2024-03-29T11:37:51Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wt3613v2019-04-26T16:34:55Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-1 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wt3613vCheung, Tai MingauthorMahnken, Thomas G.authorRoss, Andrew L.author2018-05-30The central focus in this brief is to make sense of different approaches to defense innovation by determining whether there are general patterns and characteristics that offer insights into questions such as why some states are able to pursue innovation at a faster rate or more advanced level than others, and the essential ingredients for successful innovation. This brief seeks to develop an understanding of the relationship between defense innovation and military innovation, and more specifically the linkages and interaction between the defense innovation system and the military establishment.publicinnovationgreat power competitionChinaUnited StatesdefenseAssessing the State of Understanding of Defense Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt170219mp2019-04-26T16:34:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-2 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/170219mpCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30This brief provides an analytical framework to identify, categorize, and assess the diverse array of factors that are involved in the pursuit of defense innovation, as viewed through an innovation ecosystem prism. Defense innovation systems are engaged in highly complex, time-consuming and resource-intensive work. Many of the insights from this framework are derived from an extensive examination into the state of innovation in the contemporary Chinese defense science, technology, andindustrial system, examined in more detail in Brief 2018-3 in this series.publicdefense innovationanalytical frameworkChinaCritical Factors in Enabling Defense Innovation: A Systems Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6rr4j9cv2019-04-26T16:33:41Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-8 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rr4j9cvKashin, Vasilyauthor2018-05-30Innovation in the Russian defense industry has drawn significant international attention since Russian President Vladimir Putin’s state of the nation address of March 1, 2018. While the first part of the address covered the usual ground of planned economic policies, the second part was an extended presentation of Russian defense industry achievements. What Putin left outwas as important as what he highlighted, and provides a clear picture of Russia’s prioritization of radical over incremental innovation, sometimes to the detriment of current battlefield readiness. This research brief discusses Russia’s successes and failures in modernizing its weapons systems since 2000.publicRussiadefense innovationPutinradical innovationRussian Defense Innovation in the 2010sarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1hw200dw2019-04-26T16:33:13Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-11 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hw200dwMahnken, Thomas G.author2018-05-30Defense innovation is the transformation of ideas and knowledge into new or improved products, processes, and services for military and dual-use applications. It refers primarily to organizations and activities associated with the defense and dual-use civil-military science, technology, and industrial base. Included at this level are, for instance, changes in planning, programming, budgeting, research, development, acquisition and other business processes. The period between the two world wars offers a rich set of cases for examining defense innovation. These include the development of armored warfare, strategic bombing, close air support, carrier aviation, amphibious warfare, and radio and radar. Whereas others have focused on military innovation in the interwar period, the focus of this brief is on defense innovation in general, andthe development of tanks in Britain, the United States, and Germany in particular.publicdefense innovationGermanyBritainUnited StatestanksInnovation in the Interwar Yearsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7c75995r2019-04-26T16:32:53Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-3 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c75995rCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30The preceding brief in the series provided an analytical framework for examining a country’s defense innovation system and the factors that shape innovation outcomes. This brief applies the framework to examine the factors at work in the Chinese defense innovation system. There are many reasons explaining the successful transformation of the Chinese defense innovation system from an ossified dinosaur in the 1990s to an increasingly credible military technological competitor on the global stage at the end of the 2010s. China’s approach to defense innovation has undergone considerable evolution since it launched a full-fledged modernization of its defense science, technology, and industrial (DSTI) system in the late 1990s. Some of these changes mirror what has taken place within the civilian sector, but there is also much that is different because of the specific dynamics of the defense arena.publicdefense innovationChinascience and technologyHow China’s Defense Innovation System Is Advancing the Country’s Military Technological Risearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6wb1f7tf2019-04-26T16:32:05Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. SEries 10, no. 2018-10 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wb1f7tfBehera, Laxman Kumarauthor2018-05-30India has expended a great deal of energy and resources to set up a vast defense economy to innovate and produce state-of-the-art weapon systems for use by the armed forces. However, the performance of the defense economy has been largely suboptimal, leading to poor self-reliancein arms procurement and heavy dependence on foreign sources for meeting the key defense requirements. An examination of the causes of poor performance exhibits a number of hortcomings related to India’s both 'hard' and 'soft' innovation capacities. Inefficiency and lack of reforms of the main research and development (R&D) and manufacturing players, meager R&D and procurement budgets, poor management of human resources, lack of strong support from the political leadership, and a weak acquisition system, leave India’s defense innovation in a poor state.publicdefense innovationIndiaarms procurementR&DExamining India’s Defense Innovation Performancearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt037138xt2019-04-26T16:31:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-6 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/037138xtLundmark, Martinauthor2018-05-30The defense innovation systems (DIS) in France and Sweden have longstanding traditions of domestic innovation and high self-reliance, but they differ greatly in how they have achieved these ambitions. France has almost complete self-reliance in defense technology and close government control of activities contributing to defense innovation and regarding the defense industry. In France, there is considerable state ownership, and foreign ownership is blocked. In contrast, Sweden has delimited its breadth of sovereign technology development since the 1990s, and now expresses three "essential security interests": fighter aircraft, underwater capability, and cyber. This research brief describes what characterizes the present defense innovation systems in these countries, discusses their similarities and differences, and points out factors that have led to their success.publicdefense innovationFranceSwedenstate ownershipA Quest for Autonomy and Excellence: The Defense Innovation Systems of France and Swedenarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt66n8s5br2019-04-26T16:31:02Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-12 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/66n8s5brKania, Elsa B.author2018-05-30Will the Chinese military succeed in advancing new frontiers of defense innovation? China has already emerged as a powerhouse in artificial intelligence and quantum technologies. The continued advances in these dual-use technologies may be leveraged for military applications pursuant to a national strategy of military-civil fusion. At this point, the trajectory of technological developments is uncertain, and considerable challenges remain to the actualization of deeper fusion of China’s defense and commercial sectors. However, if successful, China’s ambitions to lead in these strategic technologies could enable it to pioneer new paradigms of military power.publicChinadefense innovationartificial intelligenceAIquantum technologydual usemilitary-civil fusionNew Frontiers of Chinese Defense Innovation: Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Technologiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1958g0f92019-04-26T16:30:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-9 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1958g0f9Haggard, StephanauthorCheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30The international community has consistently underestimated North Korean nuclear and missile capabilities. How has an economically impoverished, technologically backward, and internationally isolated state been able to establish robust and increasingly competent nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs, especially since the mid-2010s? Has North Korea predominantly relied on foreign sources of technology or are its nuclear and missile programs the result of domestic effort? Even when technologies have been borrowed, a detailed analysis of the evolution of the programs suggests sustained domestic investment has proven crucial. The result is a far-flung and large weapons of mass destruction (WMD) infrastructure. Any negotiations over the program must take the extent of this infrastructure into account and consider the challenges of how to inspect, verify, and limit them, including through repurposing these capabilities to civilian uses.publicNorth Koreanuclear weaponsballistic missilesWMDNorth Korea’s Approach to Defense Innovation: Foreign Absorption, Domestic Innovation, and the Nuclear and Ballistic Weapons Industrial Basearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9bp5v4z72019-04-26T16:29:58Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-5 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bp5v4z7Gholz, EugeneauthorSapolsky, Harvey M.author2018-05-30The US defense innovation system enjoys tremendous advantages that other countries cannot readily replicate. It has accumulated capabilities over decades of funding and experimentation that dwarf other countries’ efforts, and the incentives to innovate in the United States are not easily replicable elsewhere. The unique US political system favors substitution of technology for labor, openness to new ideas, and competition among decentralized organizations to solve national security challenges. The constant worrying that the United States is losing its defense innovation advantages is simply part of the politics that keep the United States far, far ahead of its potential rivals.publicUnited Statesdefense innovationtechnologyThe Very Healthy US Defense Innovation Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7vp2x1552019-04-26T16:29:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-4 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vp2x155Bitzinger, Richardauthor2018-05-30Israel and Singapore are both countries with small populations and no strategic depth, and both see technology as a crucial force multiplier when it comes to national security. Israel, however, has been much more successful than Singapore in developing a range of indigenous military-technological innovations. The reasons are both geostrategic and cultural. Israel faces a much more looming and imminent threat which demands more military-technological innovation. Moreover, Israel’s informal and anti-hierarchical society is much more supportive than Singapore’s when it comes to risk-taking and experimentation.publicIsraelSingaporedefense innovationmilitary-technological innovationindigenous industryMilitary-Technological Innovation in Small States: The Cases of Israel and Singaporearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4t07267h2019-04-26T16:29:02Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018-7 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t07267hAdamsky, Dmitryauthor2018-05-30The brief reflects on the evolution of the Israeli approach to military innovation and describes its proclivities, in order to enable comparative analysis and a more generalizable analytical framework. It first describes the structural factors that account for the Israeli fixation on the military-industrial complex and defense innovation; then it outlines the social-organizational factors, which have enabled and conditioned its realization. It concludes with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the Israeli approach and a review of recent trends.publicdefense innovationIsraelqualitative military edgeThe Israeli Approach to Defense Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7p85x8w92019-04-26T16:28:11Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 10, no. 2018 (May. 2018)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p85x8w9Cheung, Tai Mingauthor2018-05-30How do countries around the world approach and engage in defense innovation? Are there common patterns, catalysts, and enabling factors that identify and explain why some countries are successful while others struggle? This year’s edition of research briefs from the University of California’s Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation Study of Innovation and Technology in China project examines these questions.publicdefense innovationIntroduction to 2018 SITC Research Briefsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt67x812nh2019-04-22T16:44:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/67x812nhMILLER, Josephauthor2013-06-12publicChinamilitary policyPLA NavySITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Dream Armyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9x38n9b32019-04-22T16:44:18Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x38n9b3ANDERSON, Ericauthor2013-05-01publicChinaadditive manufacturing3D printingSITC Bulletin Analysis: Additive Manufacturing in China: Threats, Opportunities, and Developments (Part I)articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7h12120m2019-04-22T16:43:55Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7h12120mANDERSON, Ericauthor2013-05-09publicChinaadditive manufacturing3D printingaviationaerospacelaser metal depositionSITC Bulletin Analysis: Additive Manufacturing in China: Aviation and Aerospace Applications (Part 2)articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9xs4q8rn2019-04-22T16:43:30Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9xs4q8rnREED, Laurenauthor2013-03-13publicChinaspace launch vehiclesScotlandChina Academy of Launch Vehilc TechnologyCALTUniversity of Strathclyderesearch collaborationsspace industrySITC Bulletin Analysis: University of Strathclyde and CALT Launch Joint Laboratoryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1839q9q82019-04-22T16:43:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1839q9q8TSAY, Brianauthor2013-07-01publicChinahigh performance computingHPCTianhesupercomputersexascale computingdual use863 ProgramSITC Bulletin Analysis: The Tianhe-2 Supercomputer: Less than Meets the Eye?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2tr126jk2019-04-22T16:42:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tr126jkWILSON, Jordanauthor2014-01-01publicChinahigh performance computingHPCoil securityTianheexascale computingoil explorationSITC Bulletin Analysis: Supercomputing and Energy in China: How Investment in HPC Affects Oil Securityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt06k0x5q52019-04-22T16:42:12Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/06k0x5q5LU, Hanluauthor2013-03-27publicChinaY-20military transport aircraftUkrainedefense aviationdefense procurementSITC Bulletin Analysis: Competition and Cooperation: The Story Behind the Y-20 Maiden Flightarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2js0c5r82019-04-22T16:41:49Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2js0c5r8POLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-10-17publicChinaspace explorationroboticssatellite technologyspace debrisdual-useSITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Space Robotic Arms Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9fv8r5jx2019-04-22T16:41:27Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9fv8r5jxPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-02-01publicChinamissile defenseballistic missileASATdirect ascent kinetic killSITC Bulletin Analysis: China's Second Ballistic Missile Defense Test: A Search for Strategic Stabilityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4j31w3152017-02-28T20:26:54Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4j31w315CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2017-02-28publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionmilitary technologyIntroduction: The Emergence of Direct US‒China Defense Technological Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4s99s9rs2017-02-28T20:20:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-7 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4s99s9rsPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2017-02-28This research brief examines strategic competition between China and the United States in the fields of missiles, space, and counterspace. In particular, it looks at Chinese military advances in anti-ship missile (ASM), space, and counterspace technologies and the response of the US military to these developments. China and the United States find themselves in a security dilemma characterized by a competition that could easily turn into an arms race.publicChinaUnited Statesspace technologymissilesstrategic competitioncounterspaceThe US-China Reconnaissance-Strike Competition: Anti-Ship Missiles,Space, and Counterspacearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4x89j4n12017-02-28T20:19:44Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-9 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x89j4n1CLARK, BryanauthorWILSON, Jordanauthor2017-02-28This brief examines the nature and extentof maritime competition between the United States and China and what enduring advantages and disadvantages each possesses, yielding insights for US strategy going forward.publicChinaUnited Statesmaritime competitionmilitary technologystrategic competitionpower projectionStrategic Competition Between the United States and China in the Maritime Realmarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5f30512q2017-02-28T20:18:58Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-6 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f30512qBLAKELEY, Katherineauthor2017-02-28Department of Defense concerns over an eroding technological and capabilityadvantage have spurred the development of the Third Offset Strategy to focus investments on areas of greatest US competitive advantage. However, flat defense budgets and rising operations and maintenance costs will continue to constrain procurement and research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) spending within the US defense budget over the near and medium term. Later-stage RDT&E for the technological maturation of weapons systems and platforms in development will be more impacted. This brief outlines US defense budgetary trends for the overall defense budget and for RDT&E spending, highlights areas of particularrisk, and describes the potential impacts on US defense technological innovation.publicUnited Statesdefense budgetsdefense R&DThird Offset Strategymilitary technologyLong-Term US Defense Budget Trends and Implications for Defense Technological Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt84v3d66k2017-02-28T20:18:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-4 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/84v3d66kCHEUNG, Tai MingauthorANDERSON, EricauthorYANG, Fanauthor2017-02-28Critical reforms are taking place in China’s defense industry. New long-term plans and institutional arrangements, an emphasis on turnkey technologies and civil-military integration (CMI), research institute system reforms, and capital market access will help the Chinese defense industry move to higher-endinnovation and away from reliance on foreign technology transfers. Themain implication for the United States is an increased ability for China to forge an independent development path that will be more resistant to US competitive strategies. The pace and intensity of Chinese defense industry development represents a long-term challenge to US superiority in military technology.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary technologystrategic competitioncivil-military integrationChinese Defense Industry Reforms and Their Implications for US-China Military Technological Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43m5m3gp2017-02-28T20:17:22Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-2 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43m5m3gpCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2017-02-28How do Chinese decision-makers and strategists view the United States todayas a military strategic competitor especially in light of the US Third Offset Strategy? This brief examines the nature, dynamics, and direction of intensifying US–China military strategic technology competition and how the Third Offset Strategy may influence implementation of Chinese strategies and plans for long-termdevelopment of its military technological and war-fighting capabilities.publicChinaUnited Statesweapons development strategystrategic competitionUS–China Military Technological Competition and the Making of Chinese Weapons Development Strategies and Plansarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5wh2v87n2017-02-28T20:16:47Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-3 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5wh2v87nFAN, Gaoyueauthor2017-02-28Chinese defense analysts have widely divergent views on the rationale and intentions behind the US Third Offset Strategy. Some characterize it as a trap to induce China and Russia into an arms race or a hoax designed by the United States to cover its weaknesses. Others see it as a competitive strategy to seek technological superiority that will safeguard the security of the United States and its regional allies and partners. This brief presents a Chinese perspective on the strategy and its motivations, and offers some possible Chinese responses as China upgrades its defense technological capabilities.publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionThird Offset Strategymilitary technologyA Chinese Perspective on the US Third Offset Strategy and Possible Chinese Responsesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3nx3n18x2017-02-28T20:15:06Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-13 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nx3n18xMONTGOMERY, Evan Bradenauthor2017-02-28T he United States and China are engaged in an intensifying struggle for relative power, geopolitical influence, and positional advantage within East Asia and beyond. The military dimension of this bilateral competition has focused on the effectiveness of US conventional force projection capabilitiesversus the effectiveness of Chinese conventional anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) capabilities. As the back-and-forth between the rivals continues to evolve, emerging technologies such as those associated with the US Third Offset Strategy could significantly change the dynamics. It is difficult, however, to predict which side will gain and which will lose. The brief presents key factors to consider when assessing the long-term effects of these new technologies.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary technologystrategic competitionemerging technologiesUS-China Competition in Defense Technological and Industrial Development: Implications for the Balance of Power Over the Long Termarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9140j98k2017-02-28T20:14:23Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-12 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9140j98kBITZINGER, Richardauthor2017-02-28As tensions mount between China and the United States in the western Pacific, countering China’s growing anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities has been a major focus of the Pentagon’s current Third Offset Strategy, which is designed to leverage US advantages in new and emerging critical technology areas. The brief explores the implications of a push for cutting-edge military technology capabilties for both the US defense industry and the global arms industry and concludes that the United States might have to go it alone, at least in the short term.publicChinaUnited Statesarms industrystrategic competitionmilitary technologystrategic comeptitionThird Offset StrategyUS-China Competition, the Third Offset Strategy, and Implications for the Global Arms Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3pk902hm2017-02-28T20:13:27Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-14 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk902hmSNELDER, Julianauthor2017-02-28The Trump administration has prioritized economic policy—particularly trade with China. This emphasis is appropriate, given the extraordinary relative gains China has made in recent decades and the gigantic bilateral trade imbalance it has with the United States. Trade binds the two nations together. To some extent the imbalance reflects their complementarity, butit has also introduced unhealthy asymmetric financial dependencies. More fundamentally, it has enabled a steady transfer of knowledge that has allowedChina to substantially close the technology gap with the United States. Despite remaining much poorer overall, China is mobilizing its vast savings towards strategic projects. In some areas, it is now a near-peer rival. Advanced manufacturing is becoming a new theatre of superpower competition.publicChinaUnited Stateseconomic competitioncompetitive strategyLong-Term Economic, Financial, and Industrial Trends in the United States and Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2pq268gz2017-02-28T20:12:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-10 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pq268gzALDERMAN, DanielauthorRAY, Jonathanauthor2017-02-28As the United States and China continue their strategic competition fornew and emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and othermachine learning concepts have emerged as key enablers for both commercialand defense applications. This research brief presents AI R&D as a case study to build an analytical framework and sixmodels for understanding interactions between key players in the China–US competition. The models demonstrate the broad range of activities thatChinese planners utilize to pursue strategic objectives in AI and other emergingtechnologies. From domestic R&D to formal espionage, the models contextualize the complex interactions within this competition, providing a framework to forecast and analyze the coming decades of cooperation and conflict.publicChinaUnited Statesstrategic competitionartificial intelligenceemerging technologydual-use technologyBest Frenemies Forever: Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, and China–US Strategic Competitionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2dh5c1nh2017-02-28T20:11:28Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-11 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dh5c1nhKASHIN, Vasilyauthor2017-02-28The development of the US Third Offset Strategy has been closely watched by the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian defense industry, and Russian academics and government agencies. Although Russia has active technology development programs comparable to those associated with the Third Offset Strategy, the Russian authorities are paying close attention to what effects US breakthroughs might have on strategic, especially nuclear, stability. In light of worsening relations with the West, Russia seems to be reconsidering its previous model of defense industry cooperation with China. Joining efforts at this stage may be seen by the two countries as the only way to prevent the United States from gaining a decisive military and technological advantage.publicChinaUnited StatesRussiamilitary technologystrategic competitionThird Offset StrategyRussian Perspectives on the Third Offset Strategy and Its Implications for Russian-Chinese Defense TechnologicalCooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt00p6c0v82017-02-28T20:10:32Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-8 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/00p6c0v8MASTRO, Oriana SkylarauthorCHASE, Michaelauthor2017-02-28Given bilateral tensions and the importance of airpower to national defense, has long-term strategiccompetition between the United States and China in the military aviation sector emerged? This brief evaluates US and Chinese military aviation through three factors that shed light on the degree and nature of strategic competition: resource allocations, targeted platform development, and airpower employment concepts. While China has been competing with the United States for decades, China has only recently begun to drive US decisions. Cost-imposing strategies may not favor the United States, so innovation and technological developments in military aviation should focus on how to thwart China’s ability to achieve its military objectives.publicChinaUnited Statesmilitary aviationmilitary technologystrategic competitionresource allocationsLong-Term Strategic Competition Between the United States and China in Military Aviationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5n80302d2017-02-28T20:08:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-5 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5n80302dLUCYSHYN, WilliamauthorRIGILANO, Johnauthor2017-02-28With the US military’s technological edge eroding, the US Department of Defense (DoD) has embarked on a path to renew its superiority through the implementation of its Third Offset Strategy. Implementationwill require a vibrant and innovative industrial base; however, external forces are actively shaping the US defense industrial base and limiting its capabilities. This brief explores some of these forces―including continued budgetary pressure, downward trends in research investment, a growing regulatory burden, and a reluctance to embrace globalization―and offers suggestions for a course of action for policymakers.publicChinaUnited StatesThird Offset Strategymilitary technologycompetitive strategyForces Shaping the US Defense Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0754362r2017-02-28T20:05:50Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. Series 9, no. 2017-1 (Feb. 2017)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0754362rMAHNKEN, Thomasauthor2017-02-28The concept of long-term peacetime competition between great powers isdeeply rooted in history. This brief offers a framework for thinking about afamily of peacetime competitive strategies. It begins by describing the conceptand provides four approaches to competitive strategy: denial, cost imposition,attacking a competitor’s strategy, and attacking a competitor’s political system.It then explores the criteria that strategists and policymakers should consider informulation of a competitive strategy. It concludes with some thoughts on how toevaluate the success of such a strategy and how the United States measures up.publiccompetitive strategygreat powers competitiondefense strategyChinaUnited StatesA Framework for Examining Long-Term Strategic Competition Between Major Powersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt82d8b9x32015-02-23T20:57:05Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 5 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/82d8b9x3ERICKSON, Andrewauthor2015-01-01publicChinaleadership hierarchyadministrationresearch and developmentPuppies Who Climbed Out of the River: The Roles and Influence of Chief Commanders and Designersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6vn1m0b12015-02-23T20:56:31Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 7 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vn1m0b1ALDERMAN, Danielauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologydefenseresearch and developmenthigher educationHigher Education and China’s Defense Science and Technology Establishmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6s6192512015-02-23T20:55:57Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 9 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s619251McREYNOLDS, JoeauthorRAGLAND, Leigh A.authorCHANG, Amyauthor2015-01-01publicChinaDefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologyhuman capitalThe Human Capital Ecosystem Underlying the PLA’s Network Weapons Developmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2v47b0742015-02-23T20:55:20Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 8 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2v47b074WRIGHT, Darren J.author2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologyresearch and developmentdefense innovationDefense Science and Technology Innovation Teams: Mechanisms and Indicators for Indigenous Innovation in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5qg340x32015-02-23T20:54:43Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qg340x3YANG, Fanauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologyresearch and developmentrecruitmentleadership hierarchydefense innovationSurveying China’s Science and Technology Human Talents Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt30h2t8tr2015-02-23T20:54:10Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 2 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h2t8trSALVINO, Limingauthor2015-01-01publicChinarecruitmentresearch and developmentscience and technologyChina’s Talent Recruitment Programs: The Road to a Nobel Prize and World Hegemony in Science?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8130b5h62015-02-23T20:53:24Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 6 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8130b5h6ANDERSON, Ericauthor2015-01-01publicChinapolicy historydefense innovationdefense policyThe Political and Bureaucratic Influence of the Defense Industrial Lobby in the Chinese Policy Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2f7872rr2015-02-23T20:52:38Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 11 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2f7872rrKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2015-01-01publicChinadefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologydefense policySpecialist Communities: People and Cultures in China’s Defense Science and Technology Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt19t4n2x82015-02-23T20:52:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 10 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/19t4n2x8WILSON, Jordanauthor2015-01-01publicChinaDefense InnovationDefense ResearchScience and TechnologyExperts in Defense: How China’s Academicians Contribute to Its Defense Science and Technology Developmentarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt13v9h80b2015-02-23T20:51:04Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No.4 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/13v9h80bPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2015-01-01publicChinaleadership hierarchyresearch and developmentadministrationRed, But More Expert: The Evolution of China’s “Two Chiefs” Program Manager Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt65s6v3j32015-02-23T19:34:29Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2015, no. No. 1 (Jan. 2015)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/65s6v3j3CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2015-01-01publicChinascience and technologydefense innovationresearch and developmentleadership hierarchyThe Human Dimension in Chinese Defense Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Overviewarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7fz773rx2015-02-23T19:33:32Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 10 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fz773rxCOLLINS, GabeauthorCLEMENS, MorganauthorGUNNESS, Kristenauthor2014-01-01publicChinaDefense innovationresearch and developmentshipThe Type 054/054A Frigate Series: China’s All-Purpose Surface Combatantarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6f26w11m2015-02-23T19:32:49Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 9 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f26w11mPOLLPETER, KevinauthorANDERSON, EricauthorMcREYNOLDS, JoeauthorRAGLAND, Leigh A.authorTHOMAS, Gary L.author2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentscience and technologydefense innovationEnabling Information-Based System of System Operations: The Research, Development, and Acquisition Process for the Integrated Command Platformarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8sh4b5702015-02-23T19:26:12Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 11 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sh4b570COOPER, Cortez A., IIIauthorALDERMAN, DanielauthorCOZAD, Markauthor2014-01-01publicChinaDefenseresearch and developmentscience and technologyordnancerocketChina’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition in the Ordnance Sector: A Multiple Launch Rocket System Case Studyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9vb3c01t2015-02-23T19:25:23Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 12 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vb3c01tCHASE, Michael S.authorLIEGGI, StephanieauthorERICKSON, Andrew S.authorLAFFERTY, Brianauthor2014-01-01publicChinanuclearresearch and developmentacquisitionChina’s Nuclear Weapons Program and the Chinese Research, Development, and Acquisition Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3p05b9xp2015-02-23T18:42:09Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 7 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p05b9xpPOLLPETER, KevinauthorBESHA, PatrickauthorKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2014-01-01publicResearch and developmentsatelliteChinaspace industryThe Research, Development, and Acquisition Process for the Beidou Navigation Satellite Programsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7nz5z6f02015-02-23T18:41:30Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 4 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nz5z6f0PUSKA, Susan M.authorSHRABERG, AaronauthorALDERMAN, DanielauthorALLEN, Janaauthor2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentdefensescience and technologydecision hierarchyA Model for Analysis of China’s Defense Life Cycle Management Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1wm202sh2015-02-23T18:40:46Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wm202shMARCUM, Maggieauthor2014-01-01publicdefense innovationresearch and developmentscience and technologyjetA Comparative Study of Global Fighter Development Timelinesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4dp213kd2015-02-23T18:40:06Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 5 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dp213kdCheung, Tai Mingauthor2014-01-01publicChinascience and technologyforeign influenceresearch and developmentacquisitionsdefenseThe Role of Foreign Technology Transfers in China’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0m36465p2015-02-23T18:39:26Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 8 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m36465pERICKSON, AndrewauthorLU, HanluauthorBRYAN, KathrynauthorSEPTEMBRE, Samuelauthor2014-01-01publicChinaresearch and developmentscience and technologyaviationacquisitionResearch, Development, and Acquisition in China’s Aviation Industry: The J-10 Fighter and Pterodactyl UAVarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3w58q0s22015-02-23T18:38:23Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. 2014 - Introduction (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w58q0s2POLLPETER, Kevinauthor2014-01-01publicIntroductionResearchDevelopmentAcquisitionprocessessecurityIntroduction to 2014 SITC Policy Briefsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7n49c6382015-02-23T18:37:40Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 2 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n49c638MARCUM, Maggieauthor2014-01-01publicscience and technologydefense innovationresearch and developmentunited statesDARPAAssessing High-Risk, High-Benefit Research Organizations: The “DARPA Effect”articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7s48w1ck2015-02-23T18:36:53Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 1 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s48w1ckMARCUM, MaggieauthorMILSHYN, Aliaksandrauthor2014-01-01publicScience and TechnologyAcquisition processresearch and developmentdefense spendingChanging Trends in Global Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt82r7r1nj2015-02-23T18:36:06Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. No. 6 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/82r7r1njWALSH, Kathleen A.author2014-01-01publicChinaScience and Technologydefenseresearch and developmentChina’s Defense Technology Acquisition System, Processes, and Future as an Integrator and Supplierarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0712b02z2015-02-20T17:56:04Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 2 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0712b02zWANG, Yuanauthor2013-12-01publicchinapolicy historyscience and technologyEvolution and System Characteristics of China’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Policiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4dp391jr2015-02-20T17:55:45Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. No. 3 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dp391jrSHI, Dinghuanauthor2013-12-01publicChinascience and technologyleadershipdecision hierarchyMLPThe Role of Top-Level Key Actors in STI Decision-making in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bx8q49c2015-02-20T17:55:34Z am 3u SITC- STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 4 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bx8q49cHART, David M.author2013-12-01publicScience and technologyunited statespresidentobamadecision hierarchyThe Role of the President in STI Policy-Making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2zb3r0g32015-02-20T17:55:24Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 5 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zb3r0g3GOLDSTON, Davidauthor2013-12-01publicScience and technologycongresspolicydecision hierarchyThe Role of Congress in U.S. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5742m5362015-02-20T17:55:01Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 8 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5742m536HOLLAND, Michaelauthor2013-12-01publicbudgetunited statespolicy historyscience and technologyKey Players and the Nature of Their Interactions in U.S. STI Policy: Resource and Budgetary Allocations by the White House and Congressarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vk8m4972015-02-20T17:54:50Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 10 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vk8m497STINE, Deborah D.author2013-12-01publichonorific organizationpolicy historyscience and technologyunited statesThe Roles and Influence of Congressionally-Chartered Honorific Organizations on STI Policy Decision making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5ct6k4wj2015-02-20T17:54:38Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 7 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ct6k4wjBONVILLIAN, William B.author2013-12-01publicInnovation historypolicy historyscience and technologyunited statesThe Evolving Organization of U.S. Innovation Agencies: An Overviewarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt21r7684h2015-02-20T17:54:13Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 6 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/21r7684hGOLDSTON, Davidauthor2013-12-01publicUnited StatesgovernmentScience and Technologydecision processmultiple actorspolicyKey Leaders in U.S. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0sm3191p2015-02-20T17:54:04Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 13 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sm3191pSUN, Fuquanauthor2013-12-01publicChinascience and technologyuniversitiespolicy historyThe Role of Research Institutes and Universities in Science and Technology Decision-making in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98c3g34q2015-02-20T17:53:37Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 9 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98c3g34qGUO, Rongauthor2013-12-01publicChinaScience and technologybudgetfinancial hierarchyKey Players and the Nature of Their Interactions in Chinese STI Resource and Budgetary Allocationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9280v8452015-02-20T17:53:20Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 11 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9280v845FEALING, Kaye H.author2013-12-01publicNational Science Foundationscience and technologyunited statespolicyNational Science Foundation and National Institute of Standards and Technology Roles and Influences on STI Policymakingarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8f61q12j2015-02-20T17:53:05Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 12 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f61q12jSHANK, Charles V.author2013-12-01publicunited statespolicy historyscience and technologymultiple agenciesuniversitiesFederally-Funded Research and Development Centers and Universities: Roles and Influence on STI Policy Decision-Making in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt89m2s9932015-02-20T17:52:44Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 14 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/89m2s993ANDERSON, EricauthorNAUGHTON, BarryauthorCHEUNG, Tai MingauthorCOWHEY, PeterauthorXUE, LanauthorCHEN, LingauthorWANG, Gangboauthor2013-12-01publicunited stateschinacomparativemeasureinnovation gapscience and technologyMeasuring the U.S.-China Innovation Gap: Initial Findings of the UCSD-Tsinghua Innovation Metrics Survey Projectarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt84b0997x2015-02-20T17:52:19Z am 3u SITC - STI Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. STI No. 1 (Dec. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/84b0997xSHIPP, Stephanie S.author2013-12-01publicscience and technologypolicy historydecision hierarchyunited statesThe Historical Evolution of STI Policy Decision-making and Key System Characteristics in the United Statesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt75z4632q2015-02-20T17:50:59Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2014, no. Policy Brief 2014-1 (Jan. 2014)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/75z4632qMARCUM, MaggieauthorMILSHYN, Aliaksandrauthor2014-01-01publicdefenseresearchdevelopment and acquisitionRDAdefense spendingChanging Trends in Global Research, Development, and Acquisition Processarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9c5297x42015-02-20T17:50:27Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. Policy Brief 2 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c5297x4HAGGARD, Stephanauthor2013-04-01publicChinaEast Asiaregional securityeconomic growthThe East Asian Political Economy: Stylized Facts and Security Debatersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1tw930nf2015-02-18T17:12:14Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-15 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tw930nfCHASE, Michael S.author2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryPeople's Liberation ArmyPLASecond Artillerymissilesweapons manufacturingThe PLA's Second Artillery Force as a Customer of China's Defense Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1nh554zp2015-02-18T17:09:10Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-14 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1nh554zpCOOPER, Cortez A.author2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryPeople's Liberation ArmyPLAscience and technologydefense modernizationChina's Evolving Defense Economy: A PLA Ground Force Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2sz739zt2015-02-18T17:06:26Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-13 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sz739ztCOLE, Bernard D.author2013-01-01publicChinanaval forcesindigenous innovationdefense modernizationPLA NavyChina's Navy Embraces Technology: Western Science, Chinese Culture?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1pf1d3602015-02-18T17:03:46Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-12 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1pf1d360SAUNDERS, Phillip C.authorWISEMAN, Joshuaauthor2013-01-01publicChinaPeople's Liberation ArmyPLAaviationdefense industrymodernizationThe People's Liberation Army Air Force and the Chinese Aviation Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6c39c4s92015-02-18T17:00:23Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-11 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c39c4s9KASHIN, Vasilyauthor2013-01-01publicChinaRussiatechnical cooperationmilitarydefense industryscience and technologyMilitary-Technical Cooperation Between Russia and China: Current State and Prospectsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1712q1h02015-02-18T16:56:47Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. 2013-10 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1712q1h0LAFFERTY, BrianauthorSHRABERG, AaronauthorCLEMENS, Morganauthor2013-01-01publicChinacivil-military integrationdual usetechnologydefense modernizationChina's Civil-Military Integrationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7dg9q3902015-02-18T16:53:30Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-9 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dg9q390YUAN, Jingdongauthor2013-01-01publicChinaJapanFukushimanuclear powerdual usesafetynuclear reactorsChina's Nuclear Industry After Fukushimaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt51d1d8nq2015-02-18T16:50:40Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-8 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/51d1d8nqALDERMAN, DanielauthorDING, Arthurauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryordnanceweapons manufacturingCNGCCSGCinnovationChina's Ordnance Industry: More Butter Than Gunsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5t69455d2015-02-18T16:47:34Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-7 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5t69455dRAGLAND, LeighAnnauthorMCREYNOLDS, JoeauthorGEARY, Debraauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense industryelectronicsinformation technologyITcivil-military integrationmilitary procurementindigenous innovationChina's Defense Electronics and Information Technology Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08p1p8q02015-02-18T16:47:18Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-1 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/08p1p8q0CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2013-01-01publicChinadefense economyhigh technologydefense industrymilitaryresearchdevelopmentand acquisitionThe Chinese Defense Economy in the Early 2010sarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8635t00n2015-02-18T16:42:36Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-6 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8635t00nCOLLINS, Gabeauthor2013-01-01publicChinawarshipshipbuilding industrymilitary modernizationnaval forcesChina Has Become a Top Global Warship Builderarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8t12095f2015-02-18T16:39:15Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-5 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t12095fRASKA, MichaelauthorKROLIKOWSKI, Alannaauthor2013-01-01publicChinamilitaryaviationdefense industryinnovationAVICChina's Military Aviation Industry: In Search of Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5dd6x16q2015-02-18T16:34:56Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-4 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dd6x16qPOLLPETER, Kevinauthor2013-01-01publicChinaaerospace industryintegrated innovationCASCdefense R&DThe China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and the Concept of Integrated Innovation: A Case Studyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5g83p0sc2015-02-18T16:29:20Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. Research Brief 2013-3 (Jan. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g83p0scMARCUM, Maggieauthor2013-01-01publicChinaresearchdevelopmentand acquisitioninnovationdefense industryRDA processesDeveloping a Framework to Identify Innovation in the Defense Research, Development, and Acquistion Processesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1247k8mv2015-02-18T16:22:09Z am 3u SITC Research BriefsVol. 2013, no. 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Policy Brief 18 (Aug. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bk9533cERNST, Dieterauthor2011-08-01publicChinainnovation policystandardizationindigenous innovationUS-China cooperationToward Greater Pragmatism? China's Approach to Innovation and Standardizationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0366d6702015-02-18T15:49:04Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 16 (Dec. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0366d670CHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2010-12-01publicChinamilitaryscience and technologyChinese Communist Party18th Party CongressThe Changing Dynamics Behind China's Rise as a Military Technological Powerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6q33s2sm2015-02-18T15:44:15Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 17 (Jan. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6q33s2smCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-01-01publicChinaaircraftJ-20military aviationdefense STIThe J-20 Fighter Aircraft and the State of China's Defense Science, Technology, and Innovation Potentialarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7w69j12v2015-02-17T23:15:00Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 28 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w69j12vBitzinger, RichardauthorRaska, MichaelauthorLean, Collin Koh SweeauthorWeng, Kelvin Wong Kaauthor2011-09-01The position of an arms producing country or region in the global arms industry is dictated by the relative level of its indigenous capabilities for independent defense-related research and development (R&D) and manufacturing. Tier 1 countries such as the United States are considered to have a techonological edge, based on their ability to innovate, over Tier 2 modifiers and adapters such as China and India. Progress in the Chinese aerospace industry demonstrates its rapid trajectory from copier/reproducer of technologies to adaptor/modifier, and, in some cases, developer and designer. Do these trends mean that China is on the verge of becoming a Tier 1 arms producer?publicresearch and developmentmanufacturingChinatier 1aerospace industryLocating China’s Place in the Global Defense Economyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39f4r84w2015-02-17T23:14:07Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 3 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39f4r84wCheung, Tai Mingauthor2010-09-01Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China’s defense science, technology, and innovation (DSTI) system has been vigorously developing a comprehensive set of innovation capabilities that will eventually allow it to join the world’s top tier of military technological powers. Ample access to financial, human, and research resources; strong political support; inflows of foreign technologies and know-how; and the introduction of advanced modes of governance, market competition, and management are producing significant progress, although from a low base. But long-term success is far from assured as daunting structural bottlenecks stand in the way, not the least of which is the struggle to overcome a long history of debilitating Socialist central planning.China’s target is to catch up by 2020. Although this may be possible in a few select areas, the defense economy as a whole will likely require another 5–10 years beyond this date to successfully master the ability to produce radical breakthrough innovations. This briefing paper analyzes the key areas in the Chinese defense economy’s gradual but accelerating shift from imitation to indigenous innovation.publicChinaDSTIinnovation capabilitiesmilitary technological powerindigenous innovationThe Chinese Defense Economy’s Long March from Imitation to Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9x7403t82015-02-17T23:13:16Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 4 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x7403t8Blasko, Dennisauthor2010-09-01Within China’s overall national strategy, priority goes to national economic development. How this fits with the PLA’s needs to modernize and China’s overall military strategy is driven by the concept of People’s War that emphasizes strategy over technology and may hold some surprises for the United States.publicdoctrinechinatechnologynational strategyeconomic developmentDoes Doctrine Drive Technology or Does Technology Drive Doctrine?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43v5v0nt2015-02-17T23:11:39Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 20 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43v5v0ntCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-09-01This policy brief examines how innovation takes place within the Chinese defense research, development, and acquisition (RDA) system. This begins with a short review of the evolving frameworks of analysis of technological innovation in industrial systems, with prominence given to the coupled technology-push, market-pull model. Over the past 60 years, the Chinese defense RDA system has evolved from a top-down to a coupled model of interaction between weapons developers and military end-users. Important reforms have been taking place in the Chinese defense RDA system since the late 1990s, but serious structural impediments continue to exist that threatens to blunt the effectiveness of these improvements and keep the system in a trapped transition.publicInnovationChinadefense researchdevelopmentacquisitionRDAInnovation in China’s Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5cr8j76s2015-02-17T23:10:56Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 27 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cr8j76sCheung, Tai MingauthorMahnken, Thomas GauthorRoss, Andrew Lauthor2011-09-01This policy brief puts forward an analytical framework to capture the nature, dimensions, and spectrum of innovation in the military and broader defense spheres. Insights are drawn from a range of disciplines, including history, social science, business, and strategic studies. The analytical framework is composed of six lenses through which to view the inputs, process, and output of innovation: 1) the components of innovation: technology, doctrine, and organization; 2) the capacity to innovate: that is, innovation potential; 3) the process of innovation: speculation, experimentation, and implementation; 4) the degree of innovation: from duplicative imitation to radical innovation; 5) the scope of innovation; and 6) systems of innovation.publicinnovationmilitarydefensechinainnovation potentialFrameworks for Analyzing Chinese Defense and Military Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3hx613nj2015-02-17T23:09:43Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 23 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3hx613njWalsh, Kathleen AauthorFrancis, Edauthor2011-09-01China is developing a defense innovation system (DIS) as part of a broader effort to construct a national innovation system (NIS) that incorporates a system-of-systems approach. Modeled on China’s commercial-sector economic development zones and investment strategies, the DIS is focused on enhancing integration and interaction among key defense industry actors, institutions, industry sectors, and regions, both domestic and international. Although serious obstacles remain to realizing an effective DIS, China is laying the foundation for a dual-use DIS that employs both top-down development strategies and fosters greater bottom-up, market-driven, innovation dynamics.publicChinadefense innovationnational innovation systemChina’s Defense Innovation System: Making the Wheels Spinarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6bx1k77q2015-02-17T23:07:08Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 2 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bx1k77qMahnken, Thomas Gauthor2010-09-01Given the high stakes involved in China’s rise, both in Asia and globally, understanding the scope and pace of Chinese military modernization is an important undertaking. This brief applies insights from the theory and history of military innovation to the task of understanding China’s development of anti-access and area denial capabilities and provides recommendations on how the United States can improve its ability to detect and recognize Chinese military innovation.publicChinamilitary modernizationmilitary innovationUnderstanding Military Innovation: Chinese Defense S&T in Historical and Theoretical Perspectivearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9r9308tf2015-02-17T23:06:20Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 15 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r9308tfStumbaum, May-Britt UauthorBräuner, Oliverauthor2010-09-01In line with the European policy of supporting China’s economic reform and development, research institutes and companies in the European Union (EU) have been the major sources for high-technology exports to the People’s Republic of China in the past thirty years. Dual-use technologies ranging from aerospace to semiconductors play a central role for economic development as well as for modern military development, including network-centric warfare. Yet a comprehensive EU paradigm on China’s military rise and the impact of these technology transfers has not evolved. The EU–China “strategic partnership” is still dominated by economic considerations. Lack of coordination between the national and the European level contribute to the risks accompanying EU–China collaboration in this field. The differences between EU and U.S. perceptions of China’s military rise provide potential for further Transatlantic discord, as happened during the acrimonious debate on the intended lifting of the EU arms embargo on China in 2004–2005.publicEuropean UnionChinaCooperationThe Current State of European Union–China High-Tech Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7264x5k82015-02-17T23:05:37Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 7 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7264x5k8Collins, Gabeauthor2010-09-01China’s growing shipbuilding prowess is very relevant to the analysis of China’s defense and dual-use economies. A recent article from the Economic Daily Times says China’s shipbuilding development should focus on seeking deeper integration between civil and military shipbuilding to “develop areas of mutual benefit and raise ship technology to new levels.” Dual-use aspects of commercial shipbuilding are fewer than in the aviation and spaceflight sectors, for example, and direct civil-to-military technology transfer is limited. That said, the development of maritime industry human capital, indigenous industrial innovation, and the ability to rapidly build merchant-type ships all have important defense implications.publicChinashipbuildingnavaldefenseChina’s Shipbuilding Industry Development: A Boost for Naval Ship Production?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8kb3g12j2015-02-17T23:04:43Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 21 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kb3g12jPuska, Susan MauthorMcReynolds, JoeauthorGeary, Debraauthor2011-09-01China’s military contracting and procurement system is undergoing significant changes intended to raise its professionalism, efficiency, and effectiveness. One major focus of these reforms is the Military Representative Office (MRO) system that oversees contracting and procurement under the General Armament Department (GAD). Improvements in GAD’s MRO system could raise the military’s overall effectiveness by improving quality and reducing graft and waste. The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) MRO pilot program currently underway may pave the way for integrated change across the service arms and enhance GAD’s role.publicChinaprofessional contractingprocurementChina’s Military Representatives: Striving Toward Professional Contracting and Procurementarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt60z7p0kp2015-02-17T23:03:55Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 19 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/60z7p0kpCHEUNG, Tai Mingauthor2011-09-01This policy brief examines the rejuvenation, current state, and future prospects of the Chinese defense economy. Fifteen years of reforms have turned this once lumbering holdout of autarkic central planning into an aspiring champion of technological innovation. Critical factors behind these improving fortunes include top-level leadership support, effective implementation of a well-defined development vision, a leading role played by defense corporations, the remaking of the research and development apparatus, the emergence of new generations of highly-trained scientists and engineers, efforts to integrate the civilian and defense economies, and access to Russian technologies. One of the main conclusions is that the development of the defense economy will continue on an upward trajectory and could even accelerate, as long as the Chinese leadership remains committed to the goal of building a world-class military industrial complex, funding remains plentiful, and end-user demand continues to be strong.publicchinese defense economydevelopmentmilitaryRejuvenating the Chinese Defense Economy: Present Developments and Future Trendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7w06r3zw2015-02-17T23:03:14Z am 3u SITC 2011Vol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 22 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7w06r3zwHagt, Ericauthor2011-09-01Over the last decade or more, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has sought to establish an effective defense high-tech innovation system. The Science and Technology Committee (STC) under the General Armaments Department (GAD) has been a leading institution in this reform process, but its track record has been decidedly mixed. The STC is the most senior body in the PLA and advises on high-tech and strategic platforms. As such, the current STC has become a more professionalized agency with stronger oversight and management functions and less a think tank on cutting-edge technologies compared to its former incarnation under the former Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). A key drawback of the current STC though is its inability to provide the longterm, strategic vision for future defense innovation that the PLA needs.publicPLAChinadefenseinnovationChina’s Defense High-Tech Leadership: Implications for S&T Innovationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1x93m04r2015-02-17T23:02:30Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 11 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x93m04rYuan, Jing-dongauthor2010-09-01China’s nuclear industry has undergone rapid growth in recent years and is projected to further expand in the coming decades. Accounting for almost 40 percent of all nuclear reactors either under construction or that have been approved globally, the expansion of China’s nuclear capacities has largely been driven by increasing demands for energy to support continued economic growth. Constraints include human resources, fuel supply, and the extent to which China can develop indigenous nuclear power capacities. The role of civil–military integration in this industry is yet to be determined partly as a result of the deliberate decision by Beijing to keep its nuclear weapons segment separate from its civilian operations.publicChinanuclear industryreactorscivil-military integrationSpin-On for the Renaissance? The Current State of China's Nuclear Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3vd8p36b2015-02-17T23:01:42Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 13 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vd8p36bHughes, Christopher Wauthor2010-09-01Japan’s defense production model is often seen as a successful exemplar of “techno-nationalism,” especially in the integration of the civilian and military sectors. Hence, Japan’s model has been considered as offering possible lessons for China to emulate in the reform of its own defense industry. But Japan’s defense production model, despite arguable past successes, is now experiencing what is often referred to by Japanese policymakers and industrialists as a “slow death” as its structural development limitations have been increasingly revealed over the past two decades. Japan’s defense production model is encountering three major structural limitations:1. Stagnation in defense budgets and long-term military demand.2. Flawed and failing procurement practices.3. Obstacles to expanded and more diverse international collaboration.publicJapantechno-nationalismstagnationdefenseThe Slow Death of Japanese Techno-Nationalism? Comparative Lessons for China’s Future Defense Productionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3dq7x6d22015-02-17T23:01:06Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 5 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3dq7x6d2Francis, EdauthorPuska, Susan Mauthor2010-09-01This brief highlights key points on three Chinese government and military organizations involved in managing defense science, technology, and industry: 1) the State Council’s State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND); 2) the General Armament Department (GAD) of the People’s Liberation Army; and 3) the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s Civil–Military Integration Promotion Department (CMIPD). This brief calls attention to important ongoing organizational reforms in Chinese defense science, technology and industry by discussing 1) the post-2008 division of responsibilities between SASTIND and CMIPD; 2) GAD’s role in the defense industries and PLA defense research; and 3) civil–military integration (CMI) in the Chinese defense science, technology and industry system.publicChinaPLA Defense researchcivil-military integrationContemporary Chinese Defense Industry Reforms and Civil–Military Integration in Three Key Organizationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt29n4c3jv2015-02-17T23:00:18Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 14 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/29n4c3jvMoon, Chung-inauthorPaek, Jae-Okauthor2010-09-01South Korea’s defense industrial transformation has been impressive by any standard. It was able to satisfy most of its basic weapons needs within a decade after launching its defense industry.Since the late 1990s, South Korea has been elevated from a third-tier arms producer to the second tier by moving from the stage of imitation and assembly to that of creative imitation and indigenization. It now competes with major arms-supplying countries. In addition, the South Korean defense industry has made remarkable progress in RMA-related areas mostly involving command, control, communication, intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance.In this policy brief, we first assess South Korea’s defense industrial performance by examining the patterns of defense acquisition, rate of localization of defense materiel, and defense exports. We then briefly analyze the evolutionary dynamics of defense industrial upgrades in selected sectors by tracing the stages of innovation. We also delineate a set of institutional and policy arrangements that have contributed to this impressive transformation.publicdefense innovationSouth KoreaindustrializationDefense Innovation and Industrialization in South Koreaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7b32657m2015-02-17T22:59:19Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 24 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b32657mYang, Davidauthor2011-09-01Over the past two decades, the relationship between China’s civilian and military industrial sectors has been undergoing a major realignment brought on by the transformation of the country’s economic and technological landscape. Whereas the defense sector had been the undisputed leader of Chinese industrial technology for most of the PRC’s history, the predominantly non-state civilian economy has begun to catch up with and even surpass comparable military capabilities in many key areas since the 1990s. The Chinese leadership recognizes the enormous potential of the civilian sector for China’s military modernization program, especially in light of the often disappointing results of various technology initiatives spearheaded by the state sector, despite massive investments. Serious efforts are now under way to facilitate the entry of non-state sector firms into the military market. However, many obstacles remain, of which the entrenched interests of the defense industry stands out.publicChinacivilian sectormilitary sectorrealignmentnon-state sector firmsdefenseCivil–Military Integration Efforts in Chinaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8gr0w4072015-02-17T22:58:01Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 6 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gr0w407Mulvenon, JamesauthorLuce, Matthewauthor2010-09-01Contrary to popular perceptions of China as either “technology thief” or “technology superpower,” the success of the Chinese defense electronics sector can be attributed to a combination of indigenous innovation, adaptation of foreign technology, and large-scale technology espionage. Advanced defense electronics components and systems play a key role in this revolution in military capability, making it imperative to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese defense electronics industry and their implications for U.S. interests in the region.publicChinadefense electronicsinnovationadaptionespionageChina’s Defense Electronics Industry: Innovation, Adaptation, and Espionagearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt39k1f3vp2015-02-17T22:57:00Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 26 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/39k1f3vpPollpeter, Kevinauthor2011-09-01Space industries confront unique challenges in successfully bringing programs to conclusion, primarily due to the harsh environments in which spacecraft operate and the technologies needed to send them into orbit. Developers of successful space systems place great emphasis on reliable technologies, exacting manufacturing processes, and strict and documentable quality assurance measures. China’s greatest accomplishments in creating its human spaceflight program may not be the development of new technologies. As China increasingly relies on domestically-sourced components and systems to manufacture spacecraft, the internal processes it has developed may be a more reliable indicator of its ability to sustain a successful space program than technological advances. These processes may have a more lasting effect on the space industry’s ability to innovate than the role of technology itself.publicspace industriesChinainnovatespacecraftOrganization as Innovation: China’s Human Spaceflight Program’s Efforts to Instill a Quality Management Systemarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8q52c2qn2015-02-17T22:56:11Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 8 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q52c2qnDing, Arthurauthor2010-09-01China’s ordnance industry is undertaking industry-wide reform. The goal is to improve indigenous innovation capability so that the Chinese armed forces can obtain advanced weapon systems without reliance on foreign technology while at the same time making the industry responsible for its own financial performance. Restructuring has resulted in some gains, but indigenous innovation capability, as well as spin-on and spin-off, are still far in the future.publicChinaordnance industrymodernizationChina’s Ordnance Industry Under Modernizationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3d0795p82015-02-17T22:55:24Z am 3u SITCVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 1 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3d0795p8Ross, Andrew Lauthor2010-09-01What is military innovation? How should we think about Chinese military innovation? By developing an analytical framework that captures both the components of military innovation (technology, doctrine, and organization) and the continuum of change, we can better assess the nature, extent, and importance of contemporary Chinese military innovation.publicmilitaryinnovationchinacontinuum of changeOn Military Innovation: Toward an Analytical Frameworkarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9v77h5zm2015-02-17T22:54:36Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 9 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v77h5zmPeet, AlisonauthorTyroler-Cooper, Sammauthor2010-09-01The Chinese leadership has identified the aviation industry as a strategic priority. This policy brief assesses progress in China’s aviation industry, with a focus on 2009–2010. A review of major developments in China’s civilian and military aircraft programs reveals a trend in China’s approach to advancing its aviation industry: dependence on foreign partnerships alongside investment in indigenous research and development. It remains to be seen if this hybrid techno-globalist and techno-nationalist approach will help or hinder China as it works to implement civil–military integration (CMI) in its aviation industry.publicChinaaviationmilitary aircraft programsCMITrends in the Development of China’s Aviation Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8824981c2015-02-17T22:53:19Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 25 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8824981cStokes, Markauthor2011-09-01The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is improving its ability to research, develop, and field innovative military capabilities and advanced weapon systems. Perhaps more than other sectors of its defense industrial complex, the Chinese space and missile industry is the most capable of absorbing and diffusing advanced technology for the purposes of research, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of advanced weapon and space systems. International cooperation and expanded collaboration between the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), defense industry, and civilian universities has the potential to create synergies that could result in significant advances in key areas of defense technology. Organizational changes within the space and missile industry are significant and also could permit rapid advances. More effective and efficient defense industrial management could allow China to emerge as a technological competitor of the United States in certain niche areas, such as long-range precision strike capabilities.publicresearchdevelopinnovative military capabilitiesadvanced weapons systemsChina’s Evolving Space and Missile Industryarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8tp8k5kx2015-02-17T22:51:28Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 12 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tp8k5kxBitzinger, Richard Aauthor2010-09-01While many countries in the Asia-Pacific region have extensive local arms industries, in terms of technology innovation these regional producers continue to run a poor third to the United States and Western Europe. Latecomer China may gain the advantage regionally, but it remains to be seen whether its accelerated spending, especially in R&D, will enable it to pull ahead of regional or global competitors.publicChinadefensetechnologyindustrial baseinnovationChina’s Defense Technology and Industrial Base in a Regional Contextarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8z89p4s82015-02-17T22:46:00Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 3 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z89p4s8PEMPEL, T.J.author2013-04-01In the wake of major domestic and international changes, most especially the end of the Cold War and 9/11 for all, but additionally the collapse of the asset bubble in Japan and the transition from military authoritarianism to democratization in the ROK and Taiwan, all of the countries in question saw sharply divided domestic coalitions pressing for often diametrically opposed courses in national security and foreign policy. This brief begins by noting the limits of classical realist interpretations of international relations in Northeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific. It then addresses the importance of ‘comprehensive security’ as a driver for all of the countries in question. Finally, it examines the broad domestic clashes over foreign and security policy in each of four key democracies in the region and closes with a few general observations about the salience of regional domestic politics.publicpolitical economyAsiasecuritydomestic policyDomestic Dynamicsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9t8894kv2015-02-17T22:44:28Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 9 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t8894kvERICKSON, Andrew S.author2012-01-01Several pronounced trends are emerging as the United States moves beyond its “unipolar moment,” the foremost among them being the rise of developing powers and the proliferation of asymmetric technologies. The Asia-Pacific, with a rising China at its center, is the critical arena in which Washington must respond to these challenges. China’s unyielding stance on its present territorial and maritime claims and continued development of anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) capabilities are particularly worrisome. While it is premature to project a global power transition in which China eclipses U.S. power and influence, the United States needs to remain closely aware of and engaged in regional affairs to retain an influential role and remain a reliable security partner throughout the Asia-Pacific. This brief offers a set of force structure priorities for the United States as it grapples with China’s increasingly sophisticated capabilities.publicChinaripples of capabilityproliferationasymmetric technologiesThrough the Lens of Distance: Understanding and Responding to China’s “Ripples of Capability”articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4wx1p3jq2015-02-17T22:36:01Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 5 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wx1p3jqMahnken, Thomas G.author2013-04-01The United States is in the early stages of a debate over the size of the U.S. defense budget. That debate also reflects differing assessments of the nature of the international environment and the risks that the United States faces. One school of thought, which I have dubbed the New Orthodoxy, calls for the United States to accept greater risk in pursuing its historic interests. The other school, which I have dubbed the Heretics, calls for increasing defense resources to close the gap between ends and means.publicdefense budgetpolitical economyAsiaUnited Statesthreat assessmentDebating The U.S. Defense Budget: Cost Versus Riskarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5s5173w82015-02-17T22:34:36Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 9 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5s5173w8COWHEY, Peterauthor2013-04-01This brief examines the capacity of China to challenge America as a technology innovator. It assumes that the balance of innovation capacity matters for strategic strength in the long haul. Absent a fuller analysis of this assumption, this brief makes some ad hoc observations about the possible relationship. The analysis treats innovation as the successful commercialization (or strategic military application) of a technology change.publicAsiaChinatechnology innovationpolitical economysecurityThe Third Wave: Innovation and Strategic Military Capacity in the Futurearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9462k2xv2015-02-17T22:33:27Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 8 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9462k2xvPEKKANEN, Saadia M.author2013-04-01This policy brief evaluates the trends in Japan’s space policy directions, and assesses their implications for regional and global security in three parts. First, it focuses on the role of public and private players pivotal to the country’s space directions, and the context in which they have operated. Second, it sets out the main institutional and legal changes they have helped bring about. Finally, third, it lays out some implications that bear upon other space powers like China and the United States.publicpolitical economyJapanspace policysecurityAsiaJapan in Asia's Space Race: Directions and Implicationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2rb591mx2015-02-17T22:32:17Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefVol. 2013, no. 7 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rb591mxKAPLAN, Bradauthor2013-04-01Confrontations between China and other rival claimants in the South China Sea have gained increasing prominence in regional and international media, most recently during a 2012 standoff between Manila and Beijing over sovereignty of the Scarborough Shoals. The potential for miscalculation and escalation during these confrontations is of concern to policymakers in Washington in that the waterway is of vital strategic interest to the United States, and several of the rival claimants facing China are defense partners. A serious confrontation between China and one of these defense partners could well result in a broader crisis between China and the United States. This paper examines data relating to “significant” military confrontations in the South China Sea from 1974 to the present in an attempt to identify trends in the confrontations, the most likely future flashpoints, and the most likely antagonists. The brief concludes with policy recommendations related to deterring aggressive assertions in the South China Sea.publicAsiasecuritypolitical economySouth China Seamaritime power projectionChinaAccessing Future Flashpoints in the South China Seaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6wj0p7vr2015-02-17T22:30:48Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 6 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wj0p7vrYOSHIHARA, Toshiauthor2013-04-01China’s recent assertiveness in the South China Seas is a harbinger of things to come. Beijing’s seapower project and the enormous resources it has enjoyed have opened up new strategic vistas for Chinese leaders and military commanders. With larger and more capable seagoing forces at its disposal, Beijing is well positioned to fashion sophisticated strategies that will be more effective and equally difficult to counter. While such strategies do not—yet—portend the fundamental reordering of maritime Southeast Asia, they will likely yield incremental dividends that advance China’s larger aims at sea.publicpolitical economysecurityAsiaseapowermaritime projection of powerSouth China SeaChina's Political Uses of Seapowerarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3mb1269b2015-02-17T22:29:28Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 4 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mb1269bSHIRK, Susan L.author2013-04-01After more than a decade of diplomacy designed to reassure the United States and Asian neighbors that it wasn’t a threat, Chinese foreign policy has turned more confrontational. The Chinese government and Communist Party make decisions by consensus, which theoretically should sustain a cautious foreign policy. It also would seem that China’s growing economic ties with its neighbors would motivate it to avoid conflict. However, examples of a newly assertive China abound. What can this trend tell us about the underlying characteristics of China’s political system?publicChinaAsiapolitical economysecurityCan China’s Political System Sustain Its Peaceful Rise?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7m5154nm2015-02-17T22:20:02Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 10 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m5154nmFEI, Johnauthor2012-01-01Domestic strategic preferences among state elites to prioritize economic and technological facets of national security have played a significant role in shaping the foreign policies of many Asian nations. This paper considers the role that elite preferences for economic and technological strength—preferences which are embedded and institutionalized in domestic political structures—played in shaping the security and economic policy responses of Japan, Korea, and Thailand towards China between 1992 and 2008. In all three countries, prioritization of national security in economic terms led elites to perceive threats through economic and/or development lenses. Domestic strategic evolution caused preferences to change over time, leading elites to confront China’s rising military and economic power in different ways.publicstrategic evolutionChinaKoreaJapanThailandnational securityExplaining Varying Asian Responses to China: Strategic Evolution in the Cases of Japan, Korea, and Thailandarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8n41x0872015-02-17T22:18:34Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 8 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8n41x087BITZINGER, Richard A.author2012-01-01The most critical long-term trend affecting the East Asian security environment is the emergence of a more politically and militarily assertive China, driven by its economic growth and its sense of entitlement as a leading power in the region. To a certain extent, this emergence will conflict with a similarly rising India, but mostly it will clash with U.S. security interests in maintaining the (U.S.–predominant) status quo in the region. The region may stay reasonably stable for the next decade, but if trends continue, instability could grow in the western Pacific, particularly the South China Sea.publicMacro-trendsmilitary technologydefense scienceeast asiaRegional Macro-Trends in the Development of Military Technology and Defense Science and Technologyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5zt6n2772015-02-17T22:14:39Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 11 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zt6n277TAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Structural change in the international order will have the greatest effect in East Asia with the ascendancy of China as a world economic power. A two-pillar post- Cold War policy of “shaping” China into a model country while “hedging” against its potential as a strategic rival has had to give way under the reality that China is not only an actor “to be shaped” but also an actor “to shape” the region. A new China strategy of “integration, balancing, and deterrence” has been brought forward in the Japanese security policy community. The implications of this shift and of the aftermath of the Great East Japan earthquake for Japan and the region are outlined in this policy brief.publicJapanchina strategysecurity policyJapan's China Strategyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5sf691qt2015-02-17T22:13:11Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 2 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sf691qtSHEARER, Andrewauthor2012-01-01Australia’s geographic isolation, small population, and European roots have led it to make allies of distant yet powerful nations like the United States and the United Kingdom. As power shifts in the Asia-Pacific, Australia’s grand strategy must shift as well to keep it balanced between Western interests and the rise of China and India as major powers.publicAustraliaEast Asiasecuritymajor power politicsstrategyChanging Military Dynamics in East Asia: Australia’s Evolving Grand Strategyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7cc2p4h22015-02-17T22:11:53Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 1 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cc2p4h2MAHNKEN, Thomas G.author2012-01-01The United States has at least since World War II pursued a consistent set of aims in Asia. The United States faces a broad array of threats to its interests, including a protracted conflict with al-Qaeda and its affiliates, the threat posed by regional rogueswho will increasingly possess nuclear weapons, and the challenge posed by the rise of China. These threats will continue despite increasingly sharp limits on the resources the United States is willing to devote to defense. Because cutting back commitments is easier said than done, the United States is likely to face a growing gap between its aims and its ability to meet them.publicEast Asiamilitary dynamicsstrategysecurityThe United States’ Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Regionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08m367zt2015-02-17T22:08:04Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 POlicy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 12 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/08m367ztROVNER, Joshuaauthor2012-01-01While the U.S. Navy previously enjoyed more or less unfettered access to operate in the South China, East China, and Philippine Seas, new Chinese capabilities are likely to make these areas “contested zones.” Newly acquired or produced weapons systems could make life very difficult for the Navy in the region. Equipped with a range of new anti-access capabilities, China may even be able to deter the United States from intervening in the case of a war with Taiwan. Given the changes, it is not surprising that U.S. strategists are increasingly focused on solving the anti-access problem. One recently announced solution is AirSea Battle (ASB), an operational concept for integrating naval and air assets in order to overcome anti-access capabilities. This policy brief evaluates the pros and cons of AirSea Battle as it might be applied in a conflict between China and the United States.publicAirSea battleescalation risksU.S. NavyEast Asiaanti-accessAirSea Battle and Escalation Risksarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0wg066tj2015-02-17T22:06:33Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2013 Policy BriefsVol. 2013, no. 1 (Apr. 2013)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wg066tjBERTEAU, DavidauthorHOFBAUER, Joachimauthor2013-04-01This brief summarizes key trends and findings of two recent reports by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Despite the global financial crisis that began in 2008, research by CSIS has shown that many Asian countries experienced relatively low fiscal distress and continued to increase their level of involvement in global affairs during the crisis. Today, several Asian countries are already among the largest defense spenders in the world. In addition, unlike defense budgets in many other regions, including the West, Asian defense spending continues to increase.publicAsiadefensesecurity studiespolitical economyAsian Defense Spending Trendsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0zd563ks2015-02-17T22:04:51Z am 3u SITCVol. 2011, no. Policy Brief 29 (Sep. 2011)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zd563ksBräuner, Oliverauthor2011-09-01In recent years, China has made noticeable progress in its quest to become a global science and technology (S&T) power. EU leaders see China as both a competitor and as a partner for scientific cooperation. The European Union benefits immensely from cooperating with China and has expectations regarding access to Chinese markets, knowledge, personnel and funding opportunities. However, China–EU S&T cooperation has also met a number of challenges, including the infringement of intellectual property rights (IPR), increasing competition from the Chinese high-tech sector, limited market access for European companies, and Chinese “indigenous innovation” measures. In addition, some analysts have raised concerns about the potential security impact of European technology transfers to China. While Europeans need to develop a greater awareness of potential security implications of their cooperation with China, this cooperation will be essential if the EU wants to maintain its position as a global S&T leader. The best way to stay ahead in the global S&T race is not to follow a strategy of “scientific containment,” but to strengthen Europe’s own innovative capabilities.publicchinascience and technology powerindigenous innovationChina-EU cooperationChina’s Rise as a Global S&T Power and China–EU Cooperationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9s53b4j02015-02-17T22:03:58Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 6 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s53b4j0TAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Despite its limited presence in the international arms market, great strides have been made in the Japanese defense industry over the last decade, including development of new transport aircraft, a ballistic missile defense system, and a new class of submarines. While these achievements are partly motivated by internal drivers and themselves have driven the capability areas prioritized in the 2010 National Defense Program Guidelines, the main driving force has been the geostrategic realities in East Asia, particularly China’s A2/AD capabilities. Although Japan is making progress, missing capabilities have been brought to the forefront in the aftermath of the Great East Japan earthquake.publicJapandefense industrysciencetechnologyJapan’s Defense Industry, Science and Technology in the Northeast Asia Strategic Landscapearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt42g7h9zc2015-02-17T22:02:32Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 5 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/42g7h9zcHOYT, Timothy D.author2012-01-01India’s emergence as one of the great economic powers in the international system and its military strength position it to be a major player in the international system in the twenty-first century. However, its current policies, rooted in a vision of India’s role in the international order that once reflected a consensus of Indian elites, appear to reflect a mismatch between its growing means and its overall role in international affairs. The emergence of “new thinking” and debates are gradually breaking down the consensus of India’s founding generations. Drivers of change are many, but it remains to be seen which tips India from a passive regional power to a more assertive global one.publicInidagrand strategymilitarynew thinkingIndia’s Grand Strategy: Some Preliminary Thoughtsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt44v4t14z2015-02-17T21:59:29Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 4 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/44v4t14zTAKAHASHI, Sugioauthor2012-01-01Among the various innovations introduced under the new National Defense Program Guidelines released by Japan in 2010, the most important is the “Dynamic Defense Force” concept, which will enable the Japan Self-Defense Forces to operate effectively in the gray area between war and peace that characterizes modern military missions.publicJapandefensemilitary dynamicsA Dynamic Defense Force for Japanarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3tr3t8sv2015-02-17T21:57:49Z am 3u SITC-NWC 2012 Policy BriefsVol. 2012, no. No. 3 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tr3t8svHAGGARD, Stephenauthor2012-01-01The consideration of grand strategies on the Korean peninsula entails looking both at the approaches of North and South and at the dynamics between them. South Korean grand strategy is still anchored by its alliance with the United States; North Korean grand strategy is still struggling with the collapse of the Cold War alliance structures and the pursuit of reformist paths in China and Russia. The recent leadership transition in North Korea does not seem to offer much hope for improved relations between North and South or between South Korea and the United States.publicKoreagrand strategyallianceUnited StatesGrand Strategies on the Korean Peninsulaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1837k4vb2015-02-17T21:53:32Z am 3u CHANGING MILITARY DYNAMICS IN EAST ASIAVol. 2012, no. Policy Brief 7 (Jan. 2012)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1837k4vbBITZINGER, Richard A.author2012-01-01Key drivers of change in defense technology in Southeast Asia are regional insecurities and, more recently, the rise of China. Most countries in the region harbor some animosities toward each other that, while not manifesting themselves in a full-blown arms race, at least contribute to an “arms competition” within the community. This results in “tit-for-tat” arms acquisitions inconsistent with mere modernization. China’s recent actions in the South China Sea add to the regional insecurities that seem to rationalize the qualitative arms buildup for the countries involved. While the number of advanced systems remains small, these upgrades have the potential to make conflict much more devastating should it occur.publicSoutheast Asiadefensemilitary technologyarms competitionSoutheast Asian Approaches to Military Technology and Defense S&Tarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2vh7h9tg2015-02-17T21:44:31Z am 3u SITC Policy BriefsVol. 2010, no. Policy Brief 10 (Sep. 2010)eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vh7h9tgPollpeter, Kevinauthor2010-09-01China’s space industry is a strategic sector that the country’s leaders point out “constitutes an important force in safeguarding national security, driving scientific and technological advancement, enhancing national comprehensive power, and boosting international competitiveness.” Indeed, since 2000 China has made impressive gains in space power, expanding its human spaceflight program, and launching its first lunar orbiter and an increasingly diverse number of satellites.However, 2009 was a year of setbacks for China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), one of the space sector’s two dominant conglomerates, as it faced increasingly complex challenges brought on by a new dual mandate. It is unclear at this point whether CASC can successfully serve both the economic and national security interests now required of it or how steep the learning curve will be as the corporation prepares to compete at the next level.publicChinaspace industryCASCChina’s Space Industry in 2009: A Year in Reviewarticlelocal