The political agreement over management of transboundary pacific salmon reached in 1999 should be supplemented with economic incentives to help maintain cooperation between the U.S. and Canada.publicInternational cooperationpacific fisheriesconservationPolicy Brief 15: Maintaining Cooperation Under the Pacific Salmon Treatyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2t27w4552015-08-06T15:41:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t27w455Lake, David Aauthor1996-09-01Talk loudly, and put down the big stick. There was a time for presidential control of foreign policy—and that time has passed.publicUS foreign policyUS Senateexecutive branchPolicy Brief 08-4: Democratizing Foreign Policy (Part IV of IV): Presidential Leadership After the Cold Wararticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt59k2g74f2015-08-06T15:40:06Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/59k2g74fLake, David Aauthor1996-09-01Don’t stick to foolish consistencies. The times demand an ad hoc approach to foreign policy.publicUS Foreign policyhumanitarian interventiondemocratizationPolicy Brief 08-3: Democratizing Foreign Policy (Part III of IV): The Perils of Principlesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8vf3j3602015-08-06T15:32:20Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vf3j360Carson, Richard TauthorMarinova, Nadjaauthor1999-09-01An international agreement to phase out the most potent greenhouse gas is both warranted and feasible.publicClimate changegreenhouse gassesinternational agreementsPolicy Brief 13: Running on Airarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5xw2j33t2015-08-06T15:25:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xw2j33tSeveringhaus, Jeffauthor1999-10-01Climate change may occur abruptly, within a decade—not gradually, over several lifetimes—with continued warming.publicClimate changecatastrophic global warmingPolicy Brief 12-5: Climate Change Science: Abrupt Climate Changearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt160970br2015-08-06T15:24:10Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/160970brKenney, Georgeauthor1995-06-01Revising borders is the least costly way to end the Yugoslav war and get the UN out. Derecognition will not damage the foundations of international order, but continued floundering surely will.publicBosniaInternational interventionnation-buildingderecognitionPolicy Brief 05: Dercognition: Exiting Bosniaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt41j8x33d2015-08-06T15:21:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/41j8x33dTrumbore, Susanauthor1999-10-01Future stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide con-centrations cannot be achieved by land management alone. It requires reduction of emissions from fossil fuel burning.publicClimate changefossil fuelsregulationconsumptionPolicy Brief 12-4: Climate Change Science: Soil Carbon Sinksarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7j4440h32015-08-06T15:20:04Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j4440h3Thiemens, Markauthor1999-10-01Any comprehensive treatment of the global warming prob-lem must take into account important gaps in scientific knowledge.publicClimate changetheorygreenhouse effectPolicy Brief 12-3: Climate Change Science: Critical Omissions for Critical Emissionsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0fb6k0152015-08-06T15:18:56Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fb6k015Somerville, Richard C.J.author1999-10-01The United States must not lag in dedicating national resources to trustworthy climate prediction.publicClimate Changegreenhouse effectresearch fundingPolicy Brief 12-2: Climate Change Science: Predicting 21st Century Climatearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0788107w2015-08-06T15:15:57Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0788107wLipschutz, RonnieauthorCrawford, Beverlyauthor1995-03-01“Ethnic” and “sectarian” conflicts are not caused by ethnicity or religion. To avoid future episodes we need early warning systems and intervention in societies undergoing rapid and destabilizing economic and political transitions.publicEthnic Conflictsectarianisminterventionsocial instabilityPolicy Brief 02: "Ethnic" Conflict Isn'tarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt18s2563q2015-08-06T15:14:45Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/18s2563qLake, David Aauthor1995-04-01To use a pessimistic but apt metaphor, ethnic conflict may be less like a common cold and more like AIDS—difficult to catch, but devastating once infected.publicethnic conflictinternational interventionsocial instabilitysectarian violencePolicy Brief 03: Ethnic Conflict and International Interventionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0gn0f68z2015-08-06T15:13:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0gn0f68zWarburg, Philipauthor1995-05-01Gulf of Aqaba environmental protection efforts are a model for conflict avoidance, confidence-building, and economic develop-ment throughout the greater region. The U.S. should encourage this process.publicMiddle EastEnvironmental issuesregional cooperationwater rightsPolicy Brief 04: Middle East Environmental Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1bb297g42015-08-06T15:10:47Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1bb297g4Gruhn, Isebill Vauthor1995-03-01Halfway measures that phase out only certain types of mines are too expensive in life, limb, and U.S. dollars. The United States must take an international leadership role in the grow-ing land mine crisis.publicLand Minesinternational conventionUS leadershipPolicy Brief 06: Banning Land Minesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9rz3t74m2015-08-06T15:07:06Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rz3t74mLake, David Aauthor1996-09-01Moving from a bipolar to a multipolar world: Coalition-building, diplomacy, and executive action.publicUS Foreign policydemocratizationinternational interventionPolicy Brief 08-1: Democratizing Foreign Policy (Part I of IV): A Little Help from our Friendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98t3c0s82015-08-06T15:03:34Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98t3c0s8Martin, Philip L.author1999-04-01As immigration and integration become subject to heightened public debate and policy attention, Germany and the United States must rethink the policy process in order to promote policy consistency and awareness of its international repercussions. Recent German and U.S. debates and policy changes point to the need for agencies to monitor developments and suggest policy options, and administrative structures that permit some flexibility in administering immigration and integration policies.This paper (1) summarizes Germany's postwar migration history, (2) reviews the major proposals for changes in Germany's immigration and integration policies before the 1998 elections, (3) summarizes the SPD-Green proposal and its likely impacts, (4) highlights unfinished immigration and integration issues, and (5) compares Germany's immigration debates with similar U.S. debates.publicimmigration policyGermanyU.S.-German relationsPolicy Paper 50: Germany and the United States:Searching for 21st Century Migration Policiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5z97318p2015-08-06T14:50:38Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5z97318pMoodie, Michaelauthor2000-01-01Discussion of Middle East arms control has centered on weapons of mass destruction and confidence building measures, ignoring the possibility of a conventional arms control arrangement. Although the potential for such an agreement may be distant, the author argues that the changing environment in the Middle East requires that this issue be given new consideration. The exploration of conventional arms control also may focus Washington’s attention on what such an agreement should include, thus enabling policymakers to avoid wasting time and political capitol when the prospects for such an agreement emerge. The author explores the requirements for such an agreement and outlines them in an illustrative framework.Any arms control package must address five requirements. The first is to maintain the ability of states to defend themselves, either through their own efforts or in combination with others. It must decrease the feasibility of a state taking offensive action, particularly without warning. It must be directed at preventing precipitation of conflict through miscalculation. It must limit the ability of any state to assert regional hegemony. Finally, it should moderate, if not reverse, the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of military arsenals of regional states.Given these guidelines, the author creates an illustrative framework agreement based on four categories. The first is Limitations and Reductions, which specifies the maximum and minimum level of equipment and the rate of arms reduction. The second section, Deployment Limitations, outlines the requirements for the demilitarization of disputed territories of the Golan Heights and the West Bank. The Verification and Monitoring section of the Framework specifies which groups and organizations have the authority to inspect the reduction process and calls for the creation of a Treaty Monitoring Center to oversee it. Finally, the Associated Measures outlines the transparency requirements of each party’s military.publicMIddle Eastarms controlPolicy Paper 48: Conventional Arms Control in the Middle East: Conceptual Challenges and An Illustrative Frameworkarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2mf5c7pr2015-08-05T20:24:41Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mf5c7prPervin, DavidauthorInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperationauthor1993-01-01The Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East, sponsored by the University of California's Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, was a private and unofficial symposium intended to promote dialogue on arms control in the Middle East. It also provided information on and explored the applicability of the U.S–Soviet arms control experience. Due to the historic distrust among the parties in the Middle East, the workshop emphasized technical procedural measures that might be implemented to reduce uncertainty and increase transparency and information, thereby ameliorating, although not eliminating, suspicions. Special attention was paid to methods of reducing the likelihood of inadvertent war brought on by tensions, crises, misperception, and escalation. It was recognized that although technical measures cannot overcome political differences, they can facilitate political agreements by reducing the risks such agreements might entail.publicMiddle EastArab-Israeli Peace ProcessConfidence Building Measures (CBMs)Arms ControlPolicy Paper 04: Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle Eastarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt14r3890g2015-08-05T20:22:13Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/14r3890gCordesman, Anthony H.author1999-03-01This policy paper is part of the “Arms Control and Security Improvement in the Middle East” workshop series, sponsored by the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) of the University of California. The project is a Track II (unofficial) activity which indirectly supports the Middle East peace process. It is also part of an ongoing effort by the IGCC to study the causes and dynamics of international conflict and help devise options for managing and resolving it through international cooperation.The third meeting concentrated on regional security trends in military balances, weapons effects and doctrines, and the role of the military in improving regional security. Dr. Anthony Cordesman presented Middle East military balances and arms transfer trends for the last decade, based on his analysis of the military training, professionalism, and equipment holdings of various Middle East states. This paper summarizes his findings.publicMiddle Eastweaponssecuritymilitary strengtharms controlPolicy Paper 49: The Military Balance in the Middle East: An Executive Summaryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0xw8d5c12015-08-05T20:19:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0xw8d5c1Kaneko, KumaoauthorSuzuki, AtsuyukiauthorChoi, Jor-ShanauthorFei, Edwardauthor1998-05-01Gaining access to energy resources has long been a source of contention among established and rising powers. IGCC Policy Papers 35-37, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia, examine the significance of Northeast Asia's rising energy demands on regional and global energy and security politics.Policy Paper 37 introduces prominent proposals for multilateral Northeast Asian nuclear energy cooperation advanced by Kaneko Kumao, Suzuki Atsuyuki and Jor- Shan Choi (an analysis by Suzuki Tatsujiro about lessons from the European experience (EURATOM) appeared in IGCC Policy Paper 24, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia). Cooperation on nuclear energy would have a direct impact on political and security relations among Northeast Asian states. Nuclear power is an attractive alternative for all the Northeast Asian states, especially Japan and South Korea, which have no energy resources of their own and have to import all their fuels. Nuclear energy is much cleaner than that extracted from fossil fuels, and it is a symbol of technological modernity.publicenergysecuritynortheast Asianuclear policynuclear threatconflictcooperationPolicy Paper 37: Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Proposals for Nuclear Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt24j219jn2015-08-05T20:16:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/24j219jnRay, IshaauthorBaskin, Gershonauthoral Qaq, ZakariaauthorHanemann, W. Michaelauthor2001-06-01This paper reviews the achievements of Middle East environmental diplomacy under the multilateral track and lays out a feasible program to build on these achievements. It argues that negotiations should be informed by three lessons from the history of international water diplomacy. These are:1) unequal partners may unequally share the costs and benefits of cooperation;2) third-party mediation is most successful if accompanied by “carrot and stick” policies; and3) cooperation should proceed as a series of modest steps, rather than as a grand regional plan.The paper analyzes three issues in urgent need of multicountry cooperation. These are:1) food for water trades to enhance food and water security in the region;2) a transition to integrated pest management to halt the pollution of groundwater from agricultural runoff; and3) the treatment and reuse of urban wastewater for health and water conservation.In addition, the countries of the region should, jointly and individually, invest in environmental training and outreach. The conclusion contains an itemized list of short-to-intermediate term recommendations for environmental diplomacy.publicJordan Basinenvironmental diplomacypollutionagriculturedevelopmentwaterMiddle EastPolicy Paper 42: Environmental Diplomacy in the Jordan Basinarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt62p9634r2015-08-05T20:14:25Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/62p9634rWilliams, James H.authorvon Hippel, DavidauthorHayes, Peterauthor2000-03-01The North Korean economic decline in the 1990s reveals a complex food and energy shortage problem. Inadequate energy supplies are an immediate cause of this agricultural collapse, and the energy shortage must be resolved in order to reach a sustainable recovery.Hayes, Von Hippel and Williams explore the origins and impacts of the rural energy shortage, and suggest that international cooperation is necessary to resolve North Korea’s energy and food crises.publicenergydevelopmentKoreaeconomicsinternational political economyPolicy Paper 46: Fuel and Famine: Rural Energy Crisis in the Democratic People's Republic of Koreaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8941v3542015-08-05T20:13:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8941v354Richards, Alanauthor2002-10-01Water is becoming increasingly scarce all over the world. All indicators of water availability show that per capita supplies will continue to decline in the years ahead. A conservative recent estimate projects that 1.8 billion people will live in regions or countries with “absolute water scarcity” by 2025: that is, they will not have enough water to maintain their current level of per capita food production and also meet burgeoning urban demands, even at high levels of irrigation efficiency (Seckler, Molden, and Barker 1999). An additional 350 million will live in regions with “severe water scarcity,” “where the potential water resources are sufficient to meet reasonable water needs by 2025, but (only if the country) embarks on massive water development projects, at enormous cost and possibly severe environmental damage, to achieve this objective” (ibid., 1). There will also be additional, sometimes severe, localized water scarcities, even within countries that, in aggregate, have abundant water (for example, Sri Lanka: see Amarasinghe, Mutuwatta, and Sakthivadal 1999). Water scarcity will not go away.It is encouraging that past predictions of future water use have been consistently too high. Linear projections of the past into the future have consistently underestimated the potential for changes in technology, social organization, and incentives that have made it possible to reduce per capita water use without negatively affecting welfare. This tendency offers opportunities for policy makers, since it can direct their action to those changes that can facilitate such benign responses to increasing water scarcity.Nevertheless, rising water scarcity poses serious challenges. This paper develops a simple framework for analyzing the political implications of diverse strategies for managing water scarcity from attempts to augment supplies to managing demand by changing water users’ incentives. All responses provide opportunities for cooperation and creativity; all contain pitfalls and potential for conflict.publicwater qualityenvironmentwater scarcitycooperation and conflictwater conservationPolicy Paper 54: Coping with Water Scarcity: The Governance Challengearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7q22w1ts2015-08-05T20:11:44Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7q22w1tsHayes, PeterauthorZarsky, Lyubaauthor1993-10-01Hayes and Zarsky describe the rapidly emerging agenda for regional collaboration on environmental issues in Northeast Asia. In Part One, they describe briefly some of the major transfrontier or regional environmental issues in Northeast Asia that represent a menu of opportunities for cooperation (and potential conflict) between states. These issues include transfrontier air pollution (acid rain only), marine pollution (radionuclides and oil only), migratory species (fish only), and trade-environment linkages related to increasing regional economic integration. Part Two examines the emerging and somewhat overlapping regional environmental management regimes. These include UNEP’s Northwest Pacific Action Plan or NOWPAP, the IOC WESTPAC, the ESCAP/UNDP Northeast Asian Environment Program, and the UNDP Subregional Technical Cooperation and Development Program.publicregional cooperationNortheast Asiainternational securityenvironmenttransboundary pollutionPolicy Paper 05: Regional Cooperation and Environmental Issues in Northeast Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0cp4q1172015-08-05T20:10:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cp4q117Wampler, Robert A.author1998-04-01How do Japan and the United States fit into each other’s grand strategies? A grand strategy is one that relates means and ends, resources and objectives, economics and national security. The National Security Archive’s Project on U.S.–Japanese Relations Since 1960 is probing these issues through a major program of research and study into policymaking by both governments across a wide spectrum of diplomatic, security, and economic issues. This project has brought together scholars and officials (see Appendix) from both countries to discuss new studies, based on newly released official U.S. documents and interviews with former officials, that shed light on the policymaking and implementation processes in both governments.This essay provides an interim report on the project, which is based on a series of four conferences. The first conference, held in March 1996 and co-hosted by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution, focused on key turning points in U.S.–Japanese relations during the Nixon/Ford–Sato/Tanaka period. The second, held in La Jolla, California, in March 1997 and cosponsored by the National Security Archive and the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, focused on background studies and detailed policy case studies from the post-Nixon era. The third will take place in August 1998 at the East–West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. The capstone conference will be held in Japan in 1999. The participants of an informal policy roundtable (see Appendix), which followed the project’s second conference, included officials from both governments who discussed the full range of security, economic, and diplomatic issues addressed by the Research Fellows and fulfilled the objective of promoting dialoguepublicJapanU.S-Japan relationssecurityAsiaeconomic policyPolicy Paper 39: Power and Prosperity: Linkages Between Security and Economics in U.S-Japanese Relations Since 1960articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt799928k52015-08-05T20:06:25Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/799928k5Cichowski, Rachel A.author2000-06-01This paper examines how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has operated to expand the integration project and has done so by serving as a forum for transnational political action by domestic and supranational policy actors. In particular, I study this integrative dynamic through the evolution of environmental protection policy in the European Union (EU). The purpose of this analysis is to reveal how the Court’s construction of supranational norms operates to fuel the integration process, and often in opposition to national government preferences. The data presented in this analysis pertains to Article 234 (ex Article 177) of the European Community (EC) Treaty. By studying this process, I am able to reveal not only the role of the Court in creating European environmental laws, but the integral role that both national judges and private litigants (individuals and interest groups) play in deepening integration. This study focuses specifically on the environment policy sector, yet provides a general framework for examining the case law in subsequent policy areas, with the purpose of providing a more nuanced understanding of European integration.This paper contributes to a growing body that strives to create a more nuanced understanding of both European integration and the larger processes of international policy-making (for example, Sandholtz and Stone Sweet 1998; Stone Sweet and Sandholtz 1997). In particular, this study demonstrates how the ECJ operates to expand the integration project by serving as a forum for transnational political action by domestic and supranational policy actors. I study this integrative dynamic through the evolution of environmental protection in the European Union. My purpose is two-fold. First, I examine the evolution of the Court’s Article 234 case law in this policy sector, focusing on outcomes. In particular, I evaluate whether the policy preferences of national governments have significantly impacted the Court’s decisions. Second, I examine the extent to which the tensions embodied in EU environmental policy have facilitated a dynamic relationship between the Court, private litigants (including interest groups) and national courts, leading to the expansion of supranational policy competence. Specifically, I am interested in determining the extent to which the policy process operates outside the reach of national government control.publicEuropean integrationEuropean Court of Justiceenvironmental policyenvironmentPolicy Paper 53: European Legal Integration and Environmental Protectionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt68x6j4432015-08-05T20:05:11Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/68x6j443Chrzanowski, Paul Lauthor1994-04-01The Middle East peace process is now moving more rapidly than ever before. Many actors in the region have displayed a newfound willingness to adopt innovative approaches to resolving persistent conflicts. Though many obstacles remain, the end of the Cold War, the accord signed between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in September 1993, and other recent hopeful developments in the bilateral and multilateral talks have opened the door to real progress in regional security and arms control. The door may quickly shut, however, if promising signs are not translated into concrete, practical, and verifiable agreements.publicMiddle EastArab-Israeli Peace ProcessArms ControlsThreat PerceptionsOslo AccordPolicy Paper 07: Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East II Summary Reportarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7vw9g4902015-08-05T20:04:19Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vw9g490LU, Zhongweiauthor1993-10-01publicNortheast Asiaeconomic cooperationinternational securityChinaJapanKoreaPolicy Paper 06: Northeast Asian Economic Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Eraarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5pv9s8p42015-08-05T20:03:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pv9s8p4Solingen, Etelauthor1994-10-01This paper derives policy recommendations from a new understanding of countries unwilling to renounce nuclear designs , or “fence-sitters.” These are the few states reluctant to commit themselves fully and effectively to a global or regional nonproliferation regime.Academic and foreign policy experts and practitioners alike have traditionally explained the behavior of fence-sitters in terms of fundamental problems of physical survival in an anarchic world. While accepting this fundamental premise, I suggest that fence-sitters have a choice of instruments for coping with security problems. Some have maintained ambiguous nuclear policies; others have chosen to commit to nuclear nonproliferation while embarking on a strategy of integration into the global political economy. Domestic politics largely influenced whether fence-sitters chose one path or the other.The opening section of this paper explores why it is imperative to bring domestic politics more explicitly into the study of nonproliferation. The section following suggests one plausible approach: outlining the relationship between domestic political coalitions and alternative nuclear postures. I then draw out the practical implications of a domestic focus for multilateral efforts to stem the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Such efforts would include designing multilateral economic sanctions and inducements aimed at domestic targets; evaluating the indirect effects on nuclear postures of International Monetary Fund (IMF)-style conditionality arrangements; promoting supportive nonproliferation constituencies through the democratic process; and enrolling credible nonproliferation nongovernmental agencies (NGOs) in this effort. The conclusion places the approach suggested here within a wider context of policies aimed at reversing nuclear proliferation, none of which alone opens the gate to the holy grail of global nuclear disarmament.publicPolicy Paper 08: The Domestic Sources of Nuclear Postures: Influencing Fence-Sitters in the Post-Cold War Eraarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0b16f8w22015-08-05T20:03:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0b16f8w2Young-Koo, ChaauthorKang, ChoiauthorJI, GuoxingauthorMack, AndrewauthorPregenzer, Arian L.authorDobrovolski, Vassiliauthor1994-08-01These papers were prepared as background papers for the May 1994 meeting of hte NEACD in Tokyo. They neither represent a consensus of the participants nor a summary of any part of the discussions at any of the meetings. They are presented here in the hopes that other readers outside of the NEACD prcess will find them to be as useful and thought-provoling as did the hosts and participants.publicsecuritycooperationconflictKoreaNortheast Asiaarms controlsecurityPolicy Paper 09: Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue II Conference Papersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt47z7h4n12015-08-05T20:02:06Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/47z7h4n1Johnson, Chalmersauthor1992-07-01publicJapanU.S.-Japan relationsinternational securityPolicy Paper 03: Japan in Search of a “Normal” Rolearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6gm3360p2015-08-05T20:01:11Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gm3360pMacDonald, Gordon J. F.author1992-01-01publicclimate changetechnology transferglobal warmingenvironmental policyPolicy Paper 02: Climate Change: A Challenge to the Means of Technology Transferarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1gn0g8k42015-08-05T20:00:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gn0g8k4Hughes, David McDermottauthor1998-09-01publicMozambiquemappingland rightsenvironmentdevelopmentPolicy Paper 44: Mapping the Hinterland: Land Rights, Timber, and Territorial Politics in Mozambiquearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt63m3h76z2015-08-05T19:59:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/63m3h76zGraham, Thomas Wauthor1992-01-01Complex historical, ideological, political, and military factors have created a vicious circle of mutual threat perception in the Middle East, so that every action, whether political or military, by the protagonists contributes to a process that generates increased fear and suspicion among them. Is there a way to break this vicious circle? Guardedly, the short answer is yes. There are now historic opportunities, created both by the Gulf War in 1991, and by the end of the Cold War which have minimized, if not actually eliminated, the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Middle East. The new detente heralds an era of superpower cooperation that seeks to reduce and resolve regional conflicts. The prospects for controlling the Arab-Israeli conflict are now much better than at any time in its history. It would be a tragic error on the part of any country, regional or not, to miss this opportunity to move away from conflict and toward cooperation.publicMiddle EastArab-Israeli Peace ProcessArms ControlsConfidence Building MeasuresThreat PerceptionsPolicy Paper 01: Building Towards Middle East Peace: Working Group Reports from "Cooperative Security in the Middle East"articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43p951xk2015-08-05T19:58:49Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43p951xkSteinberg, Richard H.author1998-11-01For fifty years, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) system has fostered the development of liberal multilateralism. Originally a short, fifty-page set of rules that governed trade between just twenty-three Contracting Parties, and applying only provisionally because of the failure of several countries to ratify it, the GATT system has evolved into one of the world's most well-developed international organizations. The GATT’s organizational successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), boasts over 130 members that have ratified its founding charter and thousands of pages of substantive rules. Perhaps most significantly, the Uruguay Round negotiations bestowed upon the GATT/WTO system revised rules of government, which some have predicted will vastly improve the regime's institutional strength. With new dispute settlement rules, clarified rules of procedure for decision-making by the Members, and the formal establishment of a genuine secretariat, many claim that the world's preeminent trade institution is stronger than ever. Their hope is that this revitalized institution can govern itself effectively, advancing international political order and rules-based liberal multilateralism.This paper considers the possible effects of China’s accession to the WTO on the WTO’s institutional strength—how China’s accession could affect WTO governmental processes and the extent of political support for the organization from leading Western trading countries. During the past ten years, in which China has (of course) not been a GATT Contracting Party or a WTO Member, there has been substantial “systems friction” between China and some Western trading countries. The term “systems friction,” coined by Sylvia Ostry , is usually thought of as political tension between countries attributable to their economic interaction in the context of fundamental differences in the organization and operating principles of their respective political-economic structures. There may be different forms of systems friction, depending on whether the interacting political-economic structures can change, how willing countries are to change political-economic structures in order to accommodate other players, and whether the structures simply have not yet been subject to negotia-tion. The systems friction now associated with China-trade embodies elements of all three forms. This raises the question of whether WTO accession for China is likely to reduce and contain the systems friction, or weaken the WTO as an institution, or both.publicWTOChinafree tradeGATTUruguay Roundtrade negotiationsinstitutionsmultilateralismPolicy Paper 41: Institutional Implications of WTO Accession for Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1622666f2015-08-05T19:56:52Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1622666fGriffiths, David N.author2000-06-01This paper examines the concept of maritime confidence building and suggests potential uses in the Middle East. It establishes that thinking and application of confidence building generally, but maritime confidence building specifically has traditionally focused on measures. It has ignored the activities and steps that are taken to improve cooperation. This ‘Transition View’ provides a framework to consider the maritime confidence building in the past and lessons for the future.The author considers the history of confidence building and the success maritime agencies and organizations have had worldwide with such efforts by examining regional arrangements and activities. The paper then draws upon the lessons of these experiences and the characteristics that make maritime CB a particularly useful tool. From this perspective the author is able to draw a number of possibilities for application in the Middle East. They involve interaction of personnel, undertaking joint activities, information sharing, and areas for future cooperation.publicsecurityMiddle Eastarms controlmaritimePolicy Paper 56: Maritime Aspects of Arms Control and Security Improvement in the Middle Eastarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7m87d5qh2015-08-05T19:47:07Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m87d5qhSmith, Michaelauthor2000-03-01The European Union (EU) has recently re-launched its ambitions for a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which might even lead to a European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI). This paper explains the functioning of these mechanisms for outsiders and assesses the EU’s potential for success in these domains by placing them in their proper historical context, which extends back to the creation of "European Political Cooperation" in 1970. It argues that despite a number of obstacles there are still strong reasons to believe that the EU will be able to develop more effective cooperation in these areas, based on 1) the EU’s common foreign/security policy interests; 2) recent changes in the decision-making mechanisms of the CFSP/ESDI; 3) the common European resources that are now devoted to this area; and 4) the EU’s performance record in foreign/security policy cooperation, which is not limited to its problems in the Balkans. While generally optimistic, the paper concludes on a note of caution about these developments, noting the challenges involved in developing this new capacity while also managing other crucial problems of integration, such as the single European currency and enlargement to the East.publicsecurity policysecurityEuropedefenseEuropean UnionPolicy Paper 52: Understanding Europe’s "New" Common Foreign and Security Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8cj4p21s2015-08-05T19:46:04Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8cj4p21sCossa, RalphauthorFukushima, AkikoauthorHaggard, StephanauthorPinkston, Daniel J.author1999-06-01In this policy paper, two leading authorities on the topic--one Japanese and one American--take a look at the rise of regional multilateralism in Asia. Akiko Fukushima’s monograph provides a rich historical background on Japan’s periodic flirtation with multilateralism, including the disappointments during the inter- war and immediate post-war period. Dr. Fukushima traces renewed interest in multilateralism to a thaw in relations with Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and outlines in rich detail the range of initiatives in which the Japanese have not only participated, but played a central role. Her analysis points to an emerging liberal consensus that multilateralism, while beneficial, needs to be seen as augmenting the core, bilateral relationship with the United States. Moreover, she traces the complex thinking about the appropriate scope for multilateral initiatives and notes that there is no natural or easy membership that makes sense for Japan. However, the inclusion of the US as a player in any initiative, whether tripartite or wider seems to be a consistent theme. The reasons for this center on concern that multilateralism not be perceived as an alternative to the core alliance relationship, but also as a way of providing assurances to regional parties that Japan’s leadership will not become intrusive or threatening.Ralph Cossa’s paper focuses on five multilateral institutions that have emerged in the 1990s: the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Four-Party Talks, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP), and the Northeast Asian Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD). Cossa concurs with Fukushima that the end of the Cold War and decline of the Soviet Union provided other actors, principally the US, with incentives to support multilateral security institutions in the region. Previously, the Soviet Union had proposed multilateralism in an attempt to weaken the United States’ strong bilateral ties in East Asia. Cossa explains some of the limits to multilateralism in the region, as well as linkages between track I and track II dialogues. For example, the ARF is limited by an agreement to “move at a pace comfortable to all participants.” However, this creates opportunities for track II institutions such as the NEACD and CSCAP to discuss issues that may be too sensitive for government representatives in an official setting. Furthermore, some countries in the region are apparently reluctant to participate in multilateral dialogues when there is fear of becoming a target of ridicule from others in the group. This may explain the establishment of issue-specific institutions such as the Four-Party Talks and KEDO.The review here suggests the conclusion that multilateralism may be entering a period of pause or perhaps even slowdown. The initial enthusiasm for multilateral initiatives has not altogether dissipated, but there is a greater sense of limits on what they might accomplish. Focused multilateral dialogues at both the track one and track two levels can in themselves constitute important exercises in confidence building and socialization. However, they cannot overcome more fundamental conflicts of interest and perception, and it is misleading to think that they can. Moreover, there is clearly an evolutionary process in train; the system is not likely to sustain as many initiatives as now exist, and we already have examples of efforts which have flourished and later fallen by the wayside. We may now be entering a period of consolidation when the plethora of existing initiatives demands some rethinking. We hope that these papers contribute to that effort.publicU.S.-Japan relationssecurityAsia-PacificPolicy Paper 51: Security Multilateralism in Asia: Views from the United States and japanarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7wj1j2562015-08-05T19:41:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7wj1j256Schake, Koriauthor1998-02-01The debate on European security over the past several years has focused almost exclusively on the question of whether, and to which countries, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) should expand its membership. With the near certainty of NATO Parliaments ratifying the admission to NATO of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic in 1999, two important policy issues now loom: how enlargement will affect NATO's contribution to European security, and whether further enlargement is a preferable course of action to other alternatives for enhancing security in Europe.This assessment concludes that NATO's central challenges will remain internal. The NATO allies have still not developed a workable consensus on the breadth, either geographically or functionally, of NATO's role in post-Cold War Europe. As discussions over the cost of enlargement and the crisis in Iraq have demonstrated, the burdensharing issue remains a source of resentment on both sides of the Atlantic. The "revolution in military affairs" occurring in U.S. military forces and continued attention to the European Union's economic and monetary union will exacerbate the burdensharing issue. Many of NATO's internal difficulties are inherent in the transition after the Cold War; however, they nonetheless deserve more attention than they currently receive. NATO has succeeded in creating a NATO-centric European security system, and must resolve these disputes for Europe to be secure.Incorporation of Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic into NATO does not change NATO's central purposes, nor does it, on balance, change the alliance's ability to effectively carry out its responsibilities. Although their inclusion will certainly make the accession states feel more secure, and Russia perhaps less so, the net effect of NATO's first tranche of expansion will not appreciably change the European security landscape. NATO's further enlargement in the near term does pose higher risks of greater insecurity, most notably in relations with Russia.publicNATOsecurityEuropeEuropean UnionPolicy Paper 38: Europe After NATO Expansion: The Unfinished Security Agendaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3bc5935t2015-08-05T19:37:18Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bc5935tScalapino, Robert A.author1998-12-01In the decades ahead, Northeast Asia will be the critical region on the global stage. Interaction among and between Northeast Asian societies is rapidly advancing, both at official and non-official levels. Among the latter, one of the most promising developments is the emergence of Natural Economic Territories (NETs), economic entities that cross political boundaries, taking advantage of the complementarity of neighboring regions, combining resources, manpower, capital, technology and managerial skills. With political barriers being progressively lowered, this trend is certain to be expanded in the years ahead.It is clear that no analysis of the inter-state relations within Northeast Asia can be sound without a careful examination of the domestic conditions—current and future—governing each nation. The paper weaves domestic and foreign policies together, indicating their reciprocal effect.publicNortheast AsiaChinaJapanKoreasecurity architecturePolicy Paper 47: The Changing Order in Northeast Asia and the Prospects for U.S.-Japan-CHina-Korea Relationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3gt5t4gs2015-08-05T19:33:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gt5t4gsKaye, Dalia Dassaauthor1998-10-01One aftermath of the Madrid Peace Conference was establishment of a multilateral track (the “multilaterals”) by the United States designed to address issues of region-wide concern, such as arms control and regional security, economic development, water, the environment, and refugees. For the first time since Israel’s creation, Israel and Arab states gathered together specifically to address regional issues of mutual concern, marking a major turning point in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Despite problems, the multilaterals produced joint projects and unprecedented regional economic conferences, and the first regional Arab-Israeli institutions.Among the most significant of these institutions is the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Development in the Middle East and North Africa, or the MENABANK. The MENABANK was primarily created to serve the political objectives of the peace process, creating cooperative outlets for Arab-Israeli interaction that would establish a favorable regional climate for peacemaking. This paper uses the MENABANK case to explore the sources of new regional institutions and to illustrate larger lessons about the forces supporting and impeding regional multilateral cooperation.Conceptually, international relations scholarship has begun to recognize the need to focus on the question of regional orders which, outside the European context, have been greatly ignored. The question of building regional institutions as part of these orders is particularly important, especially because such institutions can help facilitate more stable relations if constructed properly. But institution building, like any political process, is a contentious exercise that deserves careful study, a point well illustrated by the MENABANK.publicdevelopmentinstitutionsPolicy Paper 43: Banking on Peace: Lessons from the MIddle East Development Bankarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2c88p87t2015-08-04T20:36:58Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c88p87tArutiunov, SergeiauthorMigranian, AndranikauthorPayin, EmilauthorStarovoitova, Galinaauthor1995-08-01The collapse of the Soviet Union was remarkably peaceful, but its aftermath has been remarkably violent. To keep its multiethnic empire together, the Soviet regime used a mixed bag of political and economic instruments, developed over decades of Communist power and centuries of Russian imperial rule. The sudden end of the Soviet system destroyed most of these instruments and left the leaders of the new states of Eurasia holding the bag. As a result, these countries have become fertile ground for demagoguery, separatism, and ethnic strife. The ongoing conflict in Chechnya is the most visible manifestation of the potential for ethnic violence that exists throughout the region. To assess the likelihood of further conflict in the former Soviet states, and to debate various approaches for its control and moderation, IGCC invited some of the region’s leading specialists on ethnic affairs to a conference held at the University of California, Davis in March 1995. Part of the Institute’s project “The International Spread and Management of Ethnic Conflict,” the meeting featured an animated panel discussion on the causes and consequences of the war in Chechnya. The articles collected in this Policy Paper are based on presentations by panelists Sergei Arutiunov, Andranik Migranyan, Emil Payin, and Galina Starovoitova. Their contributions reflect the pronounced political and intellectual controversies over ethnic issues now underway in the former Soviet states.Although they adopt widely varying perspectives and advocate very different solutions to problems of ethnic conflict, three major themes run throughout each presentation: 1) the legacy of imperialism; 2) federal supremacy versus local authority; and 3) Russia’s role as regional peacekeeper.As with many contemporary conflicts, it remains to be seen whether ethnic violence in the former Soviet states will be a transitory artifact of the end of the Cold War or a defining feature of a new era in global politics. The persistence of ethnic conflicts in Russia and its neighbors, and their susceptibility to peaceful and violent means of resolution, will set major precedents for conflict management and other political questions far beyond the borders of the late USSR.publicethnic conflictRussiaChechnyaSoviet disintegrationsecurityPolicy Paper 16: Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasusarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6rx152c02015-08-04T20:33:47Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rx152c0Romberg, Alan D.authorNakanishi, HiroshiauthorEndo, SeijiauthorHaggard, StephanauthorKeller, Kenneth H.authorTamura, JiroauthorTwomey, ChristopherauthorStankiewicz, Michaelauthor1994-11-01The paper includes brief policy memos commissioned for the March 1994 IGCC conference, "The United States and Japan in Asia." Issue areas included politics and security, economics, science, technology, and the environment, and humna rights.publicJapanAsiacooperationconflicteconomic relationsPacific RimsecurityPolicy Paper 10: The United States and Japan in Asia Conference Papersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0fx1q4q42015-08-04T20:30:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fx1q4q4Carter, ColinauthorLee, HyunokauthorSumner, Danielauthor1995-12-01The role of agriculture in Northeast Asian cooperation has been important for many years. However, the end of the Cold War and the recent security concerns in Northeast Asia have made this issue more urgent. In addition, recent developments in international agricultural relations have changed the context in which nations of the region are now making agricultural and food-related policy. These broader issues provide the context for this paper.It has long been understood that food and agriculture are vital to the security of any nation or region. However, the nature of this relationship is sometimes misunderstood: it is easy to overlook the fact that a goal of food and agricultural security is consistent with a goal of economic progress and overall economic security. It is now more widely accepted that liberalized trade and privatization of agriculture are critically important for economic development and income growth, whereas restricted trade and food self-sufficiency objectives diminish economic growth and security. This theme underlies the argument of the present paper.The overall objective of the paper is to describe the current agricultural situation in North Korea, South Korea, China, and Japan with reference to the issues of food security and agricultural cooperation. The paper will succinctly describe trends in agricultural supply, demand, and trade for each of the four countries. In addition, where important for understanding supply and demand trends, there will be a brief explanation of the impact of recent developments in domestic agricultural policy. A discussion of future subregional cooperative possibilities concludes the paper.publicagricultureNortheast Asiaregional food securityChinaJapanKoreaPolicy Paper 17: Regional Economic Cooperation: The Role of Agricultural Production and Trade in Northeast Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3t60p18d2015-08-04T20:27:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3t60p18dWehling, FredauthorSteinbruner, JohnauthorKenney, GeorgeauthorKlare, MichaelauthorMazarr, Michaelauthor1995-05-01Transnational ethnic conflict is a major source of violence and instability in the contemporary international system. It is too early to tell whether this threat will prove to be a transitory consequence of the collapse of multinational states, such as the Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia, or will become a defining characteristic of post-Cold War world politics. In either case, recent instances of ethnic strife in Bosnia, Chechnya, Rwanda and the Kurdish area of northern Iraq remind us that ethnic conflicts will pose continuing problems for U.S. foreign policy.publicUS InterventionEthnic ConflictForeign PolicyConflict Resolutionpost Cold War International SystemPolicy Paper 12: U.S. Intervention in Ethnic Conflictarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1tn875372015-08-04T20:25:34Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tn87537Dunn, LewisauthorGhezawi, AliauthorAvnimelech, YoramauthorAdelman, HowardauthorRosecrance, Richardauthor1995-06-01Since the inception of the Middle East Peace Process in 1991, arms control and regional security issues have been one of the most difficult areas to address. The establishment and functioning of the official multilateral Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS) Working Group in the multilateral process has had to overcome at best lack of knowledge and at worst deep skepticism on the part of Arab and Israeli officials and onlookers about arms control. In that regard, the parallel process of so-called “track-two” non-official discussions has helped to increase understanding and build support for the concept of a regional arms control and confidence-building component in the overall Middle East Peace Process.publicMiddle EastArab-Israeli Peace ProcessArms ControlsRegional CooperationPolicy Paper 14: Promoting Regional Cooperation in the Middle Eastarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4cj4z5g22015-08-04T20:21:24Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4cj4z5g2Waltz, Kenneth N.author1995-08-01publicnuclear weaponsinternational securityNPTnuclear nonproliferationPolicy Paper 15: Peace, Stability, and Nuclear Weaponsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9cn9b13c2015-08-04T20:20:02Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cn9b13cMcMillan, Johnauthor1994-12-01How has China achieved its spectacular economic growth under reform, despite having no commercial law, no financial market, prices that are only partially freed, and no privatization? I argue that the fundamental reasons for China’s success are not unique to China. China succeeded because it unleashed the forces of competition. China shows the power of incentives; but it also shows that, in a transition economy, workable incentives can take surprisingly nonstandard forms. Novel institutional forms evolved to solve the unprecedented problems of transition. Entry of new firms, albeit with an unusual ownership structure, produced a competitive non-state industrial sector. New state-imposed incentives induced the state-owned firms to improve their efficiency. The discipline on managers that comes from product-market competition helped compensate for the missing financial-market discipline. Reputation incentives substituted for formal legal enforcement of contracts.publicChinaAsiainstitutionsU.S.-China relationsPolicy Paper 11: China’s Nonconformist Reformsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0qc9d0x92015-08-04T20:18:16Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qc9d0x9Keller, Edmond Jauthor1995-05-01With the end of the Cold War, a New World Order is in the process of being formed. Africa has not been immune to the dramatic shifts in the world economic and political order. The end of superpower competition on the continent has had significant implications for African regional security. One of the defining features of the new order is the increased scope and intensity of domestic conflicts that have spilled, or have the potential to spill, over national borders into neighboring states. Conflicts such as those occurring in Somalia, Rwanda, Liberia, and Sudan have attracted the involvement of international and regional actors in the quest for conflict management and prevention. In the process, the notions of state sovereignty and the norms of external intervention in domestic disputes are currently being reconsidered in international and regional fora. It is clear that mechanisms must be developed to allow Africans to address the most severe domestic tensions and conflicts before they become regionalized or internationalized. The United States, through the United Nations, has a special role to play in assisting the OAU to develop such a capacity. As a matter of national interest, the U.S. should take the lead in providing the resources, technical expertise and political support that is necessary for this to happen in a timely fashion.publicUS InterventionAfricaCivil ConflictsState FailureUNNew World OrderPolicy Paper 13: African Conflict Management and the New World Orderarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4ks742vh2015-08-04T19:59:17Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ks742vhAHN, Byung-JoonauthorSarkisov, Konstantinauthor1998-10-01Two leading Asia scholars, Prof. Ahn Byung-joon and Dr. Konstantin Sarkisov, led discussions about U.S.–Japan relations, the U.S.–Japan Defense Guidelines Review, and the current situation on the Korean Peninsula at the seventh NEACD plenary in Tokyo. These contributions were subsequently revised to reflect the tumultuous events of the first half of 1998: the inauguration of South Korean President Kim Dae Jung and his “sunshine policy” towards North Korea; stalemate in the Four Party Talks on the Korean peninsula; a second Clinton-Jiang summit; and the deepening of the economic crisis in Asia.Presented here are Prof. Ahn Byung-joon’s (Yonsei University, Seoul) reflections upon the revision of the U.S.–Japan Defense Guidelines and their potential impact upon regional security. Dr. Konstantin Sarkisov (Institute of Oriental Studies in the Russian Academy of Sciences and visiting professor, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan) addresses the challenge of putting the continuing conflict on the Korean peninsula in the context of the broader regional security environment. While addressing different topics, both make remarkably similar observations regarding the increasing complementarity between bilateral and multilateral diplomatic efforts in Northeast Asia, despite the lack of an official multilateral organization akin to NATO or the European Union.publicsecurityAsiaKoreadefenseU.S.-Japan Defense GuidelinesPolicy Paper 45: Korean Peninsula Security and the U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelinesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7tz1x1jg2015-08-04T19:58:10Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tz1x1jgPapayoanou, Paul A.authorKastner, Scott L.author1998-07-01China is, and will continue to be for some time to come, a great concern to U.S. administrations. The Clinton administration has chosen to pursue a policy of engagement with China, arguing that it is best to try to bring China into “the community of nations” rather than to contain and isolate it. Integrating China through a policy of engagement has meant, most importantly, the maintenance and expansion of American trade with, and the encouragement of investments in, China. There have been some limits to the administration’s policy though, for a tough line has been taken toward China on membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and on the piracy of intellectual property (e.g., compact discs and videos). Engagement empowers pacific economic internationalists in China, while containment would likely bring to the fore more aggressive political and economic interests.What are the security implications of such a policy? This paper focuses on the impact that America’s economic relations in the policy of engagement with China have had, and will likely have, on the nature of Chinese foreign policy and on U.S.–Chinese security relations. In short, we argue that a policy of engagement will have beneficial consequences. Such a policy empowers more pacific economic internationalists in China, while containment would likely weaken those forces and might bring to the fore more aggressive political and economic interests. The risks of engagement are also insignificant in the near term. Because U.S. economic stakes in China are fairly small, they do not carry the danger of tying the hands of U.S. leaders should the Chinese pursue conflictual policies that require the United States to balance against China. A policy of engagement thus promises greater benefits than containment, with few risks.publicU.S.–Chinese security relationssecurityChinatrade relationsWTOPolicy Paper 40: Assessing the Policy of Engagement with Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt35p282mq2015-08-04T19:52:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/35p282mqRich, Changhua SunauthorBobenrieth, EugenioauthorPotter, BrianauthorCarlisle, HeatherauthorWilliams, PaulauthorRichards, AlanauthorAckerman, Richardauthor1997-06-01Few now doubt that successfully managing environmental challenges will be central to public policy in the coming century. Unless the international community can cope with transnational problems such as global warming, destruction of species and tropical rain-forests, depletion of oceanic fish stocks, and increasing water scarcity in arid regions, both domestic and international conflicts may easily arise. The problems of international environmental political economy pose increasingly pressing issues for analysts, policy makers, and citizens.Such concerns helped to motivate the project, “The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperation,” sponsored by the Institute on Global Cooperation and Conflict and generously funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation. The project supported University of California graduate students writing their Ph.D. dissertations on issues of international environmental cooperation. On concluding their dissertation research, the doctoral candidates presented policy papers at a workshop held in Santa Cruz, California. The student-organized workshop brought together these promising young scholars and policy analysts with various senior members of both the academic and international policy community. A key intellectual theme of the project was the (always difficult, always necessary) marriage of theory and policy. However varied the details of international environmental political economy may be, the core problem is always the same: how to induce self-interested, often myopic, decision makers to “do the right thing,” or to behave in ways that minimize environmental damage and/or optimize the utilization of natural resources in the presence of external constraints. Addressing such problems is difficult enough within a polity; forging the transnational cooperation needed to cope with environmental issues confronts still greater obstacles.The papers in this policy paper offer an Aristotelian line-up of earth, fire, air, and water issues. The problems of optimal depletion of forests (Bobenrieth), managing global emissions and related global warming problems (Rich), water negotiations in two different regional settings (Carlisle and Williams), and issues of oceanic fisheries (Potter) all receive close, detailed attention. The volume concludes with an evaluation of their work from the perspective of a World Bank professional on the policy-making process. The result shows how the interaction of theory and empirical material can generate results helpful to policy makers. We hope that such close work between theoretically grounded, empirically rich policy analysts and professional decision-makers will become increasingly frequent in the years ahead.publicinternational political economyenvironmental protectionfisheriesforest preserveswater qualitytransboundary water sharingNortheast AsiaLatin AmericaPolicy Paper 29: The Political Economy of International Environmental Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6424x8t52015-08-04T19:46:44Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6424x8t5Clemencon, Raymondauthor1997-07-01publicenvironmentSoutheast AsiaPolicy Paper 30: Economic Integration and Environment in Southeast Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2tp1m7602015-08-04T19:41:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tp1m760Jentleson, Bruceauthor1996-06-01The track record of "preventive diplomacy" in the first years of the post-Cold War era is not particularly encouraging. Croatia, Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya, Tajikistan, “Kurdistan”—the list goes on to include over 90 armed conflicts since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the vast majority of which have been ethnic conflicts. Indeed, in the view of U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry, it is ethnic conflict that is driving “much of the need for military forces in the world today” (Defense Department 1994).Some have questioned whether the whole concept of preventive diplomacy is yet another false and misleading “alchemy for a new world order” (Stedman 1995). That it has been “oversold,” its difficulties underestimated and its risks undervalued is a fair criticism. But to simply write it off would be to commit the mirror-image mistake of those too eager and uncritical in their embrace. Instead, in my view we need to proceed from three basic postulates: a) Preventive diplomacy is possible. b) Preventive diplomacy is difficult. c) Preventive diplomacy is necessary. The purpose of this paper is to develop and support these postulates as a step towards refining the concept of preventive diplomacy, de-reifying any remaining promises of panacea and otherwise moving from appealing idea to usable foreign policy strategies. After first developing a working definition for the term preventive diplomacy, I address each of the postulates, drawing both on theoretical-conceptual arguments and empirical evidence from recent major cases.publicethnic conflictpreventive diplomacysecuritycooperationconflictPolicy Paper 27: Preventive Diplomacy and Ethnic Conflict: Possible, Difficult, Necessaryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9jd8s41s2015-08-04T19:33:25Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jd8s41sWalter, Barbara F.author1997-12-01publicconflictcivil warethnic conflictPolicy Paper 31: Designing Transitions from Violent Civil Wararticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5p82v0sn2015-08-04T19:31:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5p82v0snMoney, Jeannetteauthor1998-02-01This paper examines a specific, generally south to north migratory flow—that of economic migrants from poor nations to advanced market economy countries. Most economic analyses agree that economic migration—as distinct from refugee flows—generates economic benefits. However, the level of benefits generated by these flows vary depending upon the types of migrants accepted (McCarthy and Vernez 1997). Moreover, these economic benefits are unevenly distributed among the host population in the short-term (National Research Council 1997). This uneven distribution creates a public backlash and political demands for restricting migration. To maintain openness toward migration, policies should tailor the level of migration to conditions in the local communities where migrants settle and redistribute the short-term costs associated with these migratory flows.publicimmigration policymigrationtransborderPolicy Paper 34: The Management of Intermational Migration: Short-term Dislocations Versus Long-term Benefitsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1vb7099t2015-08-04T19:29:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vb7099tMeyrick, StephenauthorValencia, MarkauthorChia, Lin SienauthorWeeks, Stanley B.authorLee, Seo-hangauthor1998-02-01publicmaritime securitysecurityNortheast Asialaw of the seassea lanesshippingPolicy Paper 33: Maritime Shipping in Northeast Asia: Law of the Seas, Sea Lanes, and Securityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vx188bt2015-08-04T19:22:51Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vx188btFesharaki, FereidunauthorBanaszak, SarahauthorWU, KangauthorValencia, Mark J.authorDorian, James P.author1998-02-01The economic crises in Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia, and Japan have focused attention on the region's economic problems as well as its well-documented success. One potential problem is satiating these economies' increasing demand for energy. This problem has been made even more pressing by deep devaluations that substantially raised imported energy prices in local currency terms. IGCC Policy Papers 35-37, Energy and Security in Northeast Asia, seek to examine the international implications of the longer-term energy situation in Northeast Asia, including the decisions that government policymakers are likely to make to address their economies' pressing energy needs. Policy Paper 35, Fueling Security, debates the fundamental issue of whether rising energy demand generates new security dilemmas or whether efficient energy markets mitigate potential security risks arising from increased competition for energy resources. Kent Calder argues that energy rivalry might deepen tensions among the major powers in Northeast Asia, while Fereidun Fesharaki sees market competition where Calder sees rivalry. This paper examines the market assumptions behind these analyses, including the current status and projections for overall regional energy demand (Fesharaki, Sara Banaszak, and WU Kang) and fossil fuel use (WU).publicenergy policysecuritynortheast AsiaKoreaconflictcooperationPolicy Paper 36: Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Supply and Demand, Conflict andarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4kv9554b2015-08-04T19:19:46Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kv9554bRosenblum, Marc R.author2000-05-01This paper addresses the problem of undocumented immigration to the United States from Mexico, and current and proposed policies designed to control these undocumented flows. I summarize current U.S. policy toward undocumented Mexican immigration, which has been an expensive failure. I then take up three competing policy proposals: one pending in the U.S. Senate (S.1814 and S.1815) to expand the H-2A guest-worker program; one to construct a strict enforcement regime; and one based on linking U.S.–Mexican free trade to a free flow of labor. For each alternative, I predict likely outcomes and distributional consequences for seven types of actors (U.S. workers, U.S. consumers, U.S. employers, other U.S. citizens, undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and other Mexicans). I conclude that a binational approach to immigration control (a North American Common Market) is the most promising option, and I discuss its political feasibility.publicimmigrationU.S.-Mexico relationsundocumented immigrationillegal aliensPolicy Paper 55: U.S. Immigration Policy: Unilateral and Cooperative Responses to Undocumented Migrationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7625h19x2015-08-04T19:17:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7625h19xBinder, Leonardauthor1996-02-01International law, especially as it has been modified by the Charter of the United Nations, is grounded on actual or hypothetical agreements among sovereign states. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, and related agreements, set a standard of human rights to be observed by sovereign states. Neither the charter nor the declaration specify under what circumstances human rights violations may justify intervention and contravention of the rule of sovereignty. Despite the potential conflict between these two standards on international behavior, there is a widespread belief that a broad range of human rights are based on international law, and that international law is based on a foundation of universally recognized principles of morality.Moralpolitik, or a morally grounded foreign policy, if it is to have any practical significance, must be rooted in the moral consensus of the political community. There is no reason to assume that all communities will adopt universalistic, legalistic, and rights-based ethical systems. But the predominance of rights-based moral discourse has precluded consideration of alternative political moralities without providing for a hierarchical ordering of competing rights-based norms.In particular, popular moral discourse does not differentiate between humanitarian rights and political rights. Rights are claimed on individual grounds, cultural grounds, collective social grounds, and political grounds. Often these appeals derive from different and incompatible philosophical positions. For example, the goal of preserving the international system of sovereign states presupposes quite different values than the goal of diffusing democracy or preventing genocide. Although the material interests and the cultural perspectives of the victims of injustice may be invoked as of moral significance in imposing obligations on some or all states, the same sort of interests and perspectives of the states so obliged are rarely considered as a legitimate, integral part of their own moralpolitik.publicnew world orderinternational lawmoralpolitikU.S foreign policyhuman rights violationsPolicy Paper 22: The Moral Foundation of International Interventionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4gf8w09m2015-08-04T19:16:20Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gf8w09mRapoport, Davidauthor1996-01-01publicreligionethnic conflictinternational securityPolicy Paper 21: The Importance of Space in Violent Ethno-Religious Strifearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt29f7983t2015-08-04T19:15:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/29f7983tLipschutz, RonnieauthorCrawford, Beverlyauthor1996-05-01December 1994 saw the Russian military launch an assault on Grozny, capital of the obscure Caucasian autonomous republic of Chechnya, in an effort to put an end to its pretensions to national independence. Three years earlier, in 1991, a renegade Chechen general in the Russian Army, Djokar Dudayev, had acceded to the pleadings of Chechen “elders” who wished to take the territory out of the Russian Federation-Russia. By mid-1996, what had quite unexpectedly become a very bloody operation, and a political hot potato in Moscow, remained uncompleted. In spite of a declaration of cease-fire by President Yeltsin and the killing of Dudayev, Chechen “freedom fighters” based in the mountains and villages continued to wage an Afghan-style struggle against the “occupiers” from Moscow. After some 30,000 deaths, most of them civilian, there was no end in sight.Is the war in Chechnya sui generis, as some would claim? Or is it symptomatic of a broader class of wars? As of late 1995, according to the Kennedy School’s Project on Internal Conflict (Harvard University), some 35 major armed intra-state struggles were underway around the world. In a number of ways, Chechnya is unique, but it can also be seen as an archetype for similar conflicts taking place, or pending, around the world.Why the apparent increase in ethnic conflict in the early 1990s? What, if anything, might the United States and the rest of the world do in the future to prevent such carnage from becoming an accepted feature of global politics? Absent satisfactory explanations of these crises, the chances are better than even that, within the next few years, the United States and its allies will find themselves confronted by a similar “no-win” situation in any one of the dozens of places where very little provocation will trigger new episodes of ethnic cleansing.We offer an account of the causes of ethnic and sectarian conflict that is applicable to a growing number of countries and regions. In brief: What we have come to call “ethnic and sectarian conflict” is neither ethnic nor sectarian per se. Rather, it is about struggles over the levers of power and wealth within societies and countries in which ethnicity and religion provide the cultural and historical resources for mobilizing popular support for particular elites. These countries are almost always caught in the throes of economic and political transformations, brought on by external factors and forces. These erode or destroy old social, political and economic relations—old ways of doing things—and conflicts follow. The outcomes of such struggles are not pre-determined—ethnic cleansing is not dictated by some kind of historical materialism. There are possibilities for intervention before violence erupts.publicglobalizationethnic conflictinternational political economysecurityreligious conflictPolicy Paper 25: Economic Globalization and the "New" Ethnic Strife: What Is to Be Done?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7053w47g2015-08-04T19:12:55Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7053w47gLehman, RonaldauthorJones, PeterauthorLodgaard, SverreauthorChipman, Johnauthor1996-06-01Events in the second half of 1995 and the first months of 1996 dramatically illustrated the promise, and the pitfalls, of the Middle East peace process. On one hand, steps toward political, cultural, economic, and environmental cooperation among the parties continued, evidenced by the October 1995 economic summit in Amman and the water agreement signed by Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority in February 1996. On the other hand, serious concerns persisted over the threats posed by conventional arms, weapons of mass destruction, and terrorism, exemplified by the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Rabin, exchanges of rocket and artillery fire in Lebanon, and continued suicide bombings. Such events demonstrate the continuing need to investigate the underlying dynamics and problems of the peace process and to propose cooperative solutions and confidence-building measures, particularly in the field of regional security.publicarms controlinternational securityMiddle Eastwepaons of mass destructionPolicy Paper 23: Workshop on Arms Control and Security in the Middle East IIIarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt97z9g13f2015-08-04T19:10:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/97z9g13fJentleson, Bruceauthor1996-09-01The record of the Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS) Working Group thus far is a mixed one. On the one hand, the very creation of a multilateral process for arms control and regional security in a region where no comparable process ever before existed is in itself a significant achievement. A working agenda then was defined, and by late 1994 a series of initial multilateral agreements had been negotiated for confidence-building measures (CBMs), confidence-and-security-building measures (CSBMs), and other regional security initiatives. Since then, however, ACRS has virtually broken down. The next steps, from negotiation to implementation, for the most part have not been taken. A number of factors have contributed to this breakdown, most notably Egypt’s linkage of progress on the entirety of the ACRS agenda to the conflict with Israel on the nuclear issue. A plenary meeting has not been held for almost two years, and ACRS has gone from leader to laggard among the Middle East multilateral working groups.Events and developments outside of ACRS also have demonstrated both the new possibilities and the continuing problems for regional security cooperation. Particularly notable achievements have been the 1994 Israel–Jordan treaty, which includes provisions going beyond bilateral security agreements to delineate shared positions on multilateral regional security issues, the military and security cooperation agreements signed between Israel and Turkey, and the March 1996 anti-terrorism summit held in Sharm el-Sheikh. On the other hand, progress such as in the Israel–Jordan and Israel-Turkey relationships also precipitated counter-reactions by Egypt, Syria, and others; the very need for the Sharm summit was caused by the spread and intensification of terrorism; and the April–May 1996 fighting along the Israel-Lebanon border demonstrated the risks and volatility that persist on the Syrian/Syria-dominated front.The first section of this paper reviews ACRS’ record thus far, assessing the bases both for the progress that has been achieved and for the problems that have been encountered in pursuing greater regional security cooperation. The second section advances a series of policy recommendations for enhancing prospects for getting ACRS back on track.publicMIddle Eastarms controlMiddle East regional securitycooperationIsrael-Jordan treatyPolicy Paper 26: The Middle East Arms Control and Regional Security Talks: Progress, Problems, and Prospectsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1967553j2015-08-04T19:08:21Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1967553jMay, MichaelauthorJohnson, CelesteauthorFei, EdwardauthorSuzuki, Tatsujiroauthor1996-08-01In conjunction with its meeting in Seoul in September 1996, NEACD hosted a two-day workshop on Northeast Asia energy issues that brought together leading experts from the participating countries on energy demand and supply, nuclear fuel cycle concerns, and how these issues impact upon the security decision-making process in each country in the region. But energy is not only a possible threat, it is also one of the most promising areas for cooperative security. The workshop explored the potential for regional cooperation in energy as a promising MRM in Northeast Asia. These papers were commissioned for the workshop.publicNortheast AsiasecurityenergycooperationPolicy Paper 24: Energy and Security in Northeast Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9rm4w4td2015-08-04T19:05:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rm4w4tdLake, David A.authorRothchild, Donaldauthor1996-01-01publicethnic conflictcooperationconflictinternational securitycredible commitmentPolicy Paper 20: Ethnic Fears and Global Engagement: The International Spread and Management of Ethnic Conflictarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7rq2b0692015-08-04T19:03:43Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rq2b069JI, Guoxingauthor1995-10-01The three China Seas (the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea) are all enclosed or semi-enclosed and studded with so many offshore and mid-ocean islands that nowhere does the distance from one headland or island to another approach 400 nautical miles. With the extension of national jurisdiction over maritime resources, no seabed in the area is left unclaimed.China has maritime jurisdictional disputes with other coastal states bordering on the China Seas. The controversies involve two dimensions: territorial sovereignty over islands, and relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime demarcation. The territorial disputes are a legacy of history, and the demarcation disputes are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea.In the post-Cold War Asia Pacific, economic development is the primary task for all regional countries. As demand for marine resources becomes more and more pressing, new approaches are needed for a negotiated settlement of these problems. Disputing parties must cooperate in seeking an equitable solution. The paper outlines three options for the settlement of maritime jurisdictional disputes in the three China Seas.publicChinamaritime lawsovereigntyYellow SeaEast China Seaeconomic cooperationPolicy Paper 19: Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seasarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt060917hd2015-08-04T19:02:03Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/060917hdSaideman, Stephen M.author1995-11-01publicethnic conflictsecuritysecessionismeconomic transformationPolicy Paper 18: Is Pandora's Box Half-empty or Half-full? The Limited Virulence of Secessionism and the Domestic Sources of Disintegrationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt02t328572015-08-04T18:58:07Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/02t32857Carson, Richard T.authorMcCubbin, Donald R.author1998-01-01publicenvironmentemissions controlinternational developmentPolicy Paper 32: Emissions and Development in the United States: International Implicationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0qq7x94p2015-05-15T16:47:27Z am 3u DTI White PapersVol. 2014 (Nov. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qq7x94pCHEUNG, Tai MingauthorWILSON, Jordanauthor2014-11-01publicNortheast Asiadefense transparencymetricsnational security2013-14 IGCC White Paper on Defense Transparency in Northeast Asiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5g13p8b62015-04-06T17:22:09Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 8 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g13p8b6MOHANTY, Deba R.author2014-01-01publicdefense innovationIndianational securityDefense Research and Development OrganizationDRDOA Dismal Show Amid Pockets of Excellence: The State of Defense Innovation in Indiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9pk4h5kh2015-03-10T18:36:48Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 3 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pk4h5khGANSLER, Jacquesauthor2014-01-01publicdefense innovationUnited Statesnational securitydefense budgetsThe State of Defense Innovation in the United States: How to Cope in an Age of Austerityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6f86r0fm2015-03-10T18:36:28Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 4 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f86r0fmROSS, Andrew L.author2014-01-01publicdefense innovationUnited Statesmilitary strategynational securityThe State of U.S. Defense Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5c7911bp2015-03-10T18:36:06Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 7 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5c7911bpBITZINGER, Richard A.author2014-01-01publicdefense innovationIndiaweapons systemsarms productionThe State of Defense Innovation in India: Can It Catch Up with Global Leaders?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4g46d0z32015-03-10T18:29:08Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 6 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4g46d0z3KASHIN, Vasilyauthor2014-01-01publicdefense innovationRussiaaircraftrearmamentweapons systemsThe State of Defense Innovation in Russia: Prospects for Revival?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0s99052x2015-03-10T18:25:57Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 5 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s99052xADAMSKY, Dmitryauthor2014-01-01publicdefense innovationRussiamilitary technologyrevolution in military affairsDefense Innovation in Russia: The Current State and Prospects for Revivalarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8vv034b52015-03-10T18:16:09Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 2 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vv034b5Bo, CHENauthorQun, LIUauthor2014-01-01publicChinadefense innovationcivil-military integrationCMImilitary technologyDefense Innovation in China: History, Lessons, and Trendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt67f7m49c2015-03-10T18:11:39Z am 3u IGCC Defense Innovation BriefsVol. 2014, no. 1 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/67f7m49cCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2014-01-01publicinnovationChinadefense industrysecurity studiesThe Current State of Defense Innovation in China and Future Prospectsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt82d8b9x32015-02-23T20:57:05Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 5 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/82d8b9x3ERICKSON, Andrewauthor2015-01-01publicChinaleadership hierarchyadministrationresearch and developmentPuppies Who Climbed Out of the River: The Roles and Influence of Chief Commanders and Designersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6vn1m0b12015-02-23T20:56:31Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 7 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vn1m0b1ALDERMAN, Danielauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologydefenseresearch and developmenthigher educationHigher Education and China’s Defense Science and Technology Establishmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6s6192512015-02-23T20:55:57Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 9 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s619251McREYNOLDS, JoeauthorRAGLAND, Leigh A.authorCHANG, Amyauthor2015-01-01publicChinaDefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologyhuman capitalThe Human Capital Ecosystem Underlying the PLA’s Network Weapons Developmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2v47b0742015-02-23T20:55:20Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 8 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2v47b074WRIGHT, Darren J.author2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologyresearch and developmentdefense innovationDefense Science and Technology Innovation Teams: Mechanisms and Indicators for Indigenous Innovation in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5qg340x32015-02-23T20:54:43Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qg340x3YANG, Fanauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologyresearch and developmentrecruitmentleadership hierarchydefense innovationSurveying China’s Science and Technology Human Talents Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt30h2t8tr2015-02-23T20:54:10Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 2 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h2t8trSALVINO, Limingauthor2015-01-01publicChinarecruitmentresearch and developmentscience and technologyChina’s Talent Recruitment Programs: The Road to a Nobel Prize and World Hegemony in Science?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8130b5h62015-02-23T20:53:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 6 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8130b5h6ANDERSON, Ericauthor2015-01-01publicChinapolicy historydefense innovationdefense policyThe Political and Bureaucratic Influence of the Defense Industrial Lobby in the Chinese Policy Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2f7872rr2015-02-23T20:52:38Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 11 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2f7872rrKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2015-01-01publicChinadefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologydefense policySpecialist Communities: People and Cultures in China’s Defense Science and Technology Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt19t4n2x82015-02-23T20:52:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 10 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/19t4n2x8WILSON, Jordanauthor2015-01-01publicChinaDefense InnovationDefense ResearchScience and TechnologyExperts in Defense: How China’s Academicians Contribute to Its Defense Science and Technology Developmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt13v9h80b2015-02-23T20:51:04Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No.4 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/13v9h80bPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2015-01-01publicChinaleadership hierarchyresearch and developmentadministrationRed, But More Expert: The Evolution of China’s “Two Chiefs” Program Manager Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt65s6v3j32015-02-23T19:34:29Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 1 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/65s6v3j3CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologydefense innovationresearch and developmentleadership hierarchyThe Human Dimension in Chinese Defense Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Overviewarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7fz773rx2015-02-23T19:33:32Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 10 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fz773rxCOLLINS, GabeauthorCLEMENS, MorganauthorGUNNESS, Kristenauthor2014-01-01publicChinaDefense innovationresearch and developmentshipThe Type 054/054A Frigate Series: China’s All-Purpose Surface Combatantarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6f26w11m2015-02-23T19:32:49Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 9 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f26w11mPOLLPETER, KevinauthorANDERSON, EricauthorMcREYNOLDS, JoeauthorRAGLAND, Leigh A.authorTHOMAS, Gary L.author2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentscience and technologydefense innovationEnabling Information-Based System of System Operations: The Research, Development, and Acquisition Process for the Integrated Command Platformarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8sh4b5702015-02-23T19:26:12Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 11 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sh4b570COOPER, Cortez A., IIIauthorALDERMAN, DanielauthorCOZAD, Markauthor2014-01-01publicChinaDefenseresearch and developmentscience and technologyordnancerocketChina’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition in the Ordnance Sector: A Multiple Launch Rocket System Case Studyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9vb3c01t2015-02-23T19:25:23Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 12 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vb3c01tCHASE, Michael S.authorLIEGGI, StephanieauthorERICKSON, Andrew S.authorLAFFERTY, Brianauthor2014-01-01publicChinanuclearresearch and developmentacquisitionChina’s Nuclear Weapons Program and the Chinese Research, Development, and Acquisition Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3p05b9xp2015-02-23T18:42:09Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 7 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p05b9xpPOLLPETER, KevinauthorBESHA, PatrickauthorKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2014-01-01publicResearch and developmentsatelliteChinaspace industryThe Research, Development, and Acquisition Process for the Beidou Navigation Satellite Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7nz5z6f02015-02-23T18:41:30Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 4 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nz5z6f0PUSKA, Susan M.authorSHRABERG, AaronauthorALDERMAN, DanielauthorALLEN, Janaauthor2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentdefensescience and technologydecision hierarchyA Model for Analysis of China’s Defense Life Cycle Management Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1wm202sh2015-02-23T18:40:46Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wm202shMARCUM, Maggieauthor2014-01-01publicdefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologyjetA Comparative Study of Global Fighter Development Timelinesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4dp213kd2015-02-23T18:40:06Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 5 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dp213kdCheung, Tai Mingauthor2014-01-01publicChinascience and technologyforeign influenceresearch and developmentacquisitionsdefenseThe Role of Foreign Technology Transfers in China’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0m36465p2015-02-23T18:39:26Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 8 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m36465pERICKSON, AndrewauthorLU, HanluauthorBRYAN, KathrynauthorSEPTEMBRE, Samuelauthor2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentscience and technologyaviationacquisitionResearch, Development, and Acquisition in China’s Aviation Industry: The J-10 Fighter and Pterodactyl UAVarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3w58q0s22015-02-23T18:38:23Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. 2014 - Introduction (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w58q0s2POLLPETER, Kevinauthor2014-01-01publicIntroductionResearchDevelopmentAcquisitionprocessessecurityIntroduction to 2014 SITC Policy Briefsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7n49c6382015-02-23T18:37:40Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 2 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n49c638MARCUM, Maggieauthor2014-01-01publicscience and technologydefense innovationresearch and developmentunited statesDARPAAssessing High-Risk, High-Benefit Research Organizations: The “DARPA Effect”articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7s48w1ck2015-02-23T18:36:53Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 1 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s48w1ckMARCUM, MaggieauthorMILSHYN, Aliaksandrauthor2014-01-01publicScience and TechnologyAcquisition processresearch and developmentdefense spendingChanging Trends in Global Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt82r7r1nj2015-02-23T18:36:06Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 6 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/82r7r1njWALSH, Kathleen A.author2014-01-01publicChinaScience and Technologydefenseresearch and developmentChina’s Defense Technology Acquisition System, Processes, and Future as an Integrator and Supplierarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0712b02z2015-02-20T17:56:04Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 2 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0712b02zWANG, Yuanauthor2013-12-01publicchinapolicy historyscience and technologyEvolution and System Characteristics of China’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Policiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4dp391jr2015-02-20T17:55:45Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. No. 3 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dp391jrSHI, Dinghuanauthor2013-12-01publicChinascience and technologyleadershipdecision hierarchyMLPThe Role of Top-Level Key Actors in STI Decision-making in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bx8q49c2015-02-20T17:55:34Z am 3u SITC- STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 4 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bx8q49cHART, David M.author2013-12-01publicScience and technologyunited statespresidentobamadecision hierarchyThe Role of the President in STI Policy-Making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2zb3r0g32015-02-20T17:55:24Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 5 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zb3r0g3GOLDSTON, Davidauthor2013-12-01publicScience and technologycongresspolicydecision hierarchyThe Role of Congress in U.S. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5742m5362015-02-20T17:55:01Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 8 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5742m536HOLLAND, Michaelauthor2013-12-01publicbudgetunited statespolicy historyscience and technologyKey Players and the Nature of Their Interactions in U.S. STI Policy: Resource and Budgetary Allocations by the White House and Congressarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vk8m4972015-02-20T17:54:50Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 10 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vk8m497STINE, Deborah D.author2013-12-01publichonorific organizationpolicy historyscience and technologyunited statesThe Roles and Influence of Congressionally-Chartered Honorific Organizations on STI Policy Decision making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5ct6k4wj2015-02-20T17:54:38Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 7 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ct6k4wjBONVILLIAN, William B.author2013-12-01publicInnovation historypolicy historyscience and technologyunited statesThe Evolving Organization of U.S. Innovation Agencies: An Overviewarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt21r7684h2015-02-20T17:54:13Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 6 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/21r7684hGOLDSTON, Davidauthor2013-12-01publicUnited StatesgovernmentScience and Technologydecision processmultiple actorspolicyKey Leaders in U.S. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0sm3191p2015-02-20T17:54:04Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 13 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sm3191pSUN, Fuquanauthor2013-12-01publicChinascience and technologyuniversitiespolicy historyThe Role of Research Institutes and Universities in Science and Technology Decision-making in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98c3g34q2015-02-20T17:53:37Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 9 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98c3g34qGUO, Rongauthor2013-12-01publicChinaScience and technologybudgetfinancial hierarchyKey Players and the Nature of Their Interactions in Chinese STI Resource and Budgetary Allocationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9280v8452015-02-20T17:53:20Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 11 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9280v845FEALING, Kaye H.author2013-12-01publicNational Science Foundationscience and technologyunited statespolicyNational Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology Roles and Influences on STI Policymakingarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8f61q12j2015-02-20T17:53:05Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 12 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f61q12jSHANK, Charles V.author2013-12-01publicunited statespolicy historyscience and technologymultiple agenciesuniversitiesFederally-Funded Research and Development Centers and Universities: Roles and Influence on STI Policy Decision-Making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt89m2s9932015-02-20T17:52:44Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 14 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/89m2s993ANDERSON, EricauthorNAUGHTON, BarryauthorCHEUNG, Tai MingauthorCOWHEY, PeterauthorXUE, LanauthorCHEN, LingauthorWANG, Gangboauthor2013-12-01publicunited stateschinacomparativemeasureinnovation gapscience and technologyMeasuring the U.S.-China Innovation Gap: Initial Findings of the UCSD-Tsinghua Innovation Metrics Survey Projectarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt84b0997x2015-02-20T17:52:19Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 1 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/84b0997xSHIPP, Stephanie S.author2013-12-01publicscience and technologypolicy historydecision hierarchyunited statesThe Historical Evolution of STI Policy Decision-making and Key System Characteristics in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt75z4632q2015-02-20T17:50:59Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. Policy Brief 2014-1 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/75z4632qMARCUM, MaggieauthorMILSHYN, Aliaksandrauthor2014-01-01publicdefenseresearchdevelopment and acquisitionRDAdefense spendingChanging Trends in Global Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9c5297x42015-02-20T17:50:27Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. Policy Brief 2 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c5297x4HAGGARD, Stephanauthor2013-04-01publicChinaEast Asiaregional securityeconomic growthThe East Asian Political Economy: Stylized Facts and Security Debatersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1tw930nf2015-02-18T17:12:14Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-15 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tw930nfCHASE, Michael S.author2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryPeople's Liberation ArmyPLASecond Artillerymissilesweapons manufacturingThe PLA's Second Artillery Force as a Customer of China's Defense Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1nh554zp2015-02-18T17:09:10Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-14 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1nh554zpCOOPER, Cortez A.author2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryPeople's Liberation ArmyPLAscience and technologydefense modernizationChina's Evolving Defense Economy: A PLA Ground Force Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2sz739zt2015-02-18T17:06:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-13 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sz739ztCOLE, Bernard D.author2013-01-01publicChinanaval forcesindigenous innovationdefense modernizationPLA NavyChina's Navy Embraces Technology: Western Science, Chinese Culture?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1pf1d3602015-02-18T17:03:46Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-12 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1pf1d360SAUNDERS, Phillip C.authorWISEMAN, Joshuaauthor2013-01-01publicChinaPeople's Liberation ArmyPLAaviationdefense industrymodernizationThe People's Liberation Army Air Force and the Chinese Aviation Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6c39c4s92015-02-18T17:00:23Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-11 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c39c4s9KASHIN, Vasilyauthor2013-01-01publicChinaRussiatechnical cooperationmilitarydefense industryscience and technologyMilitary-Technical Cooperation Between Russia and China: Current State and Prospectsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1712q1h02015-02-18T16:56:47Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. 2013-10 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1712q1h0LAFFERTY, BrianauthorSHRABERG, AaronauthorCLEMENS, Morganauthor2013-01-01publicChinacivil-military integrationdual usetechnologydefense modernizationChina's Civil-Military Integrationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7dg9q3902015-02-18T16:53:30Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-9 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dg9q390YUAN, Jingdongauthor2013-01-01publicChinaJapanFukushimanuclear powerdual usesafetynuclear reactorsChina's Nuclear Industry After Fukushimaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt51d1d8nq2015-02-18T16:50:40Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-8 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/51d1d8nqALDERMAN, DanielauthorDING, Arthurauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryordnanceweapons manufacturingCNGCCSGCinnovationChina's Ordnance Industry: More Butter Than Gunsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5t69455d2015-02-18T16:47:34Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-7 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5t69455dRAGLAND, LeighAnnauthorMCREYNOLDS, JoeauthorGEARY, Debraauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryelectronicsinformation technologyITcivil-military integrationmilitary procurementindigenous innovationChina's Defense Electronics and Information Technology Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08p1p8q02015-02-18T16:47:18Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-1 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/08p1p8q0CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense economyhigh technologydefense industrymilitaryresearchdevelopmentand acquisitionThe Chinese Defense Economy in the Early 2010sarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8635t00n2015-02-18T16:42:36Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-6 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8635t00nCOLLINS, Gabeauthor2013-01-01publicChinawarshipshipbuilding industrymilitary modernizationnaval forcesChina Has Become a Top Global Warship Builderarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8t12095f2015-02-18T16:39:15Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-5 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t12095fRASKA, MichaelauthorKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2013-01-01publicChinamilitaryaviationdefense industryinnovationAVICChina's Military Aviation Industry: In Search of Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5dd6x16q2015-02-18T16:34:56Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-4 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dd6x16qPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-01-01publicChinaaerospace industryintegrated innovationCASCdefense R&DThe China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and the Concept of Integrated Innovation: A Case Studyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5g83p0sc2015-02-18T16:29:20Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-3 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g83p0scMARCUM, Maggieauthor2013-01-01publicChinaresearchdevelopmentand acquisitioninnovationdefense industryRDA processesDeveloping a Framework to Identify Innovation in the Defense Research, Development, and Acquistion Processesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1247k8mv2015-02-18T16:22:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-2 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1247k8mvWALSH, Kathleen A.author2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryresearch and developmentThe State of China's Defense Research and Development: Great Expectationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9s3237782015-02-18T15:58:36Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 30 (Jul. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s323778LU, Hanluauthor2012-07-01publicChinascience and technologydual usespaceChang'eShenzoumegaprojectindigenous innovationlunar explorationThe Chinese Chang'e Lunar Exploration Project and Its Management Structurearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5bk9533c2015-02-18T15:53:49Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 18 (Aug. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bk9533cERNST, Dieterauthor2011-08-01publicChinainnovation policystandardizationindigenous innovationUS-China cooperationToward Greater Pragmatism? China's Approach to Innovation and Standardizationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0366d6702015-02-18T15:49:04Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 16 (Dec. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0366d670CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2010-12-01publicChinamilitaryscience and technologyChinese Communist Party18th Party CongressThe Changing Dynamics Behind China's Rise as a Military Technological Powerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6q33s2sm2015-02-18T15:44:15Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 17 (Jan. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q33s2smCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-01-01publicChinaaircraftJ-20military aviationdefense STIThe J-20 Fighter Aircraft and the State of China's Defense Science, Technology, and Innovation Potentialarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7w69j12v2015-02-17T23:15:00Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 28 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w69j12vBitzinger, RichardauthorRaska, MichaelauthorLean, Collin Koh SweeauthorWeng, Kelvin Wong Kaauthor2011-09-01The position of an arms producing country or region in the global arms industry is dictated by the relative level of its indigenous capabilities for independent defense-related research and development (R&D) and manufacturing. Tier 1 countries such as the United States are considered to have a techonological edge, based on their ability to innovate, over Tier 2 modifiers and adapters such as China and India. Progress in the Chinese aerospace industry demonstrates its rapid trajectory from copier/reproducer of technologies to adaptor/modifier, and, in some cases, developer and designer. Do these trends mean that China is on the verge of becoming a Tier 1 arms producer?publicresearch and developmentmanufacturingChinatier 1aerospace industryLocating China’s Place in the Global Defense Economyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39f4r84w2015-02-17T23:14:07Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 3 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39f4r84wCheung, Tai Mingauthor2010-09-01Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China’s defense science, technology, and innovation (DSTI) system has been vigorously developing a comprehensive set of innovation capabilities that will eventually allow it to join the world’s top tier of military technological powers. Ample access to financial, human, and research resources; strong political support; inflows of foreign technologies and know-how; and the introduction of advanced modes of governance, market competition, and management are producing significant progress, although from a low base. But long-term success is far from assured as daunting structural bottlenecks stand in the way, not the least of which is the struggle to overcome a long history of debilitating Socialist central planning.China’s target is to catch up by 2020. Although this may be possible in a few select areas, the defense economy as a whole will likely require another 5–10 years beyond this date to successfully master the ability to produce radical breakthrough innovations. This briefing paper analyzes the key areas in the Chinese defense economy’s gradual but accelerating shift from imitation to indigenous innovation.publicChinaDSTIinnovation capabilitiesmilitary technological powerindigenous innovationThe Chinese Defense Economy’s Long March from Imitation to Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9x7403t82015-02-17T23:13:16Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 4 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x7403t8Blasko, Dennisauthor2010-09-01Within China’s overall national strategy, priority goes to national economic development. How this fits with the PLA’s needs to modernize and China’s overall military strategy is driven by the concept of People’s War that emphasizes strategy over technology and may hold some surprises for the United States.publicdoctrinechinatechnologynational strategyeconomic developmentDoes Doctrine Drive Technology or Does Technology Drive Doctrine?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43v5v0nt2015-02-17T23:11:39Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 20 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43v5v0ntCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-09-01This policy brief examines how innovation takes place within the Chinese defense research, development, and acquisition (RDA) system. This begins with a short review of the evolving frameworks of analysis of technological innovation in industrial systems, with prominence given to the coupled technology-push, market-pull model. Over the past 60 years, the Chinese defense RDA system has evolved from a top-down to a coupled model of interaction between weapons developers and military end-users. Important reforms have been taking place in the Chinese defense RDA system since the late 1990s, but serious structural impediments continue to exist that threatens to blunt the effectiveness of these improvements and keep the system in a trapped transition.publicInnovationChinadefense researchdevelopmentacquisitionRDAInnovation in China’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5cr8j76s2015-02-17T23:10:56Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 27 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cr8j76sCheung, Tai MingauthorMahnken, Thomas GauthorRoss, Andrew Lauthor2011-09-01This policy brief puts forward an analytical framework to capture the nature, dimensions, and spectrum of innovation in the military and broader defense spheres. Insights are drawn from a range of disciplines, including history, social science, business, and strategic studies. The analytical framework is composed of six lenses through which to view the inputs, process, and output of innovation: 1) the components of innovation: technology, doctrine, and organization; 2) the capacity to innovate: that is, innovation potential; 3) the process of innovation: speculation, experimentation, and implementation; 4) the degree of innovation: from duplicative imitation to radical innovation; 5) the scope of innovation; and 6) systems of innovation.publicinnovationmilitarydefensechinainnovation potentialFrameworks for Analyzing Chinese Defense and Military Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3hx613nj2015-02-17T23:09:43Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 23 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hx613njWalsh, Kathleen AauthorFrancis, Edauthor2011-09-01China is developing a defense innovation system (DIS) as part of a broader effort to construct a national innovation system (NIS) that incorporates a system-of-systems approach. Modeled on China’s commercial-sector economic development zones and investment strategies, the DIS is focused on enhancing integration and interaction among key defense industry actors, institutions, industry sectors, and regions, both domestic and international. Although serious obstacles remain to realizing an effective DIS, China is laying the foundation for a dual-use DIS that employs both top-down development strategies and fosters greater bottom-up, market-driven, innovation dynamics.publicChinadefense innovationnational innovation systemChina’s Defense Innovation System: Making the Wheels Spinarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bx1k77q2015-02-17T23:07:08Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 2 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bx1k77qMahnken, Thomas Gauthor2010-09-01Given the high stakes involved in China’s rise, both in Asia and globally, understanding the scope and pace of Chinese military modernization is an important undertaking. This brief applies insights from the theory and history of military innovation to the task of understanding China’s development of anti-access and area denial capabilities and provides recommendations on how the United States can improve its ability to detect and recognize Chinese military innovation.publicChinamilitary modernizationmilitary innovationUnderstanding Military Innovation: Chinese Defense S&T in Historical and Theoretical Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9r9308tf2015-02-17T23:06:20Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 15 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r9308tfStumbaum, May-Britt UauthorBräuner, Oliverauthor2010-09-01In line with the European policy of supporting China’s economic reform and development, research institutes and companies in the European Union (EU) have been the major sources for high-technology exports to the People’s Republic of China in the past thirty years. Dual-use technologies ranging from aerospace to semiconductors play a central role for economic development as well as for modern military development, including network-centric warfare. Yet a comprehensive EU paradigm on China’s military rise and the impact of these technology transfers has not evolved. The EU–China “strategic partnership” is still dominated by economic considerations. Lack of coordination between the national and the European level contribute to the risks accompanying EU–China collaboration in this field. The differences between EU and U.S. perceptions of China’s military rise provide potential for further Transatlantic discord, as happened during the acrimonious debate on the intended lifting of the EU arms embargo on China in 2004–2005.publicEuropean UnionChinaCooperationThe Current State of European Union–China High-Tech Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7264x5k82015-02-17T23:05:37Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 7 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7264x5k8Collins, Gabeauthor2010-09-01China’s growing shipbuilding prowess is very relevant to the analysis of China’s defense and dual-use economies. A recent article from the Economic Daily Times says China’s shipbuilding development should focus on seeking deeper integration between civil and military shipbuilding to “develop areas of mutual benefit and raise ship technology to new levels.” Dual-use aspects of commercial shipbuilding are fewer than in the aviation and spaceflight sectors, for example, and direct civil-to-military technology transfer is limited. That said, the development of maritime industry human capital, indigenous industrial innovation, and the ability to rapidly build merchant-type ships all have important defense implications.publicChinashipbuildingnavaldefenseChina’s Shipbuilding Industry Development: A Boost for Naval Ship Production?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8kb3g12j2015-02-17T23:04:43Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 21 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kb3g12jPuska, Susan MauthorMcReynolds, JoeauthorGeary, Debraauthor2011-09-01China’s military contracting and procurement system is undergoing significant changes intended to raise its professionalism, efficiency, and effectiveness. One major focus of these reforms is the Military Representative Office (MRO) system that oversees contracting and procurement under the General Armament Department (GAD). Improvements in GAD’s MRO system could raise the military’s overall effectiveness by improving quality and reducing graft and waste. The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) MRO pilot program currently underway may pave the way for integrated change across the service arms and enhance GAD’s role.publicChinaprofessional contractingprocurementChina’s Military Representatives: Striving Toward Professional Contracting and Procurementarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt60z7p0kp2015-02-17T23:03:55Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 19 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/60z7p0kpCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-09-01This policy brief examines the rejuvenation, current state, and future prospects of the Chinese defense economy. Fifteen years of reforms have turned this once lumbering holdout of autarkic central planning into an aspiring champion of technological innovation. Critical factors behind these improving fortunes include top-level leadership support, effective implementation of a well-defined development vision, a leading role played by defense corporations, the remaking of the research and development apparatus, the emergence of new generations of highly-trained scientists and engineers, efforts to integrate the civilian and defense economies, and access to Russian technologies. One of the main conclusions is that the development of the defense economy will continue on an upward trajectory and could even accelerate, as long as the Chinese leadership remains committed to the goal of building a world-class military industrial complex, funding remains plentiful, and end-user demand continues to be strong.publicchinese defense economydevelopmentmilitaryRejuvenating the Chinese Defense Economy: Present Developments and Future Trendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7w06r3zw2015-02-17T23:03:14Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 22 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w06r3zwHagt, Ericauthor2011-09-01Over the last decade or more, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has sought to establish an effective defense high-tech innovation system. The Science and Technology Committee (STC) under the General Armaments Department (GAD) has been a leading institution in this reform process, but its track record has been decidedly mixed. The STC is the most senior body in the PLA and advises on high-tech and strategic platforms. As such, the current STC has become a more professionalized agency with stronger oversight and management functions and less a think tank on cutting-edge technologies compared to its former incarnation under the former Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). A key drawback of the current STC though is its inability to provide the longterm, strategic vision for future defense innovation that the PLA needs.publicPLAChinadefenseinnovationChina’s Defense High-Tech Leadership: Implications for S&T Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1x93m04r2015-02-17T23:02:30Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 11 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x93m04rYuan, Jing-dongauthor2010-09-01China’s nuclear industry has undergone rapid growth in recent years and is projected to further expand in the coming decades. Accounting for almost 40 percent of all nuclear reactors either under construction or that have been approved globally, the expansion of China’s nuclear capacities has largely been driven by increasing demands for energy to support continued economic growth. Constraints include human resources, fuel supply, and the extent to which China can develop indigenous nuclear power capacities. The role of civil–military integration in this industry is yet to be determined partly as a result of the deliberate decision by Beijing to keep its nuclear weapons segment separate from its civilian operations.publicChinanuclear industryreactorscivil-military integrationSpin-On for the Renaissance? The Current State of China's Nuclear Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3vd8p36b2015-02-17T23:01:42Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 13 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vd8p36bHughes, Christopher Wauthor2010-09-01Japan’s defense production model is often seen as a successful exemplar of “techno-nationalism,” especially in the integration of the civilian and military sectors. Hence, Japan’s model has been considered as offering possible lessons for China to emulate in the reform of its own defense industry. But Japan’s defense production model, despite arguable past successes, is now experiencing what is often referred to by Japanese policymakers and industrialists as a “slow death” as its structural development limitations have been increasingly revealed over the past two decades. Japan’s defense production model is encountering three major structural limitations:1. Stagnation in defense budgets and long-term military demand.2. Flawed and failing procurement practices.3. Obstacles to expanded and more diverse international collaboration.publicJapantechno-nationalismstagnationdefenseThe Slow Death of Japanese Techno-Nationalism? Comparative Lessons for China’s Future Defense Productionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3dq7x6d22015-02-17T23:01:06Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 5 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dq7x6d2Francis, EdauthorPuska, Susan Mauthor2010-09-01This brief highlights key points on three Chinese government and military organizations involved in managing defense science, technology, and industry: 1) the State Council’s State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND); 2) the General Armament Department (GAD) of the People’s Liberation Army; and 3) the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s Civil–Military Integration Promotion Department (CMIPD). This brief calls attention to important ongoing organizational reforms in Chinese defense science, technology and industry by discussing 1) the post-2008 division of responsibilities between SASTIND and CMIPD; 2) GAD’s role in the defense industries and PLA defense research; and 3) civil–military integration (CMI) in the Chinese defense science, technology and industry system.publicChinaPLA Defense researchcivil-military integrationContemporary Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Civil–Military Integration in Three Key Organizationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt29n4c3jv2015-02-17T23:00:18Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 14 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/29n4c3jvMoon, Chung-inauthorPaek, Jae-Okauthor2010-09-01South Korea’s defense industrial transformation has been impressive by any standard. It was able to satisfy most of its basic weapons needs within a decade after launching its defense industry.Since the late 1990s, South Korea has been elevated from a third-tier arms producer to the second tier by moving from the stage of imitation and assembly to that of creative imitation and indigenization. It now competes with major arms-supplying countries. In addition, the South Korean defense industry has made remarkable progress in RMA-related areas mostly involving command, control, communication, intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance.In this policy brief, we first assess South Korea’s defense industrial performance by examining the patterns of defense acquisition, rate of localization of defense materiel, and defense exports. We then briefly analyze the evolutionary dynamics of defense industrial upgrades in selected sectors by tracing the stages of innovation. We also delineate a set of institutional and policy arrangements that have contributed to this impressive transformation.publicdefense innovationSouth KoreaindustrializationDefense Innovation and Industrialization in South Koreaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7b32657m2015-02-17T22:59:19Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 24 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b32657mYang, Davidauthor2011-09-01Over the past two decades, the relationship between China’s civilian and military industrial sectors has been undergoing a major realignment brought on by the transformation of the country’s economic and technological landscape. Whereas the defense sector had been the undisputed leader of Chinese industrial technology for most of the PRC’s history, the predominantly non-state civilian economy has begun to catch up with and even surpass comparable military capabilities in many key areas since the 1990s. The Chinese leadership recognizes the enormous potential of the civilian sector for China’s military modernization program, especially in light of the often disappointing results of various technology initiatives spearheaded by the state sector, despite massive investments. Serious efforts are now under way to facilitate the entry of non-state sector firms into the military market. However, many obstacles remain, of which the entrenched interests of the defense industry stands out.publicChinacivilian sectormilitary sectorrealignmentnon-state sector firmsdefenseCivil–Military Integration Efforts in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8gr0w4072015-02-17T22:58:01Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 6 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gr0w407Mulvenon, JamesauthorLuce, Matthewauthor2010-09-01Contrary to popular perceptions of China as either “technology thief” or “technology superpower,” the success of the Chinese defense electronics sector can be attributed to a combination of indigenous innovation, adaptation of foreign technology, and large-scale technology espionage. Advanced defense electronics components and systems play a key role in this revolution in military capability, making it imperative to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese defense electronics industry and their implications for U.S. interests in the region.publicChinadefense electronicsinnovationadaptionespionageChina’s Defense Electronics Industry: Innovation, Adaptation, and Espionagearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39k1f3vp2015-02-17T22:57:00Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 26 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39k1f3vpPollpeter, Kevinauthor2011-09-01Space industries confront unique challenges in successfully bringing programs to conclusion, primarily due to the harsh environments in which spacecraft operate and the technologies needed to send them into orbit. Developers of successful space systems place great emphasis on reliable technologies, exacting manufacturing processes, and strict and documentable quality assurance measures. China’s greatest accomplishments in creating its human spaceflight program may not be the development of new technologies. As China increasingly relies on domestically-sourced components and systems to manufacture spacecraft, the internal processes it has developed may be a more reliable indicator of its ability to sustain a successful space program than technological advances. These processes may have a more lasting effect on the space industry’s ability to innovate than the role of technology itself.publicspace industriesChinainnovatespacecraftOrganization as Innovation: China’s Human Spaceflight Program’s Efforts to Instill a Quality Management Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8q52c2qn2015-02-17T22:56:11Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 8 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q52c2qnDing, Arthurauthor2010-09-01China’s ordnance industry is undertaking industry-wide reform. The goal is to improve indigenous innovation capability so that the Chinese armed forces can obtain advanced weapon systems without reliance on foreign technology while at the same time making the industry responsible for its own financial performance. Restructuring has resulted in some gains, but indigenous innovation capability, as well as spin-on and spin-off, are still far in the future.publicChinaordnance industrymodernizationChina’s Ordnance Industry Under Modernizationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3d0795p82015-02-17T22:55:24Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 1 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3d0795p8Ross, Andrew Lauthor2010-09-01What is military innovation? How should we think about Chinese military innovation? By developing an analytical framework that captures both the components of military innovation (technology, doctrine, and organization) and the continuum of change, we can better assess the nature, extent, and importance of contemporary Chinese military innovation.publicmilitaryinnovationchinacontinuum of changeOn Military Innovation: Toward an Analytical Frameworkarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9v77h5zm2015-02-17T22:54:36Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 9 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v77h5zmPeet, AlisonauthorTyroler-Cooper, Sammauthor2010-09-01The Chinese leadership has identified the aviation industry as a strategic priority. This policy brief assesses progress in China’s aviation industry, with a focus on 2009–2010. A review of major developments in China’s civilian and military aircraft programs reveals a trend in China’s approach to advancing its aviation industry: dependence on foreign partnerships alongside investment in indigenous research and development. It remains to be seen if this hybrid techno-globalist and techno-nationalist approach will help or hinder China as it works to implement civil–military integration (CMI) in its aviation industry.publicChinaaviationmilitary aircraft programsCMITrends in the Development of China’s Aviation Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8824981c2015-02-17T22:53:19Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 25 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8824981cStokes, Markauthor2011-09-01The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is improving its ability to research, develop, and field innovative military capabilities and advanced weapon systems. Perhaps more than other sectors of its defense industrial complex, the Chinese space and missile industry is the most capable of absorbing and diffusing advanced technology for the purposes of research, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of advanced weapon and space systems. International cooperation and expanded collaboration between the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), defense industry, and civilian universities has the potential to create synergies that could result in significant advances in key areas of defense technology. Organizational changes within the space and missile industry are significant and also could permit rapid advances. More effective and efficient defense industrial management could allow China to emerge as a technological competitor of the United States in certain niche areas, such as long-range precision strike capabilities.publicresearchdevelopinnovative military capabilitiesadvanced weapons systemsChina’s Evolving Space and Missile Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8tp8k5kx2015-02-17T22:51:28Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 12 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tp8k5kxBitzinger, Richard Aauthor2010-09-01While many countries in the Asia-Pacific region have extensive local arms industries, in terms of technology innovation these regional producers continue to run a poor third to the United States and Western Europe. Latecomer China may gain the advantage regionally, but it remains to be seen whether its accelerated spending, especially in R&D, will enable it to pull ahead of regional or global competitors.publicChinadefensetechnologyindustrial baseinnovationChina’s Defense Technology and Industrial Base in a Regional Contextarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8z89p4s82015-02-17T22:46:00Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 3 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z89p4s8PEMPEL, T.J.author2013-04-01In the wake of major domestic and international changes, most especially the end of the Cold War and 9/11 for all, but additionally the collapse of the asset bubble in Japan and the transition from military authoritarianism to democratization in the ROK and Taiwan, all of the countries in question saw sharply divided domestic coalitions pressing for often diametrically opposed courses in national security and foreign policy. This brief begins by noting the limits of classical realist interpretations of international relations in Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific. It then addresses the importance of ‘comprehensive security’ as a driver for all of the countries in question. Finally, it examines the broad domestic clashes over foreign and security policy in each of four key democracies in the region and closes with a few general observations about the salience of regional domestic politics.publicpolitical economyAsiasecuritydomestic policyDomestic Dynamicsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9t8894kv2015-02-17T22:44:28Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 9 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t8894kvERICKSON, Andrew S.author2012-01-01Several pronounced trends are emerging as the United States moves beyond its “unipolar moment,” the foremost among them being the rise of developing powers and the proliferation of asymmetric technologies. The Asia-Pacific, with a rising China at its center, is the critical arena in which Washington must respond to these challenges. China’s unyielding stance on its present territorial and maritime claims and continued development of anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities are particularly worrisome. While it is premature to project a global power transition in which China eclipses U.S. power and influence, the United States needs to remain closely aware of and engaged in regional affairs to retain an influential role and remain a reliable security partner throughout the Asia-Pacific. This brief offers a set of force structure priorities for the United States as it grapples with China’s increasingly sophisticated capabilities.publicChinaripples of capabilityproliferationasymmetric technologiesThrough the Lens of Distance: Understanding and Responding to China’s “Ripples of Capability”articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4wx1p3jq2015-02-17T22:36:01Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 5 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wx1p3jqMahnken, Thomas G.author2013-04-01The United States is in the early stages of a debate over the size of the U.S. defense budget. That debate also reflects differing assessments of the nature of the international environment and the risks that the United States faces. One school of thought, which I have dubbed the New Orthodoxy, calls for the United States to accept greater risk in pursuing its historic interests. The other school, which I have dubbed the Heretics, calls for increasing defense resources to close the gap between ends and means.publicdefense budgetpolitical economyAsiaUnited Statesthreat assessmentDebating The U.S. Defense Budget: Cost Versus Riskarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5s5173w82015-02-17T22:34:36Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 9 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5s5173w8COWHEY, Peterauthor2013-04-01This brief examines the capacity of China to challenge America as a technology innovator. It assumes that the balance of innovation capacity matters for strategic strength in the long haul. Absent a fuller analysis of this assumption, this brief makes some ad hoc observations about the possible relationship. The analysis treats innovation as the successful commercialization (or strategic military application) of a technology change.publicAsiaChinatechnology innovationpolitical economysecurityThe Third Wave: Innovation and Strategic Military Capacity in the Futurearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9462k2xv2015-02-17T22:33:27Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 8 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9462k2xvPEKKANEN, Saadia M.author2013-04-01This policy brief evaluates the trends in Japan’s space policy directions, and assesses their implications for regional and global security in three parts. First, it focuses on the role of public and private players pivotal to the country’s space directions, and the context in which they have operated. Second, it sets out the main institutional and legal changes they have helped bring about. Finally, third, it lays out some implications that bear upon other space powers like China and the United States.publicpolitical economyJapanspace policysecurityAsiaJapan in Asia's Space Race: Directions and Implicationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2rb591mx2015-02-17T22:32:17Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefVol. 2013, no. 7 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rb591mxKAPLAN, Bradauthor2013-04-01Confrontations between China and other rival claimants in the South China Sea have gained increasing prominence in regional and international media, most recently during a 2012 standoff between Manila and Beijing over sovereignty of the Scarborough Shoals. The potential for miscalculation and escalation during these confrontations is of concern to policymakers in Washington in that the waterway is of vital strategic interest to the United States, and several of the rival claimants facing China are defense partners. A serious confrontation between China and one of these defense partners could well result in a broader crisis between China and the United States. This paper examines data relating to “significant” military confrontations in the South China Sea from 1974 to the present in an attempt to identify trends in the confrontations, the most likely future flashpoints, and the most likely antagonists. The brief concludes with policy recommendations related to deterring aggressive assertions in the South China Sea.publicAsiasecuritypolitical economySouth China Seamaritime power projectionChinaAccessing Future Flashpoints in the South China Seaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6wj0p7vr2015-02-17T22:30:48Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 6 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wj0p7vrYOSHIHARA, Toshiauthor2013-04-01China’s recent assertiveness in the South China Seas is a harbinger of things to come. Beijing’s seapower project and the enormous resources it has enjoyed have opened up new strategic vistas for Chinese leaders and military commanders. With larger and more capable seagoing forces at its disposal, Beijing is well positioned to fashion sophisticated strategies that will be more effective and equally difficult to counter. While such strategies do not—yet—portend the fundamental reordering of maritime Southeast Asia, they will likely yield incremental dividends that advance China’s larger aims at sea.publicpolitical economysecurityAsiaseapowermaritime projection of powerSouth China SeaChina's Political Uses of Seapowerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3mb1269b2015-02-17T22:29:28Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 4 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mb1269bSHIRK, Susan L.author2013-04-01After more than a decade of diplomacy designed to reassure the United States and Asian neighbors that it wasn’t a threat, Chinese foreign policy has turned more confrontational. The Chinese government and Communist Party make decisions by consensus, which theoretically should sustain a cautious foreign policy. It also would seem that China’s growing economic ties with its neighbors would motivate it to avoid conflict. However, examples of a newly assertive China abound. What can this trend tell us about the underlying characteristics of China’s political system?publicChinaAsiapolitical economysecurityCan China’s Political System Sustain Its Peaceful Rise?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7m5154nm2015-02-17T22:20:02Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 10 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m5154nmFEI, Johnauthor2012-01-01Domestic strategic preferences among state elites to prioritize economic and technological facets of national security have played a significant role in shaping the foreign policies of many Asian nations. This paper considers the role that elite preferences for economic and technological strength—preferences which are embedded and institutionalized in domestic political structures—played in shaping the security and economic policy responses of Japan, Korea, and Thailand towards China between 1992 and 2008. In all three countries, prioritization of national security in economic terms led elites to perceive threats through economic and/or development lenses. Domestic strategic evolution caused preferences to change over time, leading elites to confront China’s rising military and economic power in different ways.publicstrategic evolutionChinaKoreaJapanThailandnational securityExplaining Varying Asian Responses to China: Strategic Evolution in the Cases of Japan, Korea, and Thailandarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8n41x0872015-02-17T22:18:34Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 8 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n41x087BITZINGER, Richard A.author2012-01-01The most critical long-term trend affecting the East Asian security environment is the emergence of a more politically and militarily assertive China, driven by its economic growth and its sense of entitlement as a leading power in the region. To a certain extent, this emergence will conflict with a similarly rising India, but mostly it will clash with U.S. security interests in maintaining the (U.S.–predominant) status quo in the region. The region may stay reasonably stable for the next decade, but if trends continue, instability could grow in the western Pacific, particularly the South China Sea.publicMacro-trendsmilitary technologydefense scienceeast asiaRegional Macro-Trends in the Development of Military Technology and Defense Science and Technologyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5zt6n2772015-02-17T22:14:39Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 11 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zt6n277TAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Structural change in the international order will have the greatest effect in East Asia with the ascendancy of China as a world economic power. A two-pillar post- Cold War policy of “shaping” China into a model country while “hedging” against its potential as a strategic rival has had to give way under the reality that China is not only an actor “to be shaped” but also an actor “to shape” the region. A new China strategy of “integration, balancing, and deterrence” has been brought forward in the Japanese security policy community. The implications of this shift and of the aftermath of the Great East Japan earthquake for Japan and the region are outlined in this policy brief.publicJapanchina strategysecurity policyJapan's China Strategyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5sf691qt2015-02-17T22:13:11Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 2 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sf691qtSHEARER, Andrewauthor2012-01-01Australia’s geographic isolation, small population, and European roots have led it to make allies of distant yet powerful nations like the United States and the United Kingdom. As power shifts in the Asia-Pacific, Australia’s grand strategy must shift as well to keep it balanced between Western interests and the rise of China and India as major powers.publicAustraliaEast Asiasecuritymajor power politicsstrategyChanging Military Dynamics in East Asia: Australia’s Evolving Grand Strategyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7cc2p4h22015-02-17T22:11:53Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 1 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cc2p4h2MAHNKEN, Thomas G.author2012-01-01The United States has at least since World War II pursued a consistent set of aims in Asia. The United States faces a broad array of threats to its interests, including a protracted conflict with al-Qaeda and its affiliates, the threat posed by regional rogueswho will increasingly possess nuclear weapons, and the challenge posed by the rise of China. These threats will continue despite increasingly sharp limits on the resources the United States is willing to devote to defense. Because cutting back commitments is easier said than done, the United States is likely to face a growing gap between its aims and its ability to meet them.publicEast Asiamilitary dynamicsstrategysecurityThe United States’ Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Regionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08m367zt2015-02-17T22:08:04Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 POlicy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 12 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/08m367ztROVNER, Joshuaauthor2012-01-01While the U.S. Navy previously enjoyed more or less unfettered access to operate in the South China, East China, and Philippine Seas, new Chinese capabilities are likely to make these areas “contested zones.” Newly acquired or produced weapons systems could make life very difficult for the Navy in the region. Equipped with a range of new anti-access capabilities, China may even be able to deter the United States from intervening in the case of a war with Taiwan. Given the changes, it is not surprising that U.S. strategists are increasingly focused on solving the anti-access problem. One recently announced solution is AirSea Battle (ASB), an operational concept for integrating naval and air assets in order to overcome anti-access capabilities. This policy brief evaluates the pros and cons of AirSea Battle as it might be applied in a conflict between China and the United States.publicAirSea battleescalation risksU.S. NavyEast Asiaanti-accessAirSea Battle and Escalation Risksarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0wg066tj2015-02-17T22:06:33Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 1 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wg066tjBERTEAU, DavidauthorHOFBAUER, Joachimauthor2013-04-01This brief summarizes key trends and findings of two recent reports by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Despite the global financial crisis that began in 2008, research by CSIS has shown that many Asian countries experienced relatively low fiscal distress and continued to increase their level of involvement in global affairs during the crisis. Today, several Asian countries are already among the largest defense spenders in the world. In addition, unlike defense budgets in many other regions, including the West, Asian defense spending continues to increase.publicAsiadefensesecurity studiespolitical economyAsian Defense Spending Trendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0zd563ks2015-02-17T22:04:51Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 29 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zd563ksBräuner, Oliverauthor2011-09-01In recent years, China has made noticeable progress in its quest to become a global science and technology (S&T) power. EU leaders see China as both a competitor and as a partner for scientific cooperation. The European Union benefits immensely from cooperating with China and has expectations regarding access to Chinese markets, knowledge, personnel and funding opportunities. However, China–EU S&T cooperation has also met a number of challenges, including the infringement of intellectual property rights (IPR), increasing competition from the Chinese high-tech sector, limited market access for European companies, and Chinese “indigenous innovation” measures. In addition, some analysts have raised concerns about the potential security impact of European technology transfers to China. While Europeans need to develop a greater awareness of potential security implications of their cooperation with China, this cooperation will be essential if the EU wants to maintain its position as a global S&T leader. The best way to stay ahead in the global S&T race is not to follow a strategy of “scientific containment,” but to strengthen Europe’s own innovative capabilities.publicchinascience and technology powerindigenous innovationChina-EU cooperationChina’s Rise as a Global S&T Power and China–EU Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9s53b4j02015-02-17T22:03:58Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 6 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s53b4j0TAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Despite its limited presence in the international arms market, great strides have been made in the Japanese defense industry over the last decade, including development of new transport aircraft, a ballistic missile defense system, and a new class of submarines. While these achievements are partly motivated by internal drivers and themselves have driven the capability areas prioritized in the 2010 National Defense Program Guidelines, the main driving force has been the geostrategic realities in East Asia, particularly China’s A2/AD capabilities. Although Japan is making progress, missing capabilities have been brought to the forefront in the aftermath of the Great East Japan earthquake.publicJapandefense industrysciencetechnologyJapan’s Defense Industry, Science and Technology in the Northeast Asia Strategic Landscapearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt42g7h9zc2015-02-17T22:02:32Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 5 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/42g7h9zcHOYT, Timothy D.author2012-01-01India’s emergence as one of the great economic powers in the international system and its military strength position it to be a major player in the international system in the twenty-first century. However, its current policies, rooted in a vision of India’s role in the international order that once reflected a consensus of Indian elites, appear to reflect a mismatch between its growing means and its overall role in international affairs. The emergence of “new thinking” and debates are gradually breaking down the consensus of India’s founding generations. Drivers of change are many, but it remains to be seen which tips India from a passive regional power to a more assertive global one.publicInidagrand strategymilitarynew thinkingIndia’s Grand Strategy: Some Preliminary Thoughtsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt44v4t14z2015-02-17T21:59:29Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 4 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/44v4t14zTAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Among the various innovations introduced under the new National Defense Program Guidelines released by Japan in 2010, the most important is the “Dynamic Defense Force” concept, which will enable the Japan Self-Defense Forces to operate effectively in the gray area between war and peace that characterizes modern military missions.publicJapandefensemilitary dynamicsA Dynamic Defense Force for Japanarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3tr3t8sv2015-02-17T21:57:49Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tr3t8svHAGGARD, Stephenauthor2012-01-01The consideration of grand strategies on the Korean peninsula entails looking both at the approaches of North and South and at the dynamics between them. South Korean grand strategy is still anchored by its alliance with the United States; North Korean grand strategy is still struggling with the collapse of the Cold War alliance structures and the pursuit of reformist paths in China and Russia. The recent leadership transition in North Korea does not seem to offer much hope for improved relations between North and South or between South Korea and the United States.publicKoreagrand strategyallianceUnited StatesGrand Strategies on the Korean Peninsulaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1837k4vb2015-02-17T21:53:32Z am 3u CHANGING MILITARY DYNAMICS IN EAST ASIAVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 7 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1837k4vbBITZINGER, Richard A.author2012-01-01Key drivers of change in defense technology in Southeast Asia are regional insecurities and, more recently, the rise of China. Most countries in the region harbor some animosities toward each other that, while not manifesting themselves in a full-blown arms race, at least contribute to an “arms competition” within the community. This results in “tit-for-tat” arms acquisitions inconsistent with mere modernization. China’s recent actions in the South China Sea add to the regional insecurities that seem to rationalize the qualitative arms buildup for the countries involved. While the number of advanced systems remains small, these upgrades have the potential to make conflict much more devastating should it occur.publicSoutheast Asiadefensemilitary technologyarms competitionSoutheast Asian Approaches to Military Technology and Defense S&Tarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2vh7h9tg2015-02-17T21:44:31Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 10 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vh7h9tgPollpeter, Kevinauthor2010-09-01China’s space industry is a strategic sector that the country’s leaders point out “constitutes an important force in safeguarding national security, driving scientific and technological advancement, enhancing national comprehensive power, and boosting international competitiveness.” Indeed, since 2000 China has made impressive gains in space power, expanding its human spaceflight program, and launching its first lunar orbiter and an increasingly diverse number of satellites.However, 2009 was a year of setbacks for China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), one of the space sector’s two dominant conglomerates, as it faced increasingly complex challenges brought on by a new dual mandate. It is unclear at this point whether CASC can successfully serve both the economic and national security interests now required of it or how steep the learning curve will be as the corporation prepares to compete at the next level.publicChinaspace industryCASCChina’s Space Industry in 2009: A Year in Reviewarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3td2k3pz2014-10-01T19:21:43Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3td2k3pzKwong, Jeffauthor2012-01-01This white paper is part of a larger project by the University of California Institute on Global Con-flict and Cooperation (IGCC) to measure the level of defense transparency in Northeast Asia. The paper covers Japan, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of Korea (ROK), United States, and Russia in eight functional areas: 1) dis-closures in defense white papers; 2) information available on official defense websites; 3) reporting to the United Nations; 4) openness of defense budgets; 5) legislative oversight; 6) robustness of press independence; 7) reporting of international military activity; and 8) disclosure on cyber activi-tiespublicNortheast Asiadefense transparency2012 IGCC White Paper on Northeast Asia Defense Transparency, Summary Versionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3pb1j9m82014-06-20T21:41:11Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 3 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pb1j9m8JIMBO, Kenauthor2012-03-01The National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG) is the primary document of Japan’s defense policy, setting both guidelines for defense force planning and outlining the basic principles and policies of Japan’s national security strategy. The most recent NDPG, completed in 2010, introduces several new concepts such as “dynamic deterrrence” and based on recognition of a new security environment in the region. This brief highlights the new concepts and indicates two areas that must be addressed soon in order to make the NDPG fully executable.publicJapannational defensepolicyJapan’s National Defense Planning for the New Security Environment: The 2010 National Defense Program Guidelinesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1k3894k92014-06-20T21:40:51Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 3 (Oct. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1k3894k9Choi, Kangauthor2011-10-01In a change from the past, the government of the Republic of Korea now emphasizes communication with domestic as well as external audiences. However, practices during past military authoritarian regimes have left a lasting, negative impression on the public. As a result, the government still suffers from a credibility gap, making it difficult to gain support at home for its defense policies. The government may need to rethink the methods and content of its communications on defense in the face of continued demands for more detailed and timely information.publicRepublic of Koreacommunicationdefense transparency A Civilian Perspective on DefenseTransparency in the Republic of Korea: The More, the Better?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3485013j2014-06-20T21:40:39Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 5 (Oct. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3485013jLindsay, Jonauthor2011-10-01Most people believe that transparency improves governance, by improving trust in relations between governments and their people as well as with other governments. The devil, as always, is in the details. The paradox of transparency is that the metaphor conveys unproblematic revelation of true information, yet in practice the provision of believable, relevant information takes a lot of institutional and political work to achieve. Transparency in international security is more problematic because relationships between the information, its referent, and context of interpretation can be especially complex considering the multiple channels of information competing for attention and authority. This brief proposes a definition of “defense transparency” that takes these complexities into account, drawing on a pragmatic notion of communication between particular information sources, messages, and receivers, the normative goal of which is to enhance collective security.publictransparencyparadoxgovernancesecurityDefense Transparency: Seeking a Definition for a Paradoxical Conceptarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3x68v0bw2014-06-20T21:40:25Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 2 (Oct. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x68v0bwLe-Miere, Christianauthor2011-10-01Europe has pioneered and championed the cause of defense transparency, owing to the continent’s turbulent history and a desire to avoid these mistakes again. Defense transparency has improved in Europe as a result of the roles played by private industry and media, as well as the consequences of conflict or collaboration between the governments on the continent. The conditions that have encouraged greater transparency in Europe are not entirely reflected in Asia, but steps are being taken to gradually improve defense transparency in the region.publicdefense transparencyEuropeHarnessing the European Experience in Defense Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6fz866842014-06-20T21:40:08Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 1 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fz86684Fei, Johnauthor2012-03-01Contemporary Japanese approaches to defense transparency are informed by history, relations with external states, the domestic political configuration of institutions, and state–society interactions. Analysts from the Japanese defense establishment agree that greater levels of transparency are inherently good, while their counterparts from China note the importance of political and diplomatic relations in increasing the credibility of defense transparency efforts. There is a consensus that expectations of defense transparency should be realistic, and the emphasis should be on bilateral efforts to promote defense transparency.publicJapandefensetransparencyJapan’s Approaches to DefenseTransparency: Perspectivesfrom the Japanese and Chinese Defense Establishmentsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wv8d04p2014-06-20T21:39:55Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 2 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wv8d04pSUKEGAWA, Yasushiauthor2012-03-01This policy brief explains how Japan produces its annual defense white paper and how this publication and other defense reports promote transparency on Japan’s national defense. I outline the process of putting together the white paper and then suggest ways in which the process and the structure could be applied by other nations seeking to improve their defense transparency.publicJapanWhite PaperdefensetransparencyJapan’s Defense White Paper as a Tool for Promoting Defense Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7441m2q12014-06-20T21:39:32Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 1 (Oct. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7441m2q1Shin, Beomchulauthor2011-10-01The Republic of Korea has greatly enhanced defense transparency both domestically and internationally since the end of the 1990s, using a mix of strategies. However, the efforts of the current administration to enhance defense transparency at the international level do not match efforts at home. Some experts believe that the ROK is already on par with other nations and that its neighbors should reciprocate by shedding more light on their own defense policies and practices.publicRepublic of Koreadefense transparencystrategyThe Republic of Korea’s Perspective on Defense Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1149q1kt2014-06-20T21:39:13Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 6 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1149q1ktJianqun, TENGauthor2012-03-01In China, discussions of defense transparency usually revolve around China’s defense affairs and those of its counterparts, with little comment on the actions of other countries. This brief touches upon the basic evolution of Japan’s defense transparency and its current status, and analyzes three differing Chinese perspectives on Japan’s defense transparency.publicChinaperspectivesdefense transparencyJapanChinese Perspectives on Japan’s Defense Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt17q4457q2014-06-20T21:39:01Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 5 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/17q4457qKWONG, Jeffreyauthor2012-03-01While it is clear that Japan’s legislative body, the Diet, is empowered in budgeting and oversight mechanisms, there is no consensus on whether the Diet wields actual power in influencing defense policy and whether the Diet’s role in defense policy approaches that of other democratic legislative systems. In this policy brief, we first outline the substantial budgetary and oversight responsibilities carried out by the Diet’s ruling coalition. Second, we suggest a framework to strengthen the role of the Diet in improving defense transparency. In particular, we look at the coalitional nature of Japanese party politics, changing ideologies in the midst of constant party renaming and reorganization, and the lack of party defense policy platforms. We also examine the relationship of Diet members to two important actors in Japanese politics: 1) the media; and 2) the ruling coalition; in particular, the Diet’s relationship to the Prime Minister.publicJapanthe DietdefensepolicyThe Role of the Japanese Diet in Promoting Defense Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0zk864f12014-06-20T21:38:29Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 4 (Oct. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zk864f1Perlo-Freeman, Samuelauthor2011-10-01This policy brief discusses the key dimensions of military expenditure transparency and assesses them in relation to China. While spending transparency relates most obviously to the availability, reliability, detail, and comprehensiveness of information, it cannot be completely separated from broader defense policy formation issues. China has a robust framework for developing, implementing, and monitoring defense policy, budgeting, and expenditure, and producing readily-accessible budget and expenditure data in English and Chinese; however, these processes are largely carried out behind closed doors.publicmilitaryexpendituretransparencyChinaMeasuring Transparency in Military Expenditure: The Case of Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0b87j5jk2014-06-20T21:38:12Z am 3u DTP Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 4 (Mar. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0b87j5jkPempel, T.J.author2012-03-01This brief examines the issue of transparency during and after the period of political dominance by the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) which ruled with only a brief nine-month interruption from 1955–2009. It highlights two related but analytically separate dimensions of governmental transparency—transparency in decision-making processes and transparency in official policies. The first concentrates on the public visibility of how agencies decide on matters under their jurisdiction; the second focuses on how visible actual government policies are to those most affected by them and to the general citizenry. I argue that Japanese agencies have been far more open on policy content than on the processes by which those decisions were reached. In addition, this brief examines recent changes designed to foster greater transparency in both process and policy, including a Freedom of Information Act, e-government provisions, enhanced roles for parliamentary inquiry, a greater role for nongovernmental organizations, and other measures. It also highlights the broad shifts in government attitudes toward transparency under the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), which has governed since 2009.publicJapanbureaucratic transparencygovernmentJapanese Bureaucratic Transparencyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt36f0r9h22013-12-02T18:40:37Z am 3u SITC-NWC Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 2 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/36f0r9h2HAGGARD, Stephanauthor2013-04-01This policy brief links debates about the economic development of the Asia-Pacific to possible security implications. The brief makes four points. Past periods of high growth in the region have inevitably slowed, and China’s will too. The main question is whether thishappens gradually or as a result of crisis. Second, the global imbalances associated with export-oriented strategies and reserve accumulation have created strong dependence on the U.S. market. Third, the growth of intra-regional trade does not necessarily indicate a “decoupling” of the region. Increased Chinese leverage within the region may be exaggerated because of the continued role of international production networks in which Japanese, American, and European firms continue to play an important role. Finally, regional institutions are evolving and contributing to ongoing liberalization at the margin. But the institutional architecture remains fragmented and hamstrung by the tremendous diversity of the region’s political systems and economies.publicAsiapolitical economysecuritytradeThe East Asian Political Economy: Stylized Facts and Security Debatesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7n32m5wf2011-07-03T09:51:06Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n32m5wf1990-01-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Winter 1990articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5j20j32b2011-07-03T09:20:58Z am 3u Institute on Global Conflict and CooperationVol. 51, no. 6 (Jan. 1988) 1273-12990037-0746eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j20j32bJungerman, John Aauthor1988-01-01As a critique of SDI, the article covers all aspects of SDI development and implementation. From the politcal, legal and moral concerns presented by SDI to the technical difficulties in implementation of such systems, the ABM issue is tackled in whole by Jungerman.publicSDInuclear deterenceABM technologyThe Strategic Defense Initiative: A Critique and Primerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0kg7492b2011-07-02T13:45:15Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0kg7492b1996-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1996articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5x29d1r42011-07-02T10:53:15Z am 3u Institute on Global Conflict and CooperationVol. 127, no. 1 (Jan. 1988) 147-1540306-4522eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x29d1r4Kohn, WalterauthorBadash, Lawrenceauthor1988-01-01This paper discusses the response of the university, as an institution, to the "nuclear predicatmen" i.e. to the threat of a major nuclear war and its implications. The subject is treated in a rather broad context including teaching, research, conferences, community education, etc., at universities in the United States and Canada. The main emphasis, however, is on undergraduate education. The author's own insitution, the University of California, is examined in the greatest detail. A very limited statistical analysis is presented. The authors conclude that the University's role is still very inadequate and they estimate the amgnitude of additional required efforts.publicdopamineserotoninzebrafish forebrain developmentThe University and the Nuclear Predicamentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6j51x93q2011-07-02T10:52:39Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6j51x93qCarson, RichardauthorZilberman, Davidauthor1999-01-01To resolve Palestinian-Israeli conflicts over water resources, water should be treated as an economic commodity with resulting revenue divided according to a mutually agreed formula.publicIsraeli-Palestinian conflictsettlementswater resourcesResolving Israeli-Palestinian Water Issuesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt73x5r0xp2011-07-02T10:52:18Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/73x5r0xp1999-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1999articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0bt3m4v32011-07-02T10:52:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bt3m4v31998-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1998articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9gw5x4mw2011-07-02T10:51:59Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gw5x4mw1997-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1997articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bv8p2md2011-07-02T10:51:42Z am 3u Institute on Global Conflict and CooperationVol. 75, no. 10 (Jan. 1987) 3628-36300034-6748eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bv8p2mdCohen, DannyauthorLorge Pamas, Davidauthor1987-01-01A juxtaposition of two competing views regarding the development and implementation of SDI, the article takes its two positions from two separate sources. These opposing opinions are for either the implementation of SDI on defense grounds or the cancelling of SDI to prevent destabilitization.publicSDINuclear deterrenceNuclear proliferationSDI: Two Views of Professional Responsibilityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8d43m68d2011-07-02T10:51:37Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d43m68dGreb, G Allenauthor1987-01-01This paper looks at the interplay between the scientific community and the office of the President. In particular, the breakdown between policy formation and the scientific community as well as the politicization of scientific advisory position have decayed a once strong partnership.publicScientific AdviceSDINuclear policyScience Advice to Presidents: From Test Bans to SDIarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9k79c3mq2011-07-02T10:51:31Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k79c3mqKohn, WalterauthorNewman, FrankauthorRevelle, Rogerauthor1986-07-01The examination of the reasons behind the mid-1980s US withdrawl from UNESCO are the subject of this document. Citing an anti-US, third world centric bias, problems with enforcement and participation, the authors outline the findings of the 1986 IGCC Conference on the UNESCO crisis.publicUNESCOUS withdrawlinternational cooperationPerspectives on the Crisis of UNESCOarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt81c5j65p2011-07-02T10:51:03Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/81c5j65p1995-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1995articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0sp9x8g52011-07-02T10:50:51Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sp9x8g51994-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1994articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6zc5m57p2011-07-02T10:50:41Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zc5m57p1993-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1993articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5q3122n42011-07-02T09:37:34Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5q3122n41991-03-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Spring 1991articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1d75b7v02011-07-01T07:15:00Z am 3u Institute on Global Conflict and CooperationVol. 15, no. 9 (Jul. 2005) 601-6070956-4624eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1d75b7v0May, Michael Mauthor2005-07-01Written in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union, the document contains discussion about possible future trajectories for cooperation over Nuclear weapons. Seeing neither the grounds for continued competition nor immediate cooperation, the authors prescribe a path of cautious engagement in cooperative measures to diminish any nuclear threat.publicNuclear Weaponspost-Cold War politicscooperative frameworksWhat do we do with Nuclear Weapons Now?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt87b9h6gk2011-07-01T07:14:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/87b9h6gkHodes, ElizabethauthorTiddens, AdolphauthorBadash, Lawrenceauthor1985-01-01An examination of the initial reactions to the first laboratory based fission reaction, this document parallels the event to the openning of Pandora's box. Not only are the reactions to the benefits of Nuclear power analyzed but also the detrimental effects and negative applications.publicNuclear FissionThe Manhattan ProjectNuclear ArmsNuclear Fission: Reaction to the Discovery in 1939articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9dp322p42011-03-19T02:05:10Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dp322p41996-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1996articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9b58d3pn2011-03-19T02:02:43Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b58d3pn1992-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1992articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98f4p1tp2011-03-19T02:00:51Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98f4p1tp1998-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1998articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt848419wv2011-03-19T01:28:28Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/848419wv1990-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1990articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7jz296w82011-03-19T01:12:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jz296w81993-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1993articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6f68h8xq2011-03-19T00:39:33Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f68h8xq1995-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletterarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt40h1p7qq2011-03-18T23:27:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/40h1p7qq1994-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1994articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39g4x2p32011-03-18T23:07:35Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39g4x2p31997-09-01The following is an issue of IGCC's periodic Newsletter, detailing IGCC affairs and IGCC funded research initiatives.publicNewsletter Fall 1997articlelocal