2024-03-29T04:37:29Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4h4768np2015-07-21T18:58:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h4768npDavila Jr., OmarauthorBerumen, Juan G.authorBaquedano-López, Patriciaauthor2015-07-20publicLatinosHigher EducationFostering Academic Success among Latino Men in Higher Educationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6s0318z42015-02-19T17:26:06Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6s0318z4García Bedolla, LisaauthorEchaveste, Maríaauthor2015-02-18https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Voting and Registration in California: Geographic Differencesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4fw359b12015-02-19T16:35:58Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4fw359b1García Bedolla, LisaauthorEchaveste, Maríaauthor2015-02-18https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/YouthVotingDemographicsVoting and Registration in California: The Future California Electoratearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8mk559d02015-02-17T18:57:15Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mk559d0García Bedolla, LisaauthorEchaveste, Maríaauthor2015-02-18https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Voting and Registration in California: Demographic Differencesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt52k4b1vv2015-02-17T18:56:39Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/52k4b1vvGarcía Bedolla, LisaauthorEchaveste, Maríaauthor2015-02-18https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Voting and Registration in California: Early Votingarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt44k3s91p2013-10-11T02:54:40Z am 3u CLPR Policy BriefsVol. 1, no. 4 (Mar. 2013) 1-9eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/44k3s91pGarcía Bedolla, LisaauthorVélez, Verónica N.author2013-03-25publicVoter RegistrationDifference Among Latina/o, Asian American, and White Online Registrants in Californiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wb6k9gw2013-10-11T02:54:28Z am 3u enter for Latino Policy ReserchVol. 1, no. 2 (Jun. 2013) 1-10eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wb6k9gwGarcía Bedolla, LisaauthorVélez, Verónica N.author2013-06-04In this brief, we look at nativity differences across Californians who registered online for the November 2012 election: whether U.S. born Latina/o or Asian American, on line registrants have different characteristics than those who are naturalized. publicVoter characteristicsOn line VotersCalifornia votersNativity and Latina/o and Asian American Online Voter Registration in Californiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt62p083rr2013-10-11T02:54:14Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/62p083rrFelix, Adriánauthor2013-10-10Dr. Adrián Félix traces Mexican migrant transnationalism across the migrant political life cycle, beginning with the “political baptism” (i.e. naturalization in the U.S.) and ending with repatriation to México after death. Drawing on a multi-method cross-border research design, Dr. Félix examines Mexican migrants’ transnational political allegiances, affiliations and attachments to argue that participation in one national context is not exclusive but rather reciprocal with involvement in the other. By discussing how Mexican migrants embody their transnational citizenship and interface with state institutions and state power on both sides of the border, Dr. Félix’ research challenges conventional conceptions of political belonging and membership in the U.S. and México. Defying singular political loyalties, even among Mexican migrants who have become politically integrated in the U.S., cross-border connections to their communities of origin can live on, indicative of migrants’ transnational potential to transform democracy in both countries. publicCenter for Latino Policy ResearchDreams of CitizenshipAdrian FelixNew Naturalization NormsLawNationalismDreams of Citizenship, Naturalization Nightmare: New Naturalization Norms Neededarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt19w267ms2013-04-11T20:39:09Z am 3u Latino Eligibility ReportVol. 5, no. 1 (Jul. 1997) 1-31eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/19w267msTask Force, UC Latinoauthor1997-07-01The statewide context that frames Latino Student UC eligibility and participation has been studied and the facts have become increasingly clear to the Task Force: Latino students and families place great value in higher education.Latino families are cohesive in spite of extreme poverty and growing urbanization.Latino families are traditional but allow women to pursue higher education.Latino students represent a large and growing population in this state.Latino college students come from lower socioeconomic strata.Latino college students come predominantly from public high schools.Few Latino community college students transfer to the University of California.Latino retention and graduation rates vary little from the UC average.A downward trend is developing regarding Latino student participation in UC.A corps of UC outreach programs substantially increase UC eligibility for Latino and other underrepresented student participants. UC eligibility of Latino students can be greatly increased by eliminating the SAT.publicHigher EducationLatino EligibilityLatino Student Eligibility and Participation in the University of California: Ya Basta!articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4016z13d2013-03-21T20:48:47Z am 3u CLPR Working PaperVol. 1, no. 2 (Jul. 1995) 1-81eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4016z13dOlivas, Michael Aauthor1995-07-01This essay is a Rashomon-like case, in which students wanted to attend college. It is alternatively an admissions case, an immigration matter, a taxpayer suit, a state civil procedure issues, an issue of preemption, a question of tuition and higer education finance, a civil rights, case, and a political issue. publicImmigrationAdvocacyHigher EducationAccessEquity and InclusionStory Telling Out of School: Undocumented College Residency, Race, and Reactionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt78x6s18d2013-03-18T21:53:37Z am 3u CLPRVol. 1, no. 4 (Mar. 1995) 1-36eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/78x6s18dUC LatinoEligibility Task Forceauthor1995-03-05Recommendations regarding the University's role in K-12 education publicLatino Student EligibilityPolicyRecommendationsLatino Student Eligibility and Participation in the University of California: Report Number Four of the Latino Eligibility Task Forcearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2mm0n4js2013-03-18T21:53:34Z am 3u CLPRVol. 1, no. 1 (Nov. 1993) 1-31eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mm0n4jsUC Latino Eligibility Task Forceauthor1993-11-01School Outreach Recommendations: Traditional and Transfer StudentsTraditional:1. Hold accountable those who have responsibility for UC outreach and articulation.2. Focus on the Students who live within commuting distance3. Provide material in Spanish for parentsTransfer Students:1. Establish "Step-toUniversity" programs2. Expand strategically targeted outreach services in the communitycollegespublicUC BerkeleyLatino EligibilityLatino Student Eligibility and Participation in the University of California: Report Number Two of the Latino Eligibility Task Forcearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6pw8d4t72013-03-14T19:48:41Z am 3u CLPR PublicationsVol. 1, no. 1 (Nov. 2000) 1-37eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pw8d4t7Lopez, Monicaauthor2000-11-15publicMexican Migrant Farmworkers in the United States: An Annotated Bibliographyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8vd501p42013-03-05T19:26:45Z am 3u Center for Latino Policy BriefVol. 1, no. 2 (Mar. 2013) 1-3eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vd501p4Lacayo, Celiaauthor2013-03-05Lacayao discusses findings from her research that mapped the attitude of White residents towards Latinos and explains how these attitude and perceptions impact policypublicImmigrationUnlikely Supporters For A Pathway To Citizenshiparticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt57z533w92013-01-11T23:45:27Z am 3u CLPRVol. 2013, no. 1 (Jan. 2013) 1-4eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/57z533w9Abrejano, Marisaauthor2013-01-10Marisa Abrajano examines whether landmark immigration events can leave a permanent mark on an individual's views towards immigration, and whether that impact varies across different racial and ethnic groups. Specifically, the author, examines the cohort of individuals who were in their formative years during the passage of major national immigration bills that were proposed or enacted from 1965-2010. Her findings indicate a clear and consistent relationship between these events and attitudes toward social groups; a less systemic relationship emerges between these policy events and attitudes on immigration policies. She prossess recommendations to policy makers and community advocates about how to leverage these findings into action.publicImmigrationImmigration ReformPublic OpinionPublic PolicyProspects for Comprehensive Immigration Reform in 2012-2013: Accounting for Trends in Immigration Public Opinionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4487w2nf2012-12-31T18:28:26Z am 3u CLPR Research ReportVol. 2, no. 2 (Dec. 2012) 1-47eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4487w2nfVélez, Verónica NellyauthorBedolla, Lisa Garcíaauthor2012-12-20The Center for Latino Policy Research (CLPR) at the Universityof California, Berkeley served as MPN’s university partner, responsible for completing acomprehensive needs assessment and segmentation analysis of the Missionneighborhood and the MPN target school population. This report represents the corefindings of this investigation, which was included as part of the implementation proposalsubmitted in July 2012 to the U.S. Department of Education for consideration of funding.publicDepartment of EducationPolicyEducationalGISEducational Opportunity in San Francisco’s Mission Neighborhood: Assessing Critical Conditions for Children and Youth in Mission Promise Neighborhood Schoolsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt77k1m0rm2012-09-07T22:25:50Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/77k1m0rmZavella, Pat, Professorauthor2012-09-07publicImmigrationEthnic StudiesFamilyPolicyWhy Are Immigrant Families Different Now?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2m74v93d2011-09-27T23:33:55Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2m74v93dGarcía Bedolla, LisaauthorRodriguez, Rosaiselaauthor2011-09-13Executive SummaryThere are 1.6 million English learners (ELs) in California’s K-12 public schools, comprising a quarter of California public school students and thirty percent of EL students in the United States. Our study provides strong evidence that California school districts are misidentifying large numbers of entering kindergarten students as English learners. California’s home language survey over identifies children to be administered the California English Language Development Test (CELDT). Because only about 94 percent of kindergarten students taking the CELDT in 2009-10 were classified English language proficient, being identified to take the CELDT almost guarantees a student’s classification as EL. Our findings call into question the validity of the home language survey and the CELDT as the tools for identifying EL students in California.EL misidentification is important because it means that these students are not receiving the language support and education that is appropriate to their language skills. In addition, in an era of budget crises, it becomes especially vital that scarce language development resources be targeted as effectively as possible. The wide net currently being cast by California’s EL classification system in some ways renders the classification itself meaningless, given its application to such a wide range of students. Part of the problem is that there is no clear definition of what constitutes “an English language learner” (Abedi 2008, Abedi & Gándara 2006). That definition is left to district interpretation, resulting in significant variability in classification criteria and rates across the state.publicEnglish Language LearnersAssessmentCELDTClassifying California’s English Learners: Is the CELDT too Blunt an Instrument?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt36z519jx2011-09-26T16:13:16Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/36z519jxPerez Huber, Lindsayauthor2011-09-23This policy brief uses a Latina/o critical theory framework (LatCrit), as a branch of critical race theory (CRT) in education, to understand how discourses of racist nativism—the institutionalized ways people perceive, understand and make sense of contemporary U.S. immigration— emerge in California public K-12 education. I use data from forty testimonio interviews with 20 undocumented and U.S. born Chicana students, to show how racist nativist discourses have been institutionalized in California public education through teacher practices of English dominance. This study reveals racist nativist microaggressions— a form of systemic, everyday racist nativism that are subtle, layered, and cumulative verbal and non-verbal assaults directed toward People of Color—can explain how these students are targeted by English dominance in the classroom.publicCurriculum and Social InquiryLangauge PolicyLatino/a studentsmicroaggressionEnglish Dominance as Racist Nativist Microaggressions: The Need to Reframe Restrictive Language Policies for California’s Latina/o Studentsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98m7v9zf2011-07-04T03:23:50Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98m7v9zfNoguera, PedroauthorHurtado, AidaauthorFergus, Edwardauthor2011-04-15The brief describes original research and and new theoretical paradigms to examine the severe social, educational, and economic disadvantages, hardships, and vulnerabilities experienced by Latino men and boys, ones that include high dropout rates, disproportionate levels of incarceration, and their concentration in low wage jobs. Through the application of the theoretical framework of intersectionality, the brief identifies ways in which policy and programs can address restructuring social institutions and re-designing public policy.publicCurriculum and Social Inquiryyoutheducationat risk- youthmenResponding to the Challenges Confronting Latino Males: The Role of Public Policy in Promoting Macro and Micro Levels of Interventionarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3ks1p9bn2011-07-04T03:21:03Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ks1p9bnConchas, Gilberto Q.authorDrake, Sean J.author2011-03-21This Policy Brief explores how a community-based truancy prevention program mediates against absenteeism, truancy, and dropping out and positively transforms the lives of Black and Latino youth. Findings suggest that community–school partnerships are critical in the quest to combat truancy and the alarming dropout rate among urban youth. This study shows how committed individuals can work to engage and empower low-income urban youth who are disengaged from school. Extensive interviews and observations with Latino and Black youth demonstrate how the intervention program mediates against social and academic failure. Using grounded theory, this case study explores four student- identified dimensions that impact his (re)engagement with school:(a) the importance of space that promotes peer relations, (b) incentive structures within programs,(c) the need for social networks, and (d) youth advocacy as a mechanism for institutional accountability. Implications for combating truancy, reducing dropout, and promoting student engagement are discussed.publicEducationDropoutUrban youthPolicyFrom Truancy and Alienation to School Fluency and Graduation: Increasing Student Engagement by Bridging Institutionsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8bq006r62011-07-04T02:58:59Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8bq006r6Trujillo, Tinaauthor2011-03-07The current federal policy environment draws unprecedented attention to the achievement of English Learners and Latinos by requiring schools to accelerate the achievement not just of all students, but of those students historically under-served by public schools. School reform organizations have responded to these policies by marketing their services to schools serving high numbers of English Learners and students of color in order to work as key intermediaries between schools and the state. This policy brief shares the results of research on reformer's attempts to strengthen teacher's instruction for English Learners and Latinos, and the next steps that schools and reformers are poised to take.publicEducation PolicyPolicy Design, Analysis, and EvaluationPolicyEnglish LearnersEducationSystemic ReformSchool Reform for Students of Color and English Learners: Leaving Pedagogy Behindarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1k51m25n2011-07-04T02:47:08Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1k51m25nGonzales, Roberto G.author2011-02-16For 1.5-generation undocumented youth, the transitions from childhood to adolescence and adulthood involve exiting the legally protected status of K-12 students and entering into adult roles that require legal status as a basis for participation. Gonzales’ research finds that this collision among contexts makes for a turbulent transition and has profound implications for identity formation, friendship patterns, aspirations and expectations, and social and economic mobility. As undocumented children make important life course transitions, they move from protected to unprotected, from inclusion to exclusion, from de facto legal to illegal. Moreover, as these young people move into early adulthood between shifting legal contexts, they must learn to be “illegal,” a process involving an almost complete retooling of daily routines, survival skills, aspirations, and social patterns. These findings have important implications for the studies of immigrant 1.5 vs. 2nd generations, their transitions to adulthood, and the specific and complex ways in which legal status intervenes in their coming of age.publicEducationImmigrationAB540Where Do We Go From Here Undocumented Youth and an Effort Requiring the Entire Village?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5pq8s0h82011-07-04T02:39:54Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pq8s0h8Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco, Marceloauthor2011-02-16As we enter the second decade of the 21st Century the lives of millions of people are shaped by the experience of migration. Immigration is the human face of globalization – the sounds, colors, and smells of a miniaturized, interconnected, and fragile world. This lecture examines the challenges of making migration work with a focus on immigration's inter-generational echo and the transition of immigrant origin youth via education to the labor market, to belonging, to citizenship and to the narrative of the nation.publicEducationImmigrationImmigration’s Echo: Educating the Immigrant Generationarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5mz5v8t92011-07-03T19:07:23Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mz5v8t9UC Latino Eligibility Task Forceauthor1994-07-01Report Three has two objectives: to review the knowledge-base on Latino students commissioned by the Latino Eligibility Study and to advise the Regents on policy to increase eligibility that emanates from what we know about Latino students' backgrounds, educational experiences and needs at the K-12, community college, and university levels.The studies uniformly reject the deficiency framework where Latinos' educational failure, by and large, is attributed to some dispositional or cultural defect. Instead, all of these researchers test the alternative hypothesis - that structural barriers impede Latino students' educational achievement. The separate research studies are unified in showing how strategically considered programs and interventions do succeed.The Task Force has begun analyzing the research studies as a whole in terms of the need for systemic and comprehensive reforms inside and outside UC to achieve a long-term increase in the eligibility and success of Latino students within the University of California.An action agenda for the remainder of the life of the Task Force is outlined which builds on the analysis. The Task Force has identified pieces of a more holistic strategy: K-12 curricula, roles for UC faculty, UC eligibility criteria, and involvement of more segments of California society in enhancing Latino eligibility. Additionally, the Task Force will monitor the degree to which its current and previous recommendations are implemented.publicLatino Eligibility Task ForceeligibilityLatinohigher educationeducational achievementeducationadmissionsaccessLatino Student Eligibility and Participation in the University of California: Report Number Three of the Latino Eligibility Task Forcearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt63r3m85r2011-07-03T16:22:44Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/63r3m85rVega, Williamauthor1996-01-01This study examines key characteristics and external factors that influence health promotion and disease (HPD) programs serving Latina and Latino (L/L) youth. It also explores challenges associated with program development, sustainability, and the relative capacity to respond to historical and emergent problems experienced by this population.California is experiencing an increase in risk behaviors among L/L youth at a time when there are significant pressures to limit public sector funding for health and social programs. L/L youth are increasing more rapidly than any other ethnic youth cohort; by the year 2000 they will comprise 39% of all California youth. This rapid population growth is accompanied by an increase in poverty and deterioration in L/L quality of life. By 1991, Latinas under 20 were twice as likely as non-Latina Whites to commence childbearing, and Latinas comprised 56.6% of all unmarried mothers under 20 in California; a 10% increase since 1998. A California studying 1994 indicated that L/L youth have the highest overall licit and illicit drug use rates, and these rates had increased from a previous survey conducted in 1991. Recent California juvenile arrest statistics also showed Latinos constitute the highest proposition of felony, misdemeanor, and status offenses. Second generation L/L adolescents are especially at high risk for early pregnancies, drug use, and committing juvenile offenses.This study was motivated by the apparent urgency represented by these trends, and the need to enhance the capacity of our urban and rural communities to foster healthy lifestyles among L/L youth; thereby increasing the likelihood that they will become substantive contributors to the commonweal. It was also motivated by an awareness of chronic problems faced by public institutions and community-based programs that serve these youth. These problems range from a lack of continuity in funding patterns and program objectives to an inability to involve community residents, develop substantive inter-sectoral linkages, and carry out necessary institutional reforms.Recommendations include the allocation of targeted funds and provisions of technical assistance to enhance the cultural content, expand leadership development components, and strengthen the collaborative capacity of existing programs; enhancement of linkages to private sector resources; and the enhancement of statewide capacity to develop and monitor youth HPD programs and conduct relevant policy research.publichealth promotionLatinoyouthrisk behaviorspreventionprogram developmenthealthCommunity-Based Health Promotion / Disease Prevention Programs for Latina/Latino Youth in California: Comparative Analysis and Policy Recommendationsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5fv831882011-07-03T16:22:39Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5fv83188Valenzuela, Abel, Jr.author1994-02-01The current debate concerning job competition between immigrant and nonimmigrant has intensified because of the large increase in immigration and the simultaneous growth in urban poverty rates for African Americans and other ethnic minority groups during the 1970s. The debate focuses on the possible wage and displacement effects that an increase in immigration would cause for the U.S.-born population. Empirical research on the displacement effects of increased immigration focuses on aggregate, national samples, industrial and occupational sectoral studies, and analysis of labor market outcomes across differences and never considers industrial change (i.e., growth or decline) and institutional barriers, such as high-skilled and low-skilled labor markets.Using 1970 and 1980 census data (PUS and PUMS files, respectively) for Los Angeles, by specific types of labor markets (industries and occupations), and according to race and ethnicity (white, black, Mexican, Latino, and Asian) and nativity (foreign-born and U.S.-born), I argue that immigrants do not simply function as either competitive or complementary sources of labor. Instead, I hypothesize that job competition between groups of workers depends in part on whether U.S.-born workers belong to protected or unprotected labor markets and whether they are employed in growing or declining industries.Based on the results of this study, I conclude that segmentation/queuing theory best describes the labor market processes between immigrant and native-born labor in Los Angeles during 1970 and 1980. Overall, the data in this study show that immigrants are not displacing native-born labor in disproportionate numbers, especially in industries. Instances are found, however, of isolated job displacement between immigrants and native-born whites and/or Mexicans in occupations. The data also show that complementarity is more frequent than displacement and that decreases in white labor are not the result of immigrant employment growth. These two findings taken together suggest a process of job queuing assert that immigration is not a major contributor to a black and Latino underclass in Los Anglespubliclabor marketLos AngelesLatinoimmigrantsegmentationMexicanCompatriots or Competitors?: A Study of Job Competition Between the Foreign-born and Native in Los Angeles, 1970-1980articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt37c3d7fr2011-07-03T16:22:35Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/37c3d7frRochin, Refugio IauthorCastillo, Monica D.author1995-04-01This study goes beyond previous studies of Latino immigration, employment in agriculture and related conditions to examine the transformation of whole communities into “colonias” and the impact of Latino concentration on California’s rural areas. Over 140 communities are studies with over 25 facts collected on each community covering Census information on population and socio-economic conditions. The study uses simple regression and cross-sectional analysis to consider whether “colonias” are experiencing possible “underclass” conditions and/ or “exploitation” of rural Latinos and farm workers. On the other hand, the study also examines the possibility that Latinos are developing the positive enclave conditions of self-employment and private business activities in places where they are the majority. In general, we find that colonias are becoming impoverished communities of largely Spanish-speaking laborers and that the challenges facing colonos (the residents of “colonias”) are dim, offering few prospects for youth. We do not find many signs of “ethnic-economy enclaves,” wherein Latinos become more self-employed and develop local business, nor do we find positive fiscal conditions in “colonias” as compared to other rural communities where Latinos are in the minority. Colonias are growing in number and in their dependence on rural employment. They are places in need of much more research and analysis in order to address emerging issues for nineties.publicLatinoimmigrationagriculturefarm workerscoloniasruralsocio-ecomomic conditionsImmigration and Colonia Formation in Rural Californiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6t20159p2011-07-03T16:22:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t20159pManz, BeatrizauthorPerry-Houts, IngridauthorCastaneda, Xochitlauthor2000-09-01Increasing numbers of Central Americans, primarily from El Salvador and Guatemala, began arriving in the United States in the early 1980s, fleeing brutal military repression and counterinsurgency efforts in their home countries (Hamilton and Chinchilla-Stoltz 1991, 1998; Julian 1994; Bens 1996; Burns 1988). The Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) concludes that 200,000 people were killed or disappeared, and that state forces and related paramilitary groups onslaught, from 1981 to 1983, as many as 1.5 million people were displaced internally or had to fee the country, including about 150,000 who sought refuge in Mexico (CEH 1999, 30). The Guatemalan Peace Accords in 1996 signaled an end to overt hostilities but no to bitter social tensions, political violence, stark inequality, and severe economic hardship, all of which fuel emigration pressures.Numerous scholars have documented the factor contributing to immigration, particularly the critical connections between economic and poltical motivations (Richmond 1986; Chávez 1998; Chinchilla, Hamilton, and Loucky 1993; Fagen 1988; Hagan 1994; Vlach 1992; Porters and Back 1985). Guatemalans, however, add a unique sociocultural dimension to migration flows. Unlike that of other Central American nations, more than half of Guatemala’s population is indigenous, from various Maya ethnolinguistic groups, adding complex issues of identity to the immigration experience.In this study, we explore the stages of migration through an ethnographic study of Guatemalan migrants to the San Francisco Bay Area. Our study first examines the demanding preparatory phase either in Guatemala or the refugee camps of Mexico, then the perilous journey north, and finally the arduous process of settlement in the United States. Two themes intersect throughout the journey: the role of social networks and issues of identity. In our research, we found that social networks are pivotal through all stages of migration and, in turn, interests with fluid, changing conceptions of identity.publicsocial networksimmigrationGuatemalan ImmigrationidentitymigrationGuatemalan Immigration to San Francisco Bay Areaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2fc7d8hb2011-07-03T16:22:19Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fc7d8hbMartinez, Rogerauthor1994-01-01Fears that U.S. workers are displaced form their jobs and suffer depressed wages as a result of increased undocumented immigration are unfounded, according to the available empirical evidence. The comprehensive range of economic studies conducted at the national, regional, metropolitan, and industrial/sectoral level have clearly demonstrated that undocumented immigrants have a negligible impact on the U.S. labor market.The empirical results suggest that the three theoretical models used to explain the labor market relationship between undocumented immigrants and native workers, the “segmentation” and “job ladder” hypotheses are the best depiction of the data. Segmentation theorists believe that native workers remain unaffected by undocumented immigrants because the labor market is sufficiently divided into at least two different types of job markets: more skilled employment and relatively unskilled employment. Job ladder theorists hypothesize that as native workers move on to better occupations, immigrants take the less desirable jobs that native workers have vacated. These two theories rule out the possibility of ob competition between native and undocumented immigrants, as do the empirical results.Cumulatively, the research and theories call out to policy makers, public officials, and the public to re-evaluate the misguided perceptions that target undocumented immigrants as a source of economic woe. Otherwise, Americans may scapegoat undocumented immigrants instead of identifying the crucial structural factors which are critical to the long-term growth of the economy and the prosperity of the United States.publiclaborlatinoundocumented immigrantsimmigrationDispelling the Job Competition Myth: An Analysis of Undocumented Immigrants' Impact on U.S. Workersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt92k987pp2011-07-03T16:22:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/92k987ppLin, Barbaraauthor2006-10-01publicAcesshigh schoolLatinoA-G classesequityAccess to A-G curriculum at San Jose Unified School Districtarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6jq0t6542011-07-03T16:22:01Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jq0t654Gordo, BlancaauthorAranda, XitlalyauthorMason, JonathanauthorRuiz, Pedroauthor2008-07-29This technology needs assessment report of populations living in the Southeast Los Angeles (SELA) region addresses the root causes and dilemmas of the “digital divide” problem. This study addresses the central question: how can the Southeast Cities Technology Collaborative (SCTC) structure a regional intervention project that spearheads development in the productive use of information technology and benefits a low-income population with low educational attainment in Southeast Los Angeles (SELA) cities?The study first provides a regional survey of the fiscal, institutional, and technological challenges facing this demographic region. The SELA region is a sub-section of Los Angeles County and comprised of eight cities and one unincorporated district: Bell, Bell Gardens, Cudahy, Huntington Park, Maywood, South Gate, Vernon, Walnut Park, and the Florence-Firestone area. The demographic survey identifies that the SELA region has strong indicators of digital divide inequality.The study further provides an assessment of existing digital divide intervention efforts in the SELA region: public access to computers and the internet at public schools, public libraries, nonprofit and community-based organization, city-initiated programs, and private for-profit services. The study takes account of community impressions and provides specific recommendations for institutional changes than can better integrate the population into a positive development process.The study finds that investment in coordinating the integration of human capacity and technical infrastructure to network social service providers and users will support the social and economic advancement of the region. Investment in training school-age children, youth, and adults to harness the productive uses of information and telecommunications technology will yield the greatest benefits for future generations.publicDisconnected: A Community and Technology Needs Assessment of the Southeast Los Angeles Region (SELA)articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt84h2j4qs2011-07-03T16:21:51Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/84h2j4qsGándara, PatriciaauthorLarson, KatherineauthorMehan, HughauthorRumberger, Russellauthor1998-05-01Latinos now make up the single largest ethnic group in California’s public schools (California Basic Educational Data System, 1997). Unfortunately, they also have the highest dropout rate of any ethnic group (Rumberger, 1991). These facts create an obvious challenge for a state attempting to reform its education system and raise its educational productivity. This paper reports on three projects in California that have attempted to stem the tide of Latino dropouts and increase the college-going rates of this population. The three programs we review here, ALAS, AVID, and Puente, have each tested a set of strategies aimed at increasing the educational achievement of Latino students. While the aims of the programs are similar, their strategies differ according to the segment of the population they target and the ways in which they deploy their resources. There are important lessons to be learned from these programs and their impact on students and their families. Moreover, it is critically important to the future of the state that California capitalize on efforts such as these, which have been systematic, grounded in research and theory, and evaluated under stringent conditions.publicLatinoeducationstudentsoutreachpublic schoolsacademic pipelineALASAVIDPuenteachievementCapturing Latino Students in the Academic Pipelinearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt21x401hs2011-07-03T16:21:46Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/21x401hsUC Latino Eligibility Task Forceauthor1993-03-01Less than 4% of Latino high school graduates are fully eligible for admission to the university compared to an overall overage of 12.3%. This profound underrepresentation distinctly threatens the economic and social fabric of our state and nation, especially because the Latino population is growing at a much faster rate than any other ethnic group. Present projections indicate that Latinos will be majority of high school graduates in California a decade from now.Too often a complex phenomenon such as eligibility is understood on either naïve or imperfect grounds. This type of popular wisdom often reaches mythic proportions. Popular misunderstanding of Latino student eligibility and participation is a case in point. Thus, this report outlines a set of key myths about Latino students and their families and uses existing information to challenge those myths.Even at this early stage of Task Force activities, there is a sense of urgency in calling for action on the part of the university to improve the representation of Latino students. The issues surrounding eligibility are complex, however, and substantive solutions will require both short-and longer-term Task Force efforts, as well as institution resolve and responsiveness. The Task Force strategy will be to address these issues by analyzing existing data and studies; conducting original research beginning with action-oriented mini-studies and an “anchoring” study; and sponsoring symposia and conferences. By these means, the Task Force will highlight problems and identify policy and procedural solutions to the eligibility crisis.publicLatino Eligibility Task ForceeligibilityLatinohigher educationeducational achievementeducationadmissionsaccessLatino Student Eligibility and Participation in the University of California: Report Number One of the Latino Eligibility Task Forcearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt15c988xn2011-07-03T10:44:17Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/15c988xnRojas, Patrisia Maciasauthor2004-05-01publicmigrationlatinohuman rightsfree tradeborderlaborpolicingRegulating International Migration: Free Trade, Transnational Policing, and Human Rights at the U.S.-Mexico Borderarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3wr3164n2011-07-03T10:44:13Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3wr3164nChavez, LisaauthorArredondo, Gabinoauthor2006-05-01publicAccessHigh Schoolsacademic performance indexlatinoseducationAccess to the University of California for Graduates of Low-API High Schoolsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2xc6d7bn2011-07-03T10:30:57Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xc6d7bnMedina, Oscarauthor2005-10-01publiccommunity collegeslatinoseducationaccessequitycase studytransferCommunity College Case Study: Exploring Transfer Outcomes for Latinosarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5w39s0wm2011-07-03T05:27:42Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w39s0wmTakash, Paule Cruzauthor1999-06-01Three major legal and public policy arguments are made to justify a rollback in the application of federal civil rights remedies to electoral under-representation of African American and Latino voters: 1) political exclusion by race and ethnicity is now the exception; 2) existing barriers to minority political participation are internal to the populations and therefore not susceptible to external remedy; 3) external intervention will not change anything, because electoral inequality is not based on discrimination. If race and ethnicity no longer represent a major barrier to political participation, the argument goes, then federal intervention in state and local electoral affairs is no longer necessary.To examine these claims, I analyze a legal challenge to at-large elections waged by Latinos in Watsonville, California, in the late 1980s, and found each of them wanting. Although Watsonville is a relatively small community of 33,000, it is symbolic of Latino political struggle and empowerment in several respects, including minority voting rights. Latinos had become almost half the population by 1980, but none could get elected to the city council in an at-large election system. Gomez vs. The city of Watsonville overturned at-large elections in 1988 an se a legal precedent for similar challenges throughout California. Events in Watsonville demonstrate the role race and ethnicity can play in U.S. elections, and the impact of minority and majority power relations under conditions of rapid demographic change fueled by New Mexican immigration.Although some may argue that Latinos should not have been brought under the protection of the Voting Rights Act of 1975, the history of discrimination and resistance to Latino empowerment by mainstream Watsonville leads to the conclusion that judicial intervention in the form of district elections was necessary to bring about minority political incorporation. Implementation of district elections resulted in increased minority voter turnout in the 1989 Watsonville elections, and the election of more-representative city council members, including the Latino.publiclatinocivil rightselectionspolitical exclusionvoting rightsWatsonvillediscriminationRemedying Racial and Ethnic Inequality in California Politics: Watsonville Before and After District Electionsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9bj3332h2011-07-03T05:27:29Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bj3332hBaker, LouauthorCamacho, Lino E.authorSalinas, Robert A.author1995-03-01As the number of Latino elected officials grows, it is critical that their effectiveness and accountability by evaluated. A recurring theme in ethnic politics is the degree to which ethnic representatives provide a special voice for their constituents. “There has been a tendency to equate political presence with political power; it is assumed that by simply electing Hispanics to office, benefits will begin to accrue” (Vigil, 1987). However, Latinos have trouble agreeing on a unified approach because the vested interests they represent are not monolithic (Maharidge, 1993). The California Legislature’s Latino Caucus consequently has been regarded by critics as lacking much impact on legislation. Ethnic politicians must resolve their internal differences before they can commence to resolve the ills of their constituents. This study will examine their records of Latino legislators who were members of the Caucus during the 1993-94 term to assess how effective they have been both as individual and as members of the Caucus. Hopefully, this work will be a first step in prompting research on Latino political representation.Based on this work, the researchers seek to evaluate Latino political participation and representation in California during the 1993-94 legislative term. Part II reviews available studies on Latinos in the political process with a special focus on California. Using this background, the study next analyzed the collective and individual efforts of Latino legislators in California during the 1993-94 session. Part III addresses the Caucus collectively, including its history, organizational structures, areas of legislative effectiveness, individual members’ interaction and perspectives, and future prospects. Part III of the study evaluates individual members of the Caucus by comparing their current legislative records to their districts’ concerns and their stated positions and priorities. This section of the study also explores the amount of legislative effort expended on Latino-related issues. Finally, in Part IV, recommendations are made regarding future research and policy directions in the field of Latino political participation.publicLatinoLatino elected officialsethnic politicsCalifornia Legsilature's Latino CaucusLatino Political Representation: The 1993-94 California Latino Legislative Caucusarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt24c3q87t2011-07-03T05:27:24Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/24c3q87tChavez, Lisaauthor2004-10-01publicaccessLatinoadmissionslatinouc berkeleyeligibility in the local contexteducationcomprehensive reviewAdmissions and Latino Representation at UC Berkeleyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4g5598p12011-07-03T04:35:13Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4g5598p1Zlolniski, ChristianauthorPalerm, Juan-Vicenteauthor1996-11-01Over the past 40 years, the city of San Jose, in the Santa Clara Valley of northern California, has experienced explosive population and economic growth, fueled by the development of the high-technology industries. Along with the need for large numbers of engineering, technical, and managerial workers, the rapid industrialization of the Santa Clara Valley generated a huge demand for workers in unskilled, low-wage occupations, especially in the manufacturing assembly and maintenance service sector. This vast supply of unskilled, low-wage jobs played a central role in attracting immigrant workers to the region, especially from Mexico and Central America. As Latino immigrant workers have settled in San Jose, there has been an expansion of low-income urban enclave, especially in the Eastside where most of these workers live. In contrast to urban slums resulting from economic decline, these poor immigrant enclaves are the relatively new result of the successful, but highly unequal, economic development generated by the so-called Silicon Valley’s high-technology industries.This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork; it seeks to describe and analyze the experiences of a group of Mexican immigrant workers and families who live in low-income barrio in San Jose that we call Benfield. The study reveals that Mexican immigrant workers, both legal and undocumented, in Benfield are concentrated in precisely those labor-intensive, low-income jobs that since the early 1980s have proliferated at one of the highest growth rates in the region. We argue that the use of immigrants as a source of flexible, disposable labor in several light-manufacturing and service industries in Silicon Valley is the primary factor that keeps a large segment of immigrant families trapped in poverty, despite there being more than one full-time worker in the family. We show that the subsistence of immigrant workers and their families depends on several strategies for coping with poverty: extended households and dense social networks; informal income-generating activities supplementing the low wages in the formal sector; and material and economic assistance from charities and, residents are eligible, government institutions.We argue that in the absence of state and local government policies, today’s Latino immigrant poor could become further impoverished and their communities evolve into areas of concentrated poverty. The challenge is to develop a comprehensive set of coherent, well-orchestrated state policies that address not only the complex consequences but also the root causes of the problems that afflict working poor immigrant families and the barrios where they live. Our policy recommendations have two goals: first—and this is the main front where the battle against the growth in the number of working-poor immigrants must be fought—to decrease the comparative advantage of exploiting undocumented immigrant labor, second, to develop specific state policies tailored to low-income Latino immigrant communities, policies that, in light of the economic and demographic changes that have been taking place in California over the past few decades, are long overdue.publicMexican immigrant workersLatinoSan Joseimmigrationlaborlow-incomeWorking but Poor: Mexican Immigrant Workers in a Low-Income Enclave in San Josearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6fn1v3r22011-07-03T04:35:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fn1v3r2Trejo, Stephen Jauthor1996-07-01Mexican immigrants and persons of Mexican descent constitute an important and rapidly growing segment of California’s labor force (18 percent in 1990, up from 13 percent in 1980). They are also among the most economically disadvantaged workers in California: in 1989, Mexican-origin households earned on average 33 percent less than non-Hispanic white households, 30 percent less than Asian households, and 6 percent less than black households.Disagreement persists over the prospects for Mexican Americans joining the economic mainstream of American society. Chavez (1991) claims that the large inflows of recent immigrants from Mexico create a deceptively pessimistic picture of Mexican-origin workers in the U.S. labor market, and that U.S.-born, English-speaking Mexican Americans have enjoyed rapid progress over the last couple of decades and are approaching the labor market status of non-Hispanic whites. According to Chavez, Mexican Americans are making steady progress towards economic parity with Anglos, and he worries about the emergence of a Chicano underclass with many of the same problems faced by inner-city blacks.Using national Current Population Survey data from November 1979 and 1989 and Census data from 1990 for California and Texas, I shed light on the this debate by analyzing in detail the wage structure and relative earning power of U.S.-born Mexican-American men.publicMexican immigrantsLatinoimmigrationlaborhourly earningsworkersMexican AmericanwageObstacles to Labor Market Progress of California's Mexican-Origin Workersarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3j8370222011-07-03T04:34:59Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j837022Ortiz, Vilmaauthor1995-10-01This report examines the labor force position of Latina and Latino immigrants in California. There has been considerable immigration from Latin America throughout the 20th century, with much of this migration coming from Mexico. In the last 20 years, immigration from Central and South America has increased significantly. How immigrants from Mexico and other Latin American countries fare in the U.S. economic system is a critical research and policy issue. Prior research points to the particular low status position of Latino immigrants in the labor force (Morales and Ong, 1993). Immigrants are typically concentrated in low wage manufacturing jobs, particularly in the garment, plastic, and furniture industries, as well as in low level service jobs, such as restaurant workers, janitors, and private household workers.Overall, it was found that individual factors—especially education and English language ability—were important in explaining the especially disadvantaged position of non-citizen immigrants. Moreover, individual and structural factors had a strong direct effect on the labor position for both men and women while family characteristics were more important for Latinas than Latinos. We found that gender differences in labor force position were pervasive, with Latinas consistently in a lower status position than their male counterparts.These findings suggest a number of policies that could be implemented to assist in improving the labor position of Latinos and Latinas.publicLatinolaborgender differencesimmigrantsimmigrationeducationcapitalnetworksLabor Force Position of Latino Immigrants in Californiaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9542p3vc2011-07-03T04:34:53Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9542p3vcMenjivar, Ceciliaauthor1994-07-01The 1990 U.S. Census estimates that there are over half a million Salvadoreans in the U.S., which means that approximately one of every six Salvadoreans may now reside in the United States. The experience of Salvadoreans differs from that of Mexican immigrants, the largest Latino immigrant group, in that Salvadoreans left a war-torn country and their large-scale migration to the U.S. is relatively recent. In this paper, I analyze the centrality of social networks in Salvadorean migration to the United States. In contrast to most studies of immigrant social networks that emphasize the supportive and generally cohesive side of these social ties, I focus on instances where networks may weaken and even break down, and consequences of this situation for the lives of Salvadorean newcomers.This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in San Francisco, from late 1989 to 1992. Fifty Salvadorean men and women who had arrived in the U.S. within the previous five years were interviewed. In addition, important information was obtained through informal observations with the respondents and their families, as well as through interviews with community leaders and social services providers.The central findings of this study point out that the broader contexts of reception, such as policies of the receiving state with respect to the immigrant group in question, the local labor marker, and the organizations in the community of reception, together with a legacy of a war-ravaged country of origin manifested in traumatic disorders, affect kinship networks in important ways. In the case I analyzed here, the absence of an official reception by the government and a recessionary economic cycle have exacerbated the impoverished condition of Salvadorean newcomers. The scarcity of resources undermines the reciprocity inherent in social networks, often leading to a weakening and even a breakdown of kingship support networks.publicsocial networksSalvadoreansimmigrant communitiesSan FranciscoLatinoimmigrationSocial Networks Dynamics: Implications for Salvadoreans in San Franciscoarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0jh4j7m02011-07-03T04:34:46Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jh4j7m0Guendelman, Sylviaauthor1995-01-01The Mexican-origin population in California is one of the fastest growing groups in the state, due to high immigration and fertility rates. Despite the presence of a variety of risk factors associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in other populations, Mexican-origin women enjoy low rates of infant mortality and low birthweight. This striking epidemiological paradox in such a significant portion of the state’s population merits close examination.This working paper brings together a number of studies that have sought to explain the phenomenon of positive birth outcomes in the at-risk Mexican-origin population. Past studies center around four hypotheses which suggest that 1) selective migration might favor more healthy mothers; 2) protective socio-cultural factors could outweigh many of the risk factors associated with adverse birth outcomes; 3) excessive fetal death within the population eliminate weaker fetuses before birth; and 4) infant death may go unreported.An understanding of these issues will aid policy maker and health care providers in designing interventions and policies to protect the health of Latina mothers and children in California.publicLatina mothershealthMexicanimmigrationpositive birth-outcomesinterventionshealth careLatinoHigh-Risk, Good Outcomes: The Health Paradox of Latina Mothers and Infantsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt21s0x2042011-07-03T04:34:40Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/21s0x204Esbenshade, Jillauthor1999-07-01publicLatinogarment industrylabormonitoringworkersMonitoring in the Garment Industry: Lessons from Los Angelesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt68v9378k2011-07-03T04:34:27Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/68v9378kCitrin, JackauthorGreen, Donald P.authorMuste, ChristopherauthorWong, Caraauthor1995-05-01The United States, a self-styled nation of immigrants, is debating its outlook toward newcomers once again. The policies of increased immigration and expanded legal and political rights for immigrants ushered in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Lemay 1987; Shuck and Smith 1985) are under attack. Today, the political landscape is littered with proposals to reduce immigration, seal the border with Mexico, and reduce government expenditures by limiting the access of both legal and illegal immigrants to government services and benefits. As the policy conflict intensifies, politicians and interest groups on both sides of the issues are striving to shape mass opinion with arguments about the value and cost of immigration (Clad 1994; Passell and Fix 1994).This paper thus focuses on the foundations of public support for restrictionist demands. In this context, our principal concern is the precise role of economic motive in determining policy preferences. This analytic question has obvious political relevance. The large-scale influx of people striving to improve their lot necessarily influences the economy of the receiving country. Today, as in the past, advocates of restricting immigration content that newcomers displace native workers in the labor market and create a fiscal drain by costing the government more in services than they pay in taxes. Accordingly, the extent to which opinions about immigration originates in economic concerns should indicate how votes are likely to respond to the heated argument over these claims (Huddle 1993; Passell 1994; Borjas 1990; Simon 1989; Vedder and Galloway 1994).Whatever the economic impacts of immigration, it is also a process that brings ethnic “strangers” into “our” midst. From a theoretical perspective, immigration policy therefore constitutes another excellent case for studying the effects of the interplay between the strategic calculation of personal costs and benefits on the one hand, and commitments to enduring values on the other, on preference formation on policy questions (Citrin and Green 1990; Sears and Funk 1990; Green 1992; Stoker 1992). After testing hypotheses about economic motivations, we thus briefly consider how a symbolic politics model emphasizing the role of cultural attitudes can be extended to the immigration issue.publicimmigration reformimmigrantsLatinorestrictionistpublic supporteconomic impactlaborpolicyPublic Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: How Much Does the Economy Matter?articlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt74j5h83m2011-07-03T04:34:09Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/74j5h83mAlacron, Rafaelauthor1997-01-01This working paper examines the relationship between the transformation of labor markets and the role of immigrant workers in a regional context. It analyzes the participation of Mexican immigrants in the labor markets of the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1980s, using data from the Bureau of the Census (Public Use Microdata Samples). In order to analyze employment trends, the paper compares the performance of three groups: native-born, Asian immigrants, and Mexican immigrants.The study focuses on tow Bay Area counties that experienced a very high influx of immigrants during the 1980s: Santa Clara and Contra Costa counties. Santa Clara County is home to the Silicon Valley, the most successful high-technology region in the world. The labor demands of Silicon Valley have attracted both highly educated and unskilled immigrants. Contra Costa County, with a history of using Mexican-origin agricultural labor, has recently seen the rapid growth of such sectors as finance, insurance, and real estate that have produced new labor demands.The results that the constant demand for immigrant labor, the formation of “daughter communities” , and the implementation of immigration policies have led to the consolidation of the Bay Area as an ensemble of fragmented ethnic communities that have secured access to distinct niches in the labor market. Asian immigrants, who seem to follow the employment patterns of native-born workers, find jobs in the most dynamic sectors of the regional economy, while most Mexican immigrants obtain jobs in more traditional sectors such as construction, agriculture, and personal services. Some highly educated Mexican immigrants have also responded to the labor demands created by the development of the high technology sector in Silicon Valley.publicimmigrationlabor marketsMexicoSan Franciscolabor marketsimmigrant workersemploymentLatinoFrom Servants To Engineers: Mexican Immigration And Labor Markets In The San Francisco Bay Areaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2sb6r5vn2011-07-03T04:34:04Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sb6r5vnAlacron, Rafaelauthor1994-02-01This paper examines the relationship between regional development and labor migration to the United States in the context of NAFTA. To this end, mainly through ethnographic work, the migration experience of people from Tlacuitapa, Jalisco is analyzed to see whether or this flow can be reduced through the implementation of NAFTA.The paper develops two principal arguments. First, the current migration process between Mexico and the Untied states is not only the result of push-pull economic factors, as is generally assumed, but also the result of well-developed social networks and the implementation of government policies in both Mexico and the United States as manifested by the formation of a number of “transnational communities,” like Tlacuitapa. The term transnational community describes rural Mexican communities that specialize in the production and reproduction of international migrant workers. This observation leads to a second and related argument: the additional job creation resulting from NAFTA would not necessarily stem the international migration flows in regions with a long tradition of migration to the United States.Although manufacturing jobs have been created in a city near Tlacuitapa, the migration flows has not been affected in this community. Tlacuitapa is compared to other communities in the Los Altos de Jalisco region that have successfully stemmed migration flows to the United States. These cases reveal that international migration can be reduced in transnational communities by facilitating the establishment of small business and cooperatives. However, NAFT might cause an apposite effect by affecting these small-scale enterprises negatively.The case of Tlacuitapa suggests that the creation of transnational communities is an important aspect of the integration between Mexico and the United States. Since labor mobility across national borders like international trade is part of the consolidation of a global economy, migration from Mexico should be part of the agenda in negotiations between the two countries. Since NAFTA by itself will not play a significant role in deterring emigration from traditional sending areas, labor mobility should be addressed in the mutual interests of people from both countries; otherwise NAFTA will become another pipe dream of immigration deterrence like the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.publicmigrationlaborfree tradeMexicoregional developmentNAFTAJaliscosocial networkstransnational communitieslaborLatinoLabor Migration From Mexico And Free Trade: Lessons From A Transnational Communityarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3bf4n45s2011-07-03T04:33:24Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bf4n45sValdez, Armandoauthor1995-05-01Technologies that alter a nation’s infrastructure affect all sectors of society. The changes wrought by anew infrastructure ripple throughout the nation’s social, economic, and political institution and transform its culture. They erode old forms of livelihood and create new ones; they supplant preexisting notions of space and time and connect formerly disparate parts into a more integral whole. The development of a national information infrastructure is such a phenomena.The United States today is an advanced post-industrial society in which political and economic activity is increasingly conditioned by one’s relationship to information. The development of a national information infrastructure—the so-called information superhighway—attenuates this relationship. The national information infrastructure is an economic, political, and social phenomena that ill fundamentally transform society. Since it undergirds the nation’s economic and social institutions, the development of an advanced information infrastructure will affect all sectors of the economy and all classes of society. This advanced telecommunications network will radically alter the way society functions. It will redefine the nature of work and commerce, our access to education and health services, our forms and levels of political participation, and even our notions of leisure.The modernization of the nation’s information infrastructure thus has significant implications to Latinos. As is often the case with transformational technologies, it will infrastructure may be a force for greater economic and political integration to Latinos into society, or it may lead to increased marginalization of Latinos.publictechnologylatinoinformation infrastructureinformation superhighwayThe Development of a National Information Infrastructure and its Implications for Latinosarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6pp8t0w02011-07-03T04:33:07Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pp8t0w0Sánchez, Patriciaauthor2004-05-01publicmexicanaslatinoeducationtransnationalimmigrantssecond generationAt Home in Two Places: Second-Generation Mexicanas and their Lives as Engaged Transnationalsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9st9p34h2011-07-03T04:33:02Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9st9p34hRumberger, Russell WauthorLarson, Katherine AauthorPalardy, Gregory JauthorReam, Robert KauthorSchleicher, Nina Cauthor1998-10-01Students in the United States are highly mobile. Previous research has shown that the majority of students in the United States change schools between grades 1 and 12 for reasons other than promotion from one level to another (e.g., elementary to middle school.). Research also has found that student mobility is generally detrimental to student achievement. Despite this evidence, the issue of student mobility has not received much attention from educational researchers, practitioners, or policy makers.In this report we examine student mobility among California Latino adolescents. Student mobility may be especially important in California because of its highly mobile population. Latinos are the largest and fastest growing segment of the state population. According to California Department of Finance estimates, the Latino public-school population is projected to triple in size between 1986 and 2006, while the non-Latino public-school population is projected to decrease (see Figure 1.1). Consequently, if student mobility can be problematic for both students and schools, as previous research suggest, it is especially important to understand the nature of mobility among the Latino population.Using longitudinal data on two samples of California students—the first a group of 8th grade students who were surveyed over a sex-year period from 1988 to 1994; and the second a group of low-income, urban Latino 7th grade students who were first studied over a six-year period from 1990 to 1996—this study examined the incidence, causes, and consequences of student mobility, particularly during high school. Throughout this study we examine differences between Latino and non-Latino white students, as well as differences among Latino students. Here we summarize some of the major findings of this study.publicLatinoEducationadolescentsmobilitystudent achievementpublic schoolsCaliforniaThe Hazards of Changing Schools for California Latino Adolescentsarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0wk3r7xq2011-07-03T04:32:56Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wk3r7xqRodriguez, Lauraauthor2004-05-01publiclatinoeducationteachers'languageliteracyculturally relevantK-3 Teachers' Knowledge, Calibration, and Value of English-Spanish Similarities/Differences and Culturally Relevant Children's Literaturearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt13n0r2tc2011-07-03T04:32:52Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/13n0r2tcMontejano, Davidauthor2004-10-01publicEducationTexas ten percent planperformanceaccessequityadmissionsLessons from Another Flagship Schoolarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8qk7x0qr2011-07-03T04:32:36Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qk7x0qrMcCurdy, Stephen A.authorVillarejo, DonauthorStoecklin, Mariaauthor1998-12-01Agriculture is one of the most important industries in California, enjoying over $22 billion in farm cash receipts annually. In addition to economic benefits, national and state data show that agriculture is on of the most dangerous industries with respect to occupational illnesses and injuries. Because Latino and Latina workers provide the majority of production in the industry, they are uniquely increased risk for occupational injury and illness.The fragmentation of regulatory activities causes inefficiency and confusion on the part of employers, employees, and regulators. In particular, lack of information sharing between agencies leads to ineffective enforcement and educational efforts. Consequently, a pilot program was begun in 1992 that partnered agencies to improve efficiency through sharing of resources and information. The program, intended to target industries with a history of regulatory problems, was named the Targeted Industries Partnership Program (TIPP). Agriculture and garment manufacturing were chosen as targeted industries because of their importance for California and their history of regulatory problems.The main research objective of this project is to characterize agricultural operations that have received notices of violation of health, safety, and labor regulations during 1993 and 1994 through TIPP and to identify patterns and risk factors for violation. Using a database of California farm operations developed and maintained by the California Institute for Rural Studies (CIRS), we compared operations that received notices of violations through TIPP during 1993 and 1994 with those that did not. This allowed us to develop a profile of operations at high risk for labor-law violations, identity and characterize risk factors, and describe patterns of violation. In addition, TIPP files were matched against the Licensed Farm Labor Contractor file (provided by the CDIR) to identify which TIPP citations were made to licensed farm-labor contractors.publicAgricultureCaliforniaLatinooccupational illnessesoccupational injurieslaborTargeted Industries Partnership Programlabor violationsWorkplace Health-and-Safety Violations in Agriculture: Epidemiology and Implications for Education and Enforcement Policyarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5bj3730r2011-07-03T04:32:31Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bj3730rLopez, Monicaauthor2004-05-01publicimmigrationlatinofamiliesmigrationImmigration-Related Family Separations Among Latino Immigrant Familiesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3s69b52k2011-07-03T04:32:20Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s69b52kChavez, LisaauthorMedina, OscarauthorArredondo, Gabinoauthor2007-10-29Latinos are the fastest growing racial ethnic group in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area and now constitute 21 percent of the total population. Their representation among K-12 public school enrollment is even higher at 30 percent. Despite this, few studies have examined how well the Bay Area is preparing this group of students for entry into the state’s public four year colleges. This research brief explores college preparation in each of the nine counties that consist of the Bay Area and finds that Latinos trail behind non-Latinos in two major indicators of college preparation (completing the A-G course requirements and taking the SAT as high school seniors).publicLatinoBay AreaEquityAccessCollege PreparationHigh SchoolChicanoEducationHigher EducationA-GIs the Bay Area Preparing Latino High School Graduates for College? A Statistical Portrait of College Preparation in the San Francisco Bay Areaarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6dz928252011-07-03T04:32:14Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dz92825Chavez, Lisaauthor2008-10-01Latinos are now the largest group of students who begin their postsecondary studies at a California community college after graduating from a public high school. This represents an opportunity to improve bachelor degree attainment among Latinos via the community college transfer function. This research brief describes current transfer rates among Latinos, reviews the literature on the barriers to transfer, and concludes with a cohort analysis of Latino community college students that describes their demographic profiles, coursework patterns, transfer readiness and outcomes. The author concludes that California’s community college system is not close to reaching its potential as a stepping-stone to four-year colleges and universities for Latino students.publicLatinoEquityAccessCommunity CollegeChicanoEducationHigher EducationTransferH ispanicUntapped Potential: Latinos and California Community Collegesarticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2tg2z2h32011-07-03T04:31:43Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tg2z2h3Chavez, Lisaauthor2006-05-01publiccommunity collegeslatinoseducationaccessequityLatinos & California Community Colleges: An Updatearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt32h956gn2011-07-03T04:31:38Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/32h956gnBravo, Marco Antonioauthor2004-05-01publiceducationlatinobilingualliteracyALASlanguagewritingThe LITERACY PATHS OF YOUNG BILINGUALS: Negotiating Two Languages When Learning To Writearticlelocaloai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3r00k5242011-07-03T03:17:16Z am 3u eScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r00k524Figueroa, Julieauthor2004-05-01publiclatinoeducationundergraduateshigher educaitonretentionlatino maleacademic performanceUnderstanding Latino Male Undergraduate Experiences in Higher Educationarticlelocal