2024-03-28T23:10:35Zhttps://escholarship.org/oaioai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5z1751rw2023-08-30T00:43:43Zqt5z1751rwPredicting Suicidal Ideation among Native American High Schoolers in CaliforniaSierra, Valentín Q2023-08-29Suicide is the leading cause of non-accidental death for Native American young people ages 15-24 years old. Concerningly, suicide rates have continued to rise over the past decade despite a myriad of prevention efforts. This shortcoming has urged some scholars to (re)examine key theoretical constructs to better direct suicide prevention efforts in tribal communities. Using Indigenous Wholistic Theory, an algorithmic approach was employed to identify a broader set of factors that may influence suicidal ideation among Native American high schoolers in California (n = 2,609). Lasso penalized regression was used to select the most accurate predictors of suicidal ideation. Ten out of the 17 input predictors were significant including: depressive symptoms; school-based victimization; sexual and gender minority status; lifetime use of alcohol, vapes, and cannabis; breakfast consumption; access to alcohol and other drugs; and parent education level. The study found that a combination of factors across individual, emotional-social, mental-political, and physical-economic domains could be used to predict the individualized risk of experiencing suicidal ideation. I argue that this multi-level wholistic model is more appropriate and useful, especially for Native American youth. The study highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of suicide-related behavior among Native American youth and points to new directions in suicide screening.SuicideSuicidal IdeationNative American YouthIndigenous Wholistic TheoryMachine Learningapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5z1751rwarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt02h8c8m42022-12-22T01:41:01Zqt02h8c8m4Trapped in Our Origin Stories: Interrogating the Ideologies of ESL Citizenship ClassroomsVillegas, Karen2022-12-21This paper examines the ideological conceptions of language and literacy practices in an adult, English as a Second Language (ESL) citizenship class for naturalization. Naturalization refers to the process for obtaining U.S citizenship undergone by lawful permanent residents after meeting extensive federal requirements. I situate neoliberalism within settler-colonial, anti-Black logics, and I define neoliberal citizens through language and economic ideologies. By privileging ESL citizenship students’ perspectives, this paper shows how the ESL citizenship classroom, like others, continues to embrace reductive notions of functionality through English-only instruction. I trace how students take up these neoliberal ideologies through performative belonging and performative othering as well as the ways students deviate from these values and the possibilities therein.IdeologiesNeoliberalismCitizenship EducationEnglish as a Second Language (ESL) InstructionImmigrationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/02h8c8m4articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt67q8x6202022-08-26T00:12:32Zqt67q8x620Neighborhood Institutions and Well-being: Youth Perspectives from East OaklandMathias, Brenda2022-08-25A growing body of literature suggests that the neighborhoods that young people live in have a substantial influence on their lives. As part of this work, researchers have begun to investigate the relationship between young people and local neighborhood institutions such as schools, libraries, grocery stores and youth centers. Engagement with these local institutions has been observed to strengthen youth well-being. Often, this area of research relies on the perspectives of adults and neglects youth experience. This is problematic, given that young people have a great deal of choice and autonomy when selecting neighborhood institutions to engage. Thus, this phenomenological qualitative pilot study highlights youth voice and lived experiences to explore which neighborhood institutions are important to young people and begins to unpack the ways institutional engagement influences well-being. I conducted semi-structured interviews with ten young people between the ages of 14 and 20 who live in East Oakland, California. The findings from this project provide: (1) a descriptive understanding of the different neighborhood institutions that are important to young people, and (2) youth perspectives on why they choose to engage neighborhood institutions. I find that youth-serving organizations, in addition to schools and churches, provide important opportunities for young people to develop both community and individual well-being. Young people say that these institutions strengthen their connectedness to strong social networks, increase positive future outlooks, and provide safe spaces that support a wide variety of interests - including college and career preparation, sports, and arts and crafts. These findings will help practitioners and researchers develop a deeper understanding of the vital role space, place, and institutions play in the lives of youth.Well-beingyouth voiceneighborhoodsinstitutionsadolescentsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/67q8x620articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt09d6w4t32021-11-04T18:02:22Zqt09d6w4t3Age-friendly as Tranquilo Ambiente: How Socio-Cultural Perspectives Shape the Lived Environment of Latinx Older AdultsPlasencia, Melanie Z2021-09-20Background and ObjectivesResearchers have increasingly considered the importance of age-friendly communities to improve the health and well-being of older adults. Studies have primarily focused on the built environment, such as community infrastructure, older adult behavior, and environmental expectations. Less is known about the role of cultural characteristics in shaping perceptions of age-friendly environments, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.Research Design and MethodsUsing an ethnographic methodological approach, including participant observation in a Latinx community near New York City and 72 semi-structured interviews, this study examines how older Latinxs characterize age-friendly communities.ResultsLatinx older adults described their community as age-friendly by way of the concept Tranquilo Ambiente, translated as calm or peaceful environment. More specifically, TA includes: 1) a sense of perceived personal safety, 2) ethnic and social connectedness, and 3) spatial and cultural accessibility.Discussion and ImplicationsThis study extends prior research that has largely considered structural or economic components to show how culture may also influence the well-being of older Latinxs, even if living in an under-resourced area. The concept of Tranquilo Ambiente demonstrates that both structural and cultural environmental factors influence older Latinxs understandings of age-friendly communities. By utilizing a socio-cultural lens, this research highlights how Latinx older adults benefit from an environment that supports their physical (e.g., well-lit and newly paved streets), social (e.g., city hall senior center), and cultural (e.g., events and programs that promote cultural heritage) needs.Latinx AgingAge-friendlyCommunityUrbanCultureLatino agingpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/09d6w4t3articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6068z3vn2021-02-03T05:09:35Zqt6068z3vnThe Paradox of Colorblind: Private Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefit Investments and the Social Determinants of HealthBrowne, Erica2021-02-02Nonprofit hospitals are required to provide “community benefits,” although this term and the associated levels of spending are not clearly defined. Over 75% of private nonprofit hospital community benefits are allocated to providing medical services for those who cannot afford care, and fewer investments are made to address structural and social determinants of health (SDOH). In particular, this spending is rarely used to redress racial inequities that shape health. In addition to spending on charity care and medical services, some private nonprofit hospitals invest in non-medical strategies to improve health outcomes. In California, private nonprofit hospitals report $12 billion in annual community benefits that include spending on non-medical strategies intended to improve health promoting conditions for vulnerable populations. This comparative case study analyzes data from organizational documents, interviews, and media communications to examine how hospital community investments in housing and workforce development are rationalized and deployed to address SDOH in Los Angeles County. Findings indicate that community-based resources are essential to align hospital investments with community need and to avoid “colorblind” decisions that emphasize socioeconomic need yet do not adequately address racialized barriers to health. Policy and practices that promote targeted capital investments and prioritize the disproportionate needs of communities of color are needed instead of colorblind hospital community investments that perpetuate racial inequities in health.Nonprofit hospitalsCommunity benefitSocial determinants of healthCaliforniaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6068z3vnarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6vm4p24n2019-11-15T20:44:08Zqt6vm4p24nEnvisioning “Loving Care” in Impermanent Healing Spaces: Sacred and Political Organizing Towards Decolonial Health/Care in Oakland, CaliforniaAguilar, Angela R2019-11-15This paper explores a self-determined space of health and healing centering ancestral, traditional, and Indigenous medicine and spiritual practices. While ancestral, traditional, and Indigenous (ATI) medicine overlaps with what is conventionally recognized as “alternative” medicine, what sets ATI apart in this work is the political orientation of the Oakland-based Healing Clinic Collective (HCC) and its network of ATI practitioners. Their political orientation and motivation for community organizing begins from practicing and promoting ATI healing modalities to address the impact of interrelated generational experiences shaped by institutional legacies of colonization vis a vis racial capitalism, eurocentrism, and white supremacy. I use a transdisciplinary and decolonial framework to analyze the HCC’s “ceremonial organizing” model and show how the HCC clinic space offers expansive conceptions of what counts as health, healing, and care at the level of community health. I also show how the HCC is situated in a Bay Area radical community organizing continuum for community survival and self-determination.A transdisciplinary decolonial framework allows me to think alongside two concepts, therapeutic landscapes and third space, to discuss what it means to organize and hold a healing clinic without replicating a “clinical” experience. Based on ethnographic research, this paper is guided by the following questions: How does the politicized space created by the HCC clinics interrogate and re-define what counts as health, healing, medicine, and health/care knowledge? How does this sacred-political healing landscape shape a different approach to and experience of community organizing and social movement as a practice of community health/care?community organizingtraditional medicinetherapeutic landscapescommunity healthspirituality and healthapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vm4p24narticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5942q92r2019-10-31T03:03:04Zqt5942q92rBeyond the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Social Death and the Relationship Between School and IncarcerationMedina Falzone, Gabby2019-10-30The school-to-prison pipeline is perhaps the most well-known current framework for understanding the relationships between school and incarceration, but the prolific use of this pipeline metaphor is problematic. It tends to omit or obfuscate more complex understandings of the hows and whys adolescents end up incarcerated. Challenging the school-to-prison pipeline narrative is an important precursor to examining the complex factors that lead to and perpetuate youth incarceration, as well as developing solutions for addressing it. This paper first critiques the school-to-prison pipeline narrative. It then offers a way to reimagine how we can think of adolescent criminalization in terms of another metaphor, that of social death, which refers to the systematic criminalization and dehumanization of entire groups of people. Based on an interview study with twenty-nine adults who were first incarcerated as adolescents, this paper uses case studies of three Black and three Latino male participants to demonstrate how social death manifested in zero tolerance, wrongful accusations, and proactive surveillance in and out of the classroom.school-to-prison pipelinesocial deathadolescencecriminalizationdehumanizationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5942q92rarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2tn420vv2019-08-23T18:39:43Zqt2tn420vv“Made for Your Benefit”: Prohibition, Protection, and Refusal on Tohono O’odham, 1912-1933Painter, Fantasia2019-08-23In this paper I examine the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ campaign to suppress liquor-use in Tohono O’odham, a federally recognized tribe whose homelands include southern Arizona, in the early 20th century. Finding purchase in scholarship on Indian-citizenship and governmental power, I adumbrate the BIA’s liquor suppression program as it invoked the language of protection while actively seeking to police, punish, and incarcerate Native people. I argue that “protection” and criminalization were not only interrelated and coordinated, but also part and parcel of the BIA’s project to incorporate Native people as would-be citizens and political agents. Based on archival research and organized chronologically, this paper touches upon Arizona state prohibition (1915) and national prohibition (1920). It reveals the racialized and paternalistic logics of the BIA that led to the late creation of the Papago reservation (1916), and it examines the ways that the BIA’s prohibition program clashed with the Tohono O’odham Nawait I’i ceremony. Alcohol was after all not a colonial import for Tohono O’odham people but an indigenous and ceremonial substance.Indians of North AmericaSettler ColonialismUS SouthwestLiquor19th CenturyReservation CreationTohono O’odhamNative AmericansBureau of Indian AffairsPapagoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2tn420vvarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt34r2d4hw2019-08-12T22:10:05Zqt34r2d4hwEnclosure-Occupations: Contested Productions of Green Space & the Paradoxes within Oakland, California’s Green CityCorbin, C.N.E.2019-08-12Burger Boogaloo is an annual rock concert that has taken place in Mosswood Park since 2013. Every year a portion of the park is gated and closed off to the general public. Events like Burger Boogaloo are representative of a growing entertainment industry using public parks to cater to a new influx of wealthy residents in Oakland and beyond. At the same time, Mosswood Park has struggled with homeless encampments which impact park use; it is emblematic of a city and state experiencing an increase in unsheltered (homeless) residents as a result of a housing crisis. Based on observations, interviews, public meetings, and municipal documents, this work examines how residents are negotiating the realities and the pitfalls of Oakland’s transition to becoming a green city and its implementation of an urban environmental/sustainable agenda during an accompanying volatile gentrification process. This study focuses on a small but highly used green space that is crucial to the local community in which tensions between park use, the commodification of park space, and lack of public park funding are made visible on the landscape. This paper looks at two types of enclosure-occupations: one from above, government sanctioned events which allow for the temporary enclosure of park space for private events, and the other from below, informal extralegal encampments of unsheltered residents. While those who participate in these enclosure-occupations have vastly different economic, political, and social power, both enclosure-occupations simultaneously create openings for some while constricting public park access for others.Environmental JusticeGreen SpaceGentrificationGhettoizationPark Accessapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/34r2d4hwarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt86w5k7th2018-08-08T22:12:10Zqt86w5k7thPediatric Cancer, Racial Formation, and the Existential Weight of Anti-BlacknessWright, Anthony2018-08-08This paper is based on an ethnographic case study drawn from 16 months of fieldwork with families and young people going through cancer diagnosis and treatment in Oakland, California. The paper explores the intersection of cancer patienthood and racial formation, emphasizing the entanglement of biogenetic and sociogenetic processes. The paper shows how, as cancer-inflicted bodies move through the world, they are subjected to sociohistorically produced racial classifications that can be deployed in destructive, humiliating, and stress-inducing ways. Yet racialization can also occur in a more affirming, supportive, and resistant register—for example, through participation in community-based cancer advocacy efforts. The paper emphasizes three points of intersection between cancer patienthood and racial formation: 1) the racialization of oncologically transformed bodies; 2) the racialization of attempts to raise cancer awareness; and 3) the racialization of the expression of negative emotions in healthcare interactions. In doing so, the paper shows that racialization is a fundamental sociogenetic process that is entangled with the biogenetic processes that cancer scientists describe as “oncogenesis.” Entangled biogenetic and sociogenetic processes constitute the existential trajectories that cancer patients and their families inhabit.cancerracializationanti-blacknesskinshipyouthapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/86w5k7tharticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7p85b6p52018-08-03T21:30:20Zqt7p85b6p5The Neoliberalization of Latino Men and Boys: Power and Resistance in a School-based Mentorship ProgramSingh, Michael V.2018-08-03A growing number of school district and community programs are seeking to remedy the achievement gap experienced by Latino boys through Latino male mentorship programs. Indicative of neoliberal shifts in Latinx education, these programs often involve public-private partnerships and assume a damaged Latino boy in need of technocratic and innovative solutions, rather than structural changes. Through an ethnographic case study of one Latino male mentorship program in an urban school district in California, this study explores the ways the administrative power of Latino male programming constructs the ideal Latino male subject through neoliberal values of individualism, excellence and earning potential, and pushes boys to be the future hetero-patriarchs of their community. Furthermore, based on in-depth interviews with the mentors and boys of the program, as well as one year of participant observations, this paper uncovers the ways these discourses are lived, embodied, and/or resisted in the classroom among boys and mentors.Latino boysneoliberalismethnographyschool-based mentorship programsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p85b6p5articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0r07f1cq2018-07-19T17:01:01Zqt0r07f1cqSurveying the Reservoir: Public Records and the Archival Logics of the Oroville DamRhadigan, Ryan2018-07-19Heavy flooding and forced emergency evacuations of over 180,000 local residents in February 2017 drew national attention to California’s aging and structurally damaged Oroville Dam. As a centerpiece of California’s six-hundred-mile State Water Project, the Oroville Dam plays a significant role in water allocation throughout the state. While recent media coverage highlights how infrastructural damage and bureaucratic delays to the dam’s federal relicensing process have cast a shadow of uncertainty over the dam’s future, considerably less has been said about the controversies surrounding the Oroville Dam’s planning and construction, and how that history continues to shape and impact the present. A particularly neglected aspect is the dam’s continued role in disrupting the lifeways of California’s indigenous Konkow Maidu communities and displacing Konkow Maidu people from a significant portion of their ancestral territory. By engaging in a historical analysis of the Oroville Dam’s construction and present-day operation through the heuristic use of the concept “archival logics,” this paper explores how the modified hydrology enacted by the Oroville Dam not only reconfigures indigenous material and political space, but also consolidates, reorders, and displaces local forms of knowledge. Through close readings of ethnological and archeological surveys produced in compliance with state and federal laws during the construction and relicensing of the Oroville Dam in the mid-2000’s, this paper demonstrates how the continued operation of the Oroville Dam both necessitates and mediates public archival practices that enroll, reroute, and intervene in Maidu acts of political and epistemological sovereignty.ArchivesExtractivismIndigenous SovereigntyHydrologyArchaeologyNational Historical Preservation Actapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r07f1cqarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7038t2gc2018-04-23T17:15:24Zqt7038t2gcRace and Class in the News: How the Media Portrays GentrificationRucks-Ahidiana, Zawadi2018-04-23Whether it is affordable housing, health insurance, or crime, how a social problem is associated with race and class contributes to how the general public and policymakers respond to it. The media both informs and reinforces readers’ perceptions about what happens when social processes like gentrification take place, who is affected, and whether this type of change is positive or negative. Media representations can thus influence public perception, policy framing, and local policies around urban development. This paper uses articles published between 1990 and 2014 in two San Francisco newspapers to document how the process of gentrification is described. Using text analysis and qualitative coding, I find that race and class pervade reporting on gentrification in San Francisco. Gentrification was presented as a process by which the middle-class and whites move into predominantly black and low-income neighborhoods, even though the process of gentrification in San Francisco is significantly more complex. Although the news coverage raised more concerns about gentrification than benefits overall, some neighborhoods (working-class and Latino) receive greater attention and concern than others (poor and black). The result is an oversimplified and skewed portrait of who benefits and who loses as a result of gentrification in San Francisco. This skewed portrait will likely reinforce a common perception of gentrification as a solution to social ills associated with black and poor neighborhoods such as urban disinvestment and crime, rather than a process that reduces affordable housing and displaces low-income, long-term residents. urban sociologymediaraceclassgentrificationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7038t2gcarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8q2659692017-11-28T22:44:39Zqt8q265969Scaling a “Bite-Sized Implementation Strategy”: Promoting Educational Equity and Social Justice through a Farm to School Food ProgramSerrano, Christyna2017-11-27While the farm to school movement has been growing since the 1990s, it was officially incorporated into federal child nutrition programs through the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) of 2010. In 2013, the Oakland Unified School District (OUSD) received a $100K farm to school grant via the HHFKA to pilot “California Thursdays” (CT). CT was developed through a partnership between the Center for Ecoliteracy (CEL) and OUSD to increase students’ access to local, fresh, and healthy school meals procured entirely from California. As of January 2017, through the efforts of and leadership provided by CEL, CT has been implemented across 84 districts in California, which together serve over one-third of the one billion school meals distributed in the state each year. CT is an excellent demonstration of the agency of local level actors to respond with innovative action to implement federal policy. The network of CT schools is using farm to school food programs to address a primary goal of the HHFKA: the amelioration of childhood hunger and obesity. Informed by the theory of policy-implementation as a “co-constructed” process, and drawing on data from both a case study of the implementation of CEL’s Rethinking School Lunch planning framework in OUSD and a three-year (2013-2016) ethnographic study of OUSD’s implementation of the HHFKA, this paper examines the factors and enabling conditions that allowed CT to go to scale across 84 districts in California. CT went to scale for three specific reasons: the use of (1) a scaffolding approach to the CT initiative that was implemented through a “collective impact model,” (2) implementation practices that were scalable across different district contexts (urban, rural, large, small), and (3) CEL’s cultivation of positive discourse around the narrative of school lunch. The creation and scaling of CT reflect the ways that local level actors use their agency to develop innovative solutions for promoting educational equity and social justice across various contexts – despite numerous constraints. While CT cannot address the structural inequities that produce childhood hunger and obesity in the first place, it has reshaped the school food landscape in California.school lunchfarm to schooleducational equityeducation policypolicy implementationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q265969articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9f07r0g12017-11-06T22:04:41Zqt9f07r0g1Engaging in Security Work: Selective Disclosure in Friendships of Korean and Mexican Undocumented Young AdultsCho, Esther Y2017-11-06While much of the literature on undocumented immigrants has focused on employment and education outcomes, we know little about the effects of their precarious legal status on interpersonal relationships. Based on interviews with 50 Korean and Mexican undocumented young adults, I find that, regardless of ethnoracial background, undocumented immigrants approach relationships cautiously, engaging in "security work" to protect themselves and their loved ones. Security work is a negotiated process of interpersonal interaction and status disclosure consisting of specific relational conditions to maximize affective and material security. First, shared immigrant background provides a baseline sense of comfort and safety. Respondents find symbolic belonging with those of immigrant descent, while exercising caution around anyone who is white. However, due to the stigma of undocumented status, both structural homophily and experiential homophily operate in determining disclosure patterns. Co-immigrant background is powerful but insufficient for establishing the trust required for disclosure; instead, shared experience is the necessary condition. This study demonstrates that the vulnerable, stigmatized nature of illegality circumscribes the freedom with which young undocumented immigrants navigate the most personal spheres of their social worlds. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the profoundly pervasive effects of immigration status on the everyday lives of undocumented immigrants.undocumentedillegalityAsianAsian AmericanLatinoLatinaimmigrationlegal statussocial networksapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9f07r0g1articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1ww7s9zh2017-10-12T18:14:35Zqt1ww7s9zhStaging the Hackathon: Codeworlds and Code Work in MéxicoBeltrán, Héctor2017-10-09Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork between 2013 and 2016, this paper investigates emerging forms of hacking and entrepreneurial development in Mexico. I show how research participants attend hackathons and hone their coding skills at co-working spaces in Mexico City and in Xalapa, as they hack away to build solidarity and find the “coding bliss,” the affective dimension one encounters when creating beautiful code. As hacker-entrepreneurs tease out the tensions between self-making and being-made, they fill an overarching neoliberal agenda with substance, meaning, and materiality. For young people in Mexico, “hacking” emerges as a way to make sense of their future livelihoods in a precarious state and economy, as a way to exist in a system where things just don’t seem to work, and as a way to let the “code work” intervene in narratives that have only delivered false hopes. As hackathons continue to proliferate across the globe, I conclude by examining how the underlying logics of software design, such as “loose coupling,” become fundamental for the re-organizing of social relations in Mexico.TechnologyHackingKnowledge EconomyMexicoSocial MovementsComputing Culturesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1ww7s9zharticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08b4785c2017-08-24T17:56:02Zqt08b4785cMore than Mental Disorder: Toward a Situated Understanding of Recidivism and RiskJacobs, Leah2015-07-01Individuals with serious mental disorder diagnoses (SMD) are grossly overrepresented in jails and prisons, returning to custody more often and more quickly than their non-diagnosed counterparts. This paper delineates two distinct approaches to understanding how these individuals enter carceral revolving doors, one which views them as criminalized patients and one which views them as high risk/need offenders, arguing each is limited in its ability to explain how individuals with SMD come to be carcerally involved and presents results from a qualitative pilot study (n=24) to narrow this gap. The study inductively builds from the experiences of carcerally-involved individuals with SMD, asking: what are the events and circumstances precipitating arrest and how do they contribute to carceral involvement? The paper takes a first step toward an alternative, participant-informed framework for understanding the overrepresentation of individuals with SMD. Results indicate carcerally-involved individuals with SMD are risk-exposed agents whose carceral involvement is related to early institutionalization, varying mental states of deliberation and intoxication, interpersonal conflict, and life circumstances punctuated by socioeconomic marginality. Conceptually, findings indicate risk is best understood as accumulative, interactive, dynamic, and across individual and structural levels of analysis, with early and frequent institutionalization, social and economic exclusion, and the criminalization of drug use contributing to risk.mental disordercriminalizationsubstance userecidivismdeinstitutionalizationriskapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b4785carticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3md8r7hh2017-06-19T16:41:50Zqt3md8r7hhUnsettling Domesticity: Native Women Challenging U.S. Indian Policy in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1911-1931Keliiaa, Caitlin2017-05-08This paper examines the ways Native women domestic workers negotiated and challenged – in subtle and overt ways – the Bay Area Outing Program. First, I examine federal Indian policy that paved the way for “outing” and illuminate the connections between outing, Allotment and Indian boarding schools. To this end, I historicize both the national and local forms of outing while revealing the gendered, settler colonial effects of this imposing domestic institution. To provide a point of comparison, I consider other forms of domestic service performed at the time, including those found in Americanization programs of the early twentieth century. Second, I elucidate the contours of the Bay Area Outing Program, describing its official operation and process while highlighting the policing and surveillance of Native women in the program. I then analyze Native women’s resistance in fighting for commensurate wages and fighting Indian child removal. My final section, informed by early 20th- century Bay Area newspapers, examines a series of articles on outing runaways. Here I consider runaways in early iterations of the program, while examining how localized rhetoric sought to justify the control of Native women. I thus examine how local social discourse shapes material conditions for Native women.Native womenhistorydomesticityoutingassimilationSan Francisco Bay Areaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3md8r7hharticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt28f0m2jj2017-03-28T18:52:29Zqt28f0m2jjThe Triple Bottom Line and Wastewater Planning in San Francisco: A Tool for Environmental Justice?Solis, Miriam2017-03-27Wastewater planning adversely impacts disadvantaged communities in many U.S. cities. Utilities use Triple Bottom Line (TBL) tools to try to achieve sustainability goals, but these plans often fall short in their pursuit of social justice. This paper shows the process, potential, and limitations of a TBL approach for environmental justice using the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s wastewater plan as a case study. It finds that ongoing wariness about how planners use the TBL is merited: use of the tool does not necessarily lead to social justice. Yet actors did use the ideal of sustainability as a strategic opportunity to pursue equity goals.SustainabilityInfrastructureWastewaterEnvironmental JusticeSan Franciscoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/28f0m2jjarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9bd0515p2016-09-22T21:26:34Zqt9bd0515pNarratives of Interdependence and Independence: The Role of Social Class and Family Relationships in Where High-Achieving Students Apply to CollegeLor, Yang2016-09-22Research demonstrates that social class shapes where high-achieving students apply to college. Based on 45 in-depth interviews with high-achieving students in the Bay Area, I find that higher-SES students are more likely to apply to out-of-state public and private universities, especially liberal arts and Ivy League colleges. I argue that the upbringing and experiences associated with students’ social classes shape their narratives regarding how much autonomy or constraints they perceive in making decisions about their choices of college. In discussing their upbringing and their future, higher-SES students present a narrative of independence about what they have done to prepare themselves for college and where to apply. In contrast, lower-SES students speak of experiences and considerations that reflect a narrative of interdependence between themselves and their parents that is grounded in the mutual concern they have for one another as the prospect of college looms. As a result, higher-SES students frame college as an opportunity to leave their families and immerse themselves in an environment far from home while lower-SES students understand college as a continuation of family interdependence. Consequently, higher-SES students are more likely to apply to public and selective private universities in other parts of the country, while lower-SES students tend to limit their choices to colleges – both selective and nonselective – closer to home. This study draws attention to the social and cultural context of decision making among youth.higher educationdecision-makingstratificationfamilyculturecollege applicantsyouthhigh-achieving studentscollege applicationsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9bd0515particleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2zm3m8n42016-08-15T21:58:25Zqt2zm3m8n4Unity out of Adversity: Non-Profit Organizations’ Collaborative Strategies to Serve Immigrants in Bay Area SuburbsCarrillo, Dani2016-07-21In recent years, the geography of poverty has significantly shifted from an urban to a suburban setting, and the populations living in the poorer suburbs are increasingly racially diverse, including many who are first generation immigrants. However, within suburban communities, non-profit organizations (NPOs) combatting poverty are working from an infrastructure that is less robust than that of large cities. The weaker NPO infrastructure in suburbs is particularly troubling given that NPOs are now largely responsible for the delivery of social services, including immigration legal aid for a growing foreign-born population. The combination of these trends raises the questions: How does funding and staff capacity differ across urban and suburban legal aid NPOs? How do differences in social service infrastructure influence the strategies legal aid NPOs use to accomplish their mission? I examine this question through interviews with staff at legal aid NPOs and multi-service NPOs in the socio-economically and racially diverse city of Oakland and in Eastern Contra Costa County – a county where poverty rates have increased, particularly in the east suburbs, and where the immigrant population has significantly grown. I find that while a smaller scale of social service infrastructure coincides with lower resources in the suburbs, the under-resourced atmosphere leads to more cohesiveness among a broader set of organizations and institutions. This cohesiveness serves two goals: first, it provides a set of reliable, trusted institutions that low-income immigrants can feel comfortable accessing, despite their legal status. Second, it provides a base from which to organize for community development by and for an increasingly diverse population.ImmigrationLegal AidOrganizationsPovertySuburbsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zm3m8n4articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0wh9s9fn2016-07-20T22:31:20Zqt0wh9s9fnMaking Public Participation Meaningful: Assessing Twenty-Five Years of Community Strategies for Environmental Justice in Kettleman City, CAArata, Heather2016-07-20For the past 45 years, state and federal laws have required government agencies to include the public in the permitting process of facilities that could have a potentially negative impact on human health. Although public participation is a legal requirement, not all participation processes are created equally. Meaningful public participation is more than a legal requirement; it is a way for community residents to engage with government agencies to ensure a fair and inclusive process. While the requirement of public participation is in itself a change for communities once marginalized from permitting decisions, many residents are unable to participate meaningfully. Here the rural and unincorporated community of Kettleman City, California, is used as a case study for examining community strategies for meaningful participation in permitting decisions. This study relies on planning and legal documents, participant observations of recent public meetings, and in-depth interviews with 22 community residents and government officials involved with public meetings. These meetings include the approval of Environmental Impact Reviews (EIR) for a hazardous landfill incinerator project in 1990 and an expansion permit for the same landfill in 2009. Community strategies opposing the public participation process began in 1988 and continued until the final permit was issued in 2014. Participant observation at meetings and interviews with Kettleman City residents show opponents of the landfill projects have utilized a variety of strategies to support their meaningful inclusion in the two public meetings. While they used similar strategies with both meetings, some have proven to be more effective than others. While some strategies facilitated the project opponents’ efforts to be meaningfully included, others remain limited due to the legal requirements of public participation procedures, the lack of representation on appointed committees, and a lack of government accountability at the county level.Environmental justicecommunity resiliencepublic participationcommunity organizingtoxic wasteapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wh9s9fnarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8204p4f82016-04-25T17:46:19Zqt8204p4f8Defining Racial Equity in Chicago’s Segregated Schools: The Complicated Legacy of Desegregation Reform for Urban Education PolicyTzeggai, Fithawee2016-04-25The bold strategies of urban education reform over the past twenty years appear to most scholars and commentators as an abrupt political revolution, breaking from the established status quo of public education governance by embracing privatization, school choice, and the test-based accountability of schools and educators. Focusing on the high-profile case of the Chicago Public Schools, this paper interrogates this historical narrative by investigating less explicit moments of policy innovation that preceded the contemporary period of sweeping legislative reform. In Chicago, and across the nation, certain programs and policy reforms currently associated with school choice were first established in the name of racial desegregation. This institutional and discursive analysis of Chicago’s Student Desegregation Plan of the 1980’s asks how the initial expansion of choice-oriented programs both anticipates the policy logics and framework of contemporary neoliberal reform and paves the political path for Chicago’s early adoption of this neoliberal reform framework. Against the widely held notion that contemporary reform departs from older notions of racial equity embedded in desegregation reform, this study draws on archival sources representing multiple public voices and competing state actors to complicate the issue of school desegregation, revealing a contested space where divergent motivations and conflicting frameworks struggle to influence the course of reform. I find that the use of choice-oriented programs in the context of Chicago’s last major desegregation initiative reflects an implicit shift to a new definition of educational equity, one that eschews the court-ordered obligation to redress the institutional harms of segregated schooling and frames equity not in relation to racial and geographic patterns of inequality but instead in terms of equal access to necessarily unequal public school options.School desegregationSchool choiceNeoliberal education reformRace and equityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8204p4f8articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt804227k62015-10-13T22:26:33Zqt804227k6Dancing the Carceral Creep: The Anti-Domestic Violence Movement and the Paradoxical Pursuit of Criminalization, 1973 - 1986Kim, Mimi2015-10-14The criminalization of violence against women over the past forty years represents both social movement success and the paradoxical alignment of feminism with increasingly punitive carceral policies. This historical analysis of the shifting social movement field during its formative years from 1973 to 1986 refutes dominant social movement paradigms for understanding social movement cooptation and demobilization. The research interrogates the processes and mechanisms of contestation between social movement and the criminal justice system and, more broadly, relationships between civil society and the state. A closer focus at the historical construction of the anti-domestic violence social movement field during this period reveals the ways that the very dynamics of contestatory success generate the conditions for an expanding carceral state, eventually resulting in blurred boundaries between civil society and the state and the domination of the field by criminal justice institutions and carceral political logics. Through the analysis of semi-structured interviews of 57 social movement actors, governmental policymakers and criminal justice personnel and the extensive analysis of archival materials, this historical case study of California and Minnesota, early innovators of hallmark social movement strategies and institutions pursuing criminalization, contributes to feminist, criminological and social movement scholarship regarding the dynamics of social movement field development over time.social movementswomen’s movementcriminal justicegender violencedomestic violenceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/804227k6articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0518p6752015-09-16T19:54:24Zqt0518p675Between Two Worlds: Hmong Youth, Culture, and Socio-Structural Barriers to IntegrationLo, Bao2015-09-16Studies on the children of post 1965 immigrants recognize that there are various paths to incorporation due to race and class barriers and suggest that a strong adherence to traditional immigrant culture and values helps contemporary immigrants achieve integration. These studies acknowledge that there is not a single core culture of American society into which these immigrants are assimilating. The concept of segmented assimilation has been used to suggest that the process of assimilation is not as linear, simple or inevitable as classical assimilation suggests. Despite its important contribution to the theoretical debates on immigrant integration, segmented assimilation continues to use a cultural argument, suggesting that immigrant culture can explain and account for immigrant integration. Regardless of whether immigrant culture is present to buffer and mediate youth behaviors, some youth still take a path toward downward assimilation due to race, class and gender barriers. Based on data from a survey distributed to Hmong youth at a youth conference and interviews with community members, this study examines the role of race, class and gender and their impact on the incorporation of Hmong youth into American society. The Hmong community, whose migration to the United States was a direct consequence of their participation and involvement in the Vietnam War as U.S. allies, provides an important lens to understand the broader conditions that contribute to the incorporation of other racialized, poor immigrants into American society.HmongImmigrant IntegrationImmigrantsSecond GenerationYouth ViolenceSoutheast Asianapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0518p675articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt153899722015-08-27T22:36:33Zqt15389972Social Justice Healing Practitioners: Testimonios of Transformative Praxis and HopeChavez-Diaz, Mara2015-08-27Based on the testimonios of 16 social justice healing practitioners from the greater San Francisco Bay Area, this article examines the principles and practices guiding their healing praxis when working with urban youth of color, particularly of Chican@/Latin@ background. I identify social justice healing practitioners as community educators who center healing and social justice when engaging youth in transformative social change. As a methodological tool, testimonios provide great insights into the life experiences and reflexivity of these community educators. By explicitly making a commitment to restoring and renewing young people’s social well-being, as well as their own, these practitioners promote more holistic practices that are inclusive of young people’s mind, body, and spirit. Social justice healing practitioners seek to facilitate healing spaces that provide a context for young people to reconceptualize individual challenges as a politicized collective struggle, and through this process create a platform for both youth and educators to collectively engage in healing and transformative praxis. The findings from these testimonios suggest that social justice healing practitioners strive to create community healing practices to support young people in their individual and collective processes of healing with the goal of cultivating their resilience, hope, and capacity to see themselves as agents of change.TestimonioYouth of Coloractivismcommunity healingwell-beingapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/15389972articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt77b1h3782015-02-03T18:01:07Zqt77b1h378Constructions of Maltreatment: Child Exposure to Domestic Violence and Its Penalization in California LawHenry, Colleen2015-01-22Social constructionists argue that human behaviors or conditions only become social problems when they are recognized, labeled, and action is taken against them by a group of people or society. While domestic violence or intimate partner violence has been recognized as a social problem since the 1970s, only recently has child exposure to domestic violence received similar recognition. Through review of changes made to California Law between 1995-2013, policy statements, and case law, this article examines how child exposure to domestic violence is recognized, labeled and acted upon in law, and argues that the recent penal response to child exposure to domestic violence in California Law signals a conceptual shift in what acts and omissions constitute child maltreatment and an expansion of the existing child protection legal framework.Child protectionDomestic ViolenceExposure to Domestic ViolenceChild WelfareChild MaltreatmentFamily LawPenalizationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/77b1h378articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7c58k9f92014-12-12T17:25:21Zqt7c58k9f9Am I My Brother's Keeper?: The Contested Role of African American Churches in Community DevelopmentBass, Jackie2014-12-12In the age of mega-churches with sprawling campuses whose locations are determined by the presence of an abundance of land, not a historic connection to a particular community, many church leaders have a relatively expansive interpretation of their “community”, often coupled with an inward focus on their ministerial obligations. This perspective contrasts with the expectations of many community leaders that envision an outwardly focused, localized outreach model for churches. This tension is further complicated by the increasing size of churches and the emergence of a relatively new religious doctrine that emphasizes individual efforts and material gain, possibly leading churches to adopt even more insular activities, pulling them further away from the model desired by many community leaders. While local communities may be in more need of the assistance of area churches, churches are increasingly not in need of them. Through a series of interviews, participant observation, and archival research in a large southern metro area, this paper examines the competing visions of the church's “community” and the various interpretations of the church's responsibilities to these communities.African AmericansCommunityReligious InstitutionsCommunity DevelopmentChurchesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c58k9f9articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9gx2m1sw2014-10-31T23:56:49Zqt9gx2m1swThe Threat from Within: American Jews, the State of Israel, and IntermarriageMinkin, Sarah Anne2011-07-01This paper investigates how dominant American Jewish organizations seek to construct a collective Jewish identity that focuses on and advocates for the state of Israel. While the state of Israel has long been at the center of Jewish collective identity, there has been increasing fragmentation among American Jews with regard to Israel over the last several years. It is within this shifting, unstable dynamic that the dominant Jewish organizations cultivate Jewish collectivity, explicitly constructing American Jews’ attachment to Israel as inextricable from collective Jewish identity. For this reason, data for this paper comes primarily from ethnographic research on the representation of Israel in normative Jewish spaces in the Bay Area. Dominant Jewish organizations, the membership of which constitutes the elite leadership of American Jews, view the loss of Israel-centered collective identity among American Jews as posing an existential threat to Israel, and they link the loss of this collective identity to intermarriage. Thus intermarriage is framed as a grave threat to the state of Israel that invokes the specter of Israeli, and Jewish, destruction. The ethnographic research presented in this paper shows how the active, deliberate linking between family structure among Jews in the United States and their assigned obligations to the state of Israel works on-the-ground in dominant Jewish organizations. Stigmatizing intermarriage and promoting Jewish in-marriage has become a key tactic in a larger effort by the dominant Jewish organizations to shore up the Israeli state by creating Israel-oriented American Jews. Collective identityAmerican JewsIsraelintermarriagesocial movementsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gx2m1swarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2195c4sk2014-08-26T22:36:42Zqt2195c4skAsian Youth and Race-Making in an Urban School: The Institution and its PowerChing, Yenhoa2014-08-26Drawing from interview and participant observation data collected during an ethnographic study of Asian students and race in a multiracial urban school, I examine the school’s role in the racial construction and academic and social positioning of Asian students vis-à-vis Black and Latino students. I analyze the subjective categories and racial paradigms through which adult members of the school community understood minority students as normatively differentiated racial subjects. I also examine the school’s role in giving material structure to racial categories through formal and informal practices that reinforced racial stereotypes, social divisions, and academic disparities. Overwhelmingly, I found that teachers and staff simultaneously utilized a color-blind discourse that denied the significance of race in shaping school life and advanced dual tropes of the Asian model minority and Black and Brown oppositional and/or deficient minority. Despite purporting ideals of color-blind equality, teachers and staff generally gave expression to unequal notions of Asian-ness, Blackness, and Latino-ness and privileged Asian students who aligned with model minority expectations over Black and Latino students. While a minority of teachers and staff attempted to redress these dynamics, they were institutionally unsupported in their efforts. The implications for educational equity were significant, as the positive racialization of Asian students reinforced hierarchy and stratification among Asian and non-Asian youth as natural functions of a meritocratic system, ultimately masking the reality of low educational quality experienced by all students in a struggling school.EducationRaceRacializationAsian AmericansUrban Schoolsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2195c4skarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2139f3cc2014-07-30T20:12:44Zqt2139f3ccMass Transit Workers, Urban Publics, and the Politics of Time in San FranciscoFleming, Mark2014-07-01San Francisco’s public transportation system is the slowest major urban transit system in the United States and has one of the worst on-time performance rates. This paper examines how these problems with time—slowness and lateness—are constructed in public discourse and mobilized in labor disputes with the drivers who operate the transit system. Demands for faster moving and more timely transit lead to the implementation and enforcement of impossible-to-meet schedules, and political economic logics configure fault for the time problems in the work practices and work ethics of the transit drivers. Disputes about the transit system’s slow speeds and lateness intensify political opposition between public workers and the publics they serve, and reveal shifting conceptions of the public good. I argue that morally infused understandings of time and timeliness enable a neoliberal remaking of the transit system, its workers, and its publics.Urban TransitLaborSan FranciscoUrban GovernanceTemporalityNeoliberalismapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2139f3ccarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt66m719kv2013-09-11T15:35:14Zqt66m719kvThe 'Bitch Tape': How Male Batterers Find The Woman in the StateMahan, Margo M.2013-09-11Women’s experiences have been the nucleus of domestic violence literature, discourse, and policy, and have shaped the therapeutic and/or punitive measures that are characteristic of domestic violence prevention – measures that research has shown are largely ineffective in curbing violence. Consequently, we still know relatively little about why men batter, and how they make sense of the negative “batterer” credential that corresponds with their offense. The few studies that explore batterer behavior are primarily psychological, reducing their violence to individual pathology that can be “treated” in therapy. Accordingly, non-psychological studies are characterized by evaluations of the utility, effectiveness, and/or therapeutic techniques of Batterer Intervention Programs, thus missing thesociologicalroots of batterer behavior. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 15 male batterers, my research shows that these men make sense of the offenses of which they have been accused in different ways, both with regard to the role they attribute to the state in their felt disempowerment and emasculation, and the role they attribute to their female victims. These different meanings are attributable to a number of factors – factors I argue must be addressed to the extent that they are linked to recidivistic risks of battering. The analysis presented in this paper therefore provides a foundation for creating more effective social remedies for battering behavior, and it provides an opportunity to reconsider gender-based theories of interpersonal violence more generally.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/66m719kvarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt59c1m31p2013-08-27T22:45:32Zqt59c1m31pMunicipal Parks: An Environmental Justice Analysis of Conditions and Use in the San Francisco East BayGraybeal, Pam Mei Wai2013-08-27Municipal parks with similar design features are found in cities and towns throughout the United States. As public commons, they reveal a great deal about social values, norms, and power. This study utilizes an environmental justice framework and a modified System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities method to evaluate park conditions and usage. Forty-seven parks, most less than seven acres in size, located in census tracts reporting populations at or above the California averages for Asian, African American, or American Indian residents in the cities of Richmond, Berkeley, and Oakland, California were visited at various times throughout the day and week. Observations confirmed previous studies that found predominantly sedentary uses with limited variety. Among adult and teen park users, there were fewer women than men, which also corresponded with previous studies in other cities. Most parks had low levels of use considering the population density of the surrounding neighborhood. Access to sanitary infrastructure and drinking water was limited, as was equipment for adults. Facilities for competitive sports were common, while alternative outdoor facilities for group rhythmic, creative, or coordinated movement were rare. It is recommended that municipalities could address environmental inequalities and increase park usage and benefits for diverse female constituents by providing free or very low-cost culturally appropriate programming and equipment, enhancing sanitation infrastructure, and facilitating active transportation to/from parks.parkwomenphysical activityminority neighborhoodsenvironmental justicerecreationurban parksapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/59c1m31particleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0j04r4fm2013-02-19T23:09:09Zqt0j04r4fmEducation in Disguise: Sanctioning Sexuality in Elementary School Halloween CelebrationsBoas, Erica M.2012-10-19Given the pervasive silence that surrounds sexuality in elementary schools,Halloween provides a rare opportunity to explore its tangible manifestations. Schools sanction overt displays of sexuality and transgressions of certain school norms on this day. A time of celebration, it is perceived as a festive event for children, innocent and fun. Yet, because Halloween is the one school day where sexuality is on display, sexuality literally becomes a spectacle. Halloween serves as a magnifying glass to examine the operation of sexuality in the institution of elementary schools, illuminating a nexus of attendant relationships—social, economic, political, and cultural. These relationships lie buried beneath the veneer of fun and play that is popularly imagined as integral to the holiday. Drawing from ethnographic data collected over the 2010-2011 school year, I explore how processes of citizen creation through schooling are abetted by the U.S. consumer market, which strategically targets children, and girls in particular. This paper examines the ways in which elementary school Halloween celebrations bring to light the significance of sexuality in a culture that creates and exploits children’s desires.sexualityHalloweenelementary schoolconsumer culturechildrenapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0j04r4fmarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt7m9127t22013-02-12T22:37:00Zqt7m9127t2The Power and Promise of Culture in Economic Development: Drawing on Language for Healing, Nation Building, Sovereignty, and Development Practices in the Hoopa NationHuerta Niño, Ricardo2013-02-11This paper examines language, language programs, and language projects to explore their power and potential for informing, guiding, and improving economic development efforts in the Hoopa Nation of Northern California. Studies have shown that when economic development projects conflict with cultural norms and values, they have either limited success, struggle to remain viable, or simply fail. Despite the crucial role that culture plays in economic development on reservations, scholars have developed neither the theory nor the research to help tribes, practitioners, foundation staff, and policymakers understand and manage the relationship between culture and economic development in order to pursue culturally sustainable projects. This article attempts to fill this gap by offering a new approach for understanding the key role of culture, as well as the power and potential of culture for shaping viable and broadly supported development projects and practices. This study examines the relationship between culture and economic development by drawing from a series of interviews with tribal leaders, development practitioners, business leaders, and tribal officials. It explores the ways in which the conceptualizations, discourses, and practices of Hoopa culture have the potential to inform and shape development projects and the ways in which they provide for greater efficacy. Language provides a medium by which critical cultural information can be accessed in support of self-determined economic development on the reservation. This self-determined, culturally informed development is understood as contributing to larger projects of community healing, nation building, and tribal sovereignty.culturelanguagedevelopmenteconomic developmentplanningreservationNative Americanindigenous.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m9127t2articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6mk5t5nb2012-12-18T22:32:17Zqt6mk5t5nbSpatial Politics in Metropolitan Miami, 1980-1992: Cuban American Crisis, Community Development and EmpowermentBurga, Hector Fernando2012-12-18In this paper I examine the urban history of Cuban American empowerment in metropolitan Miami from 1980 to 1992 through the concept of “spatial politics” – the use of space by urban communities to claim government control. By combining archival research, GIS mappings, visual documentation, and interviews with retired metropolitan planners and community development specialists, I consider how Cuban Americans engaged in performative, discursive, electoral, planning-oriented, and allied activities over three stages – crisis, community development, and empowerment – which resulted in the transformation of Miami’s political status quo. Metropolitan planners contributed to this spatial politics by producing demographic data that facilitated the development of a Cuban American community development system, which in turn engaged public policy, economic development and housing. These provisions led to the concentration of ethnic bloc voting and the election of Cuban American leadership at the municipal and county level. This untold urban history, situated in the aftermath of the Mariel Boatlift, demonstrates that urban historians need to analyze how urban space is contested, produced and managed by immigrants in order to fully understand how immigrant incorporation and empowerment operates in American cities. Spatial politics is a conceptual tool to aid in this understanding.MiamiImmigrationIncorporationUrban PlanningCuban AmericansEthnic PoliticsUrban PowerRedistrictingMariel BoatliftElectoral PoliticsCuban American Community DevelopmentDade Countyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6mk5t5nbarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt92m9r81k2012-09-11T23:57:39Zqt92m9r81kFrom Combat to College: Student Veterans in Academic 'Contact Zones'Moore, Ellen2012-09-11In the current all-volunteer U.S. military, many low-income recruits enlist primarily for educational benefits. Yet many veterans encounter serious difficulties in transitions to civilian schools and do not graduate. While extensive research explores methods of military training and the effects of military service on socio-economic outcomes for veterans, little has been written about ways disjunctures between military and civilian pedagogies and culture shape veterans in civilian school settings. Using Lave’s analysis of situated learning and Pratt’s notion of ‘contact zones,’ this paper explores identities and practices of U.S. veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars as they re-enter community colleges and university classrooms.In-depth interviews, classroom observation and analysis of everyday discourse of veteran support organizations show disjunctures between soldiers’ lived reality and the discursive constructions of ‘warrior/hero’, ‘baby-killer’ and ‘student.’ As they re-enter the civilian world, soldiers not only contend with these shifting identities, they also encounter educational institutions that do not easily respond to them as students. This research finds that conflicting teaching, learning and cultural norms of military and civilian institutions, combined with enforced silences about the wars, exacerbate academic challenges.veteranspost-secondary educationmilitarismcommon senseapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/92m9r81karticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6sx9m6c02012-06-25T23:06:43Zqt6sx9m6c0Local Political Context and the Puzzle of Asian American Under-participation in Electoral PoliticsHsu, Naomi2012-06-25In spite of having relatively high levels of educational and occupational attainment and income, and having the highest rates of naturalization among immigrant populations, Asian Americans have the lowest rates of electoral participation of any racialized group in the United States. This paradoxical combination defies both traditional political science theories of political engagement, which emphasize socioeconomic determinants of participation, and conventional sociological theories of assimilation, which view political integration as occurring in step with socioeconomic integration. In this paper, I argue that local-level political-contextual conditions are an important contributor to Asian American under-participation in electoral politics. In particular, I reveal that while there are substantial differences in the net size of the Asian-white voter registration gap across states, even more dramatic differences exist across counties within the same state. I further demonstrate that this variation cannot be explained by differences in the size, density, or ethnic and immigrant composition of the Asian American population across counties, which suggests that the county contexts themselves are driving the differences. The findings in this research indicate a need for comparative studies across local contexts.Asian AmericansAsian American voterspolitical participationregistered votersAmerican electionsminority political participationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sx9m6c0articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vc1s21q2012-03-16T18:19:49Zqt5vc1s21qExplaining Support for Radical Right Parties in New Democracies: The Limits of Structural Determinants and the Potentiality of Civil SocietyPolyakova, Alina2012-03-16Europe has undergone a “Right turn” in politics over the last three decades, as evidenced by the continued success of radical right parties in Western European countries. Early studies of Western European radical right parties examined country level sociostructural factors for explaining variation in electoral support of radical right parties, but studies left unanswered if the same aggregate level factors are sufficient for explaining different levels of support that radical right parties secure outside of Western Europe. This paper builds upon the early studies of Western European radical right parties to examine whether structural factors – low economic growth, high unemployment, and high ethnic heterogeneity – are associated with high electoral support for radical right parties in the Central Eastern European EU member states from 1990 to 2010. The findings show that these factors are associated with support for radical right parties in some countries but not others. The paper then draws on theories of democratization to show that civic participation is a potentially important factor for understanding differences in support for radical right parties. This study contributes to a growing literature on the role of civic organizations in democratization and the body of knowledge on right-wing politics in Europe.application/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vc1s21qarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1kb7z2vh2012-01-03T22:43:09Zqt1kb7z2vhContested Nationalism: Ethnic Identity and State Power in the Republic of Vietnam, 1954-1963Tran, Nu-Anh2012-01-03The conventional scholarship depicts noncommunist nationalism in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, or South Vietnam, 1954-1963) as weak or inauthentic, especially when compared to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV, or North Vietnam). But such arguments assume that Vietnamese nationalism was singular and unitary. This essay reinterprets wartime nationalism by proposing the concept of contested nationalism. Specifically, it examines how the Republican government combined anticommunism with Vietnamese cultural identity in its cultural policy. Geography education, new cultural institutions, and historical preservation helped promoted the RVN as the exclusive embodiment of Vietnamese culture and challenged the DRV’s legitimacy.Republic of Vietnam (1954-1975)Vietnamnationalismanticommunismcultural policyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1kb7z2vharticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5b00c28s2011-12-07T17:49:51Zqt5b00c28sExplaining Support for Punitive Crime Policy: Race, Social Context, and Voting BehaviorMartin, Karin D.2011-12-05By treating criminal justice ballot propositions as race-implicit policies that disproportionately harm racial minorities, this article explores the hypothesis that a change in social context increases support for punitive criminal justice policies. To do so, it draws on insights from two related specifications of Social Identity Theory: Racial Threat Hypothesis and Contact Theory. The analysis offers two methodological innovations: first, it uses longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data to more precisely capture the effect of individuals’ experience; second, it draws upon a broader conceptualization of social context that includes not only racial composition of a county, but SES and education. The primary finding is that change in income and education levels by race/ethnicity and county-level political affiliation are significant predictors of support for race-implicit policies. The article concludes with a proposal for a mid-range theory of political behavior that takes into account the power of implicit messages about race in the political domain.racial attitudesvotingvoting behaviorcrime policyCaliforniaRacial ThreatContact Theoryapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5b00c28sarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6kr3v4pz2011-10-07T22:43:18Zqt6kr3v4pzBlack Moms and “White Motherhood Society”: African-American Middle-Class Mothers’ Perspectives on Work, Family and IdentityDow, Dawn2011-10-07African-American middle-class mothers have historically been structurally, culturally, and economically excluded from the practices related to hegemonic frameworks of mothering and parenting that have been described and critiqued by family and work life scholars. Collectively these frameworks make three theoretical assumptions: 1) mothers are principally responsible for raising children, 2) working outside of the home conflicts with being a mother and 3) middle-class mothers share beliefs about how to best raise children. Based on interviews with sixty African-American middle-class mothers, I highlight how the experience of mothering is influenced by racially situated identities, ideologies and practices. My findings challenge the view of motherhood as an exclusive endeavor and highlight that working is intrinsically linked to what it means to be a mother in the African-American community. These beliefs about mothering are also accompanied by psychological and tangible supports including encouragement from family to work and the availability of childcare from relatives. Finally, African-American middle-class mothers have additional race-based parenting concerns that relate to developing their children’s racial comfort, racial identity, and acumen in interracial and intra-racial social interactions. Overall, these findings suggest that African-American middle-class mothers recognize what I call an “integrated mothering” ideology. This ideology assumes that 1) childcare is a mother-centered, but community-supported activity, 2) working is a duty of motherhood and 3) considerations of race and racism should be consistently present in determining how to best raise children.Other SociologyFamily and Work BalanceMotherhoodParentingAfrican-American Middle-class MothersMiddle-class ParentsIntensive MotheringCompeting SpheresConcerted CultivationIntegrated Motheringapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kr3v4pzarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9s15b9r22011-08-02T21:32:54Zqt9s15b9r2Redevelopment and the Politics of Place in Bayview-Hunters PointDillon, Lindsey2011-08-02Bayview-Hunters Point, a neighborhood in southeastern San Francisco, has played a central role in San Francisco’s urban growth and its tradition of progressive social movements, and it has occupied a key site within broader regional and global geographies of people and power. In the 1960s, as the area became a predominantly African-American neighborhood, dominant representations increasingly depicted Bayview-Hunters Point as separate and distinct from the rest of the city, usually articulated through cultural or racial differences. These representations emerged even as Bayview-Hunters Point residents began building strong political organizations that struggled with city agencies to improve the neighborhood. Today’s redevelopment discourse builds on these older racialized ideas of Bayview-Hunters Point through the notion that the area needs to be culturally or socially integrated with the rest of the city. This discourse affects the redevelopment process in terms of what kinds of development projects are prioritized and how they are constructed. Bringing the political history of Bayview-Hunters Point – both as a social landscape and as an idea and set of meanings – to bear on contemporary redevelopment debates supports the argument for greater justice and civic responsibility on the part of city agencies in this process.Community-based ResearchCommunity EngagementOther Political ScienceUrban, Community and Regional PlanningU.S. urban historyrace and redevelopmentpolitical geographyplaceSan Franciscoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s15b9r2articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt15w491vk2011-07-11T17:33:53Zqt15w491vkIntimacy, Manipulation, and the Maintenance of Social Boundaries at San Quentin PrisonLindahl, Nicole2011-07-11San Quentin is an infamous prison in US history, the subject of myths, cautionary tales, and cable network specials. And yet ask the men living inside its walls, and they will insist San Quentin is the best place to do time in California. Beginning in the mid-1990s, San Quentin’s gates were opened to volunteers from the San Francisco Bay Area interested in providing educational and therapeutic programs. The implementation of these programs disrupted the routines and norms governing social relations within San Quentin and provided a rich window into the daily operation of the prison as it responds to pressure. In this paper, I identify and analyze three narratives which surface in the official discourse used by institutional actors to describe the prison environment and compare these narratives with observations of daily life behind San Quentin’s walls. Ultimately, I argue that in contrast to popular portrayals of prisons, which depict prisoners and officers as locked in depraved and antagonistic relationship patterns, the very structure of San Quentin, and perhaps prisons more generally, is highly conducive to the development of intimate bonds between these groups.Law and SocietyOther SociologySocial and Cultural AnthropologyPrisonsPunishmentRehabilitationSocial BoundariesSan Quentinapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/15w491vkarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0g62667k2011-07-04T02:21:16Zqt0g62667kHijacked Identities: Silicon Valley Pakistanis and Tactics of BelongingStover, Tamera Lee2011-02-09In this paper, I ask how Pakistanis have been interpreting and responding to the post-9/11 construction of Muslim identities, or more broadly, how a transnational community responds when it has been marked as hostile. Looking primarily at two Pakistani community organizations in the technology region known as Silicon Valley in Northern California, I seek to answer this question with evidence from document analysis, participant observation, and in-depth interviews. I argue that the bright boundaries that exclude Pakistanis from acceptance, and which categorize them as a suspicious other, have been a catalyst for community identity construction and management. If assimilation is the decline of an ethnic distinction and its corollary cultural and social differences, then the examination of the ways by which an excluded community seeks to belong can help expose the boundaries of membership that a state erects against immigrant communities. Through such an examination, I have found that the Pakistani community in Silicon Valley has used performative tropes to contest racialized boundaries and to re-define their community (and any of its transnational endeavors or inclinations) as being within acceptable limits. Representations of themselves as “business-developers” and “secular-pluralists” show that their community is sincere about assimilating, and that any transnationalism is within the realm of assistance towards American geopolitical goals. Thus, one of the implications of my research is that a government, its media, and the public can influence an immigrant population to shape itself in ways that are friendly and amenable to (in this case) US ideologies.Civil Rights and DiscriminationOther International and Area StudiesOther Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public AdministrationSocial and Cultural AnthropologySocial Policyethnic identityPakistani immigrantsassimilationtransnationalismMuslim immigrantsmembershipimmigrantsimmigrant racializationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g62667karticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3551q7sd2011-07-04T00:09:24Zqt3551q7sdAfter Foreclosure: The Displacement Crisis and the Social and Spatial Reproduction of InequalityMartin, Anne J.2010-12-09The current foreclosure crisis has led to large-scale displacement of former homeowners and their families. From 2005-2010, this crisis has produced a wave of displacement, which still shows little sign of slowing, and is predicted to continue until 2012. Research shows that those who have been the most heavily impacted by foreclosure are people of color, homeowners with low educational attainment, the elderly, and women homeowners. This paper engages the foreclosure and displacement literatures and discusses five pilot interviews to examine the ways in which households have been impacted, at the level of the individual and the household. While the popular press and academic literature have focused on the impacts of foreclosures on the financial and mortgage industries, the impacts of foreclosure and displacement on families and neighborhoods continue to be profound and are silently undermining stability and producing deep social uncertainty. The literature on displacement due to natural disaster, urban renewal, and gentrification foregrounds the ways the current foreclosure crisis may operate differently from past large-scale displacements, and provides insight into the social and equity implications of the foreclosure crisis. Interviews with individuals who have been foreclosed upon, and church pastors from communities with high rates of foreclosure, show how displacement contributes to uncertainty and hardship for many families. This paper examines the variety of realms affected by foreclosure, from the social to the spatial, and analyzes the ways in which the foreclosure crisis is becoming a displacement crisis that may be reproducing social inequalities.Economic PolicyOther Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public AdministrationSocial PolicyUrban, Community and Regional Planningforeclosuredisplacementhousinghomeownershipinequalityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3551q7sdarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt93x394482011-07-03T23:57:46Zqt93x39448The Long Road from Babylon to Brentwood: Crisis and Restructuring in the San Francisco Bay AreaSchafran, Alex2010-11-29Communities on the fringes of the American metropolis – exurbs, or exurbia – have recently garnered attention as the centers of the foreclosure crisis and its aftermath. On the one hand, this attention to the urban nature of the crisis is welcome, as the metamorphosis of the mortgage fiasco into a financial crisis cum global economic meltdown turned popular attention away from the urban roots of this calamity. But this emphasis on the exurbs as the site of crisis lends itself to the misconception that they are the sole source of crisis, rather than the restructuring of the metropolis as a whole. Using a mixture of ethnography, history and journalism, this paper weaves together the story of how the San Francisco Bay Area was restructured over the course of the past thirty years in a way that produced not only a new map of urban and exurban segregation, but the roots of the crisis itself. Working across multiple scales, it examines how three interwoven factors – demographics, policy and capital – each reacted to the landscape inherited at the end of the 1970’s, moving about the region in new ways, leaving some places thriving and others struggling with foreclosure, plummeting property values and the deep uncertainty of the current American metropolis.Economic PolicyEnvironmental PolicyInfrastructurePolicy Design, Analysis, and EvaluationSocial PolicyTransportationUrban, Community and Regional PlanningForeclosureurban crisisCaliforniaregionalismurban planningsuburbsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/93x39448articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3vt690fq2011-07-03T20:41:55Zqt3vt690fqThe Urban "Half": Resituating the History of Urban Relocation and Public EducationMurphy, Kimberly R.2010-01-22Through a “three pronged” termination policy, including the termination of tribal sovereignty, cultures and lands, the U.S. federal government sought to finally end the trust relationship it held with Native Americans. While both the termination of Native Nations and Public Law 280 assaulted the sovereignty of Native Nations, it was the relocation program that would finally force Native individuals to be active participants in the capitalist system. By the time the relocation program was brought to Oakland, California, in 1956, the city was undergoing drastic demographic and population shifts, which would have a major impact on the opportunities available to the relocation program participants. Like the reservations, the flatland neighborhoods of Oakland were both economically and politically controlled from the outside, rendering them a virtual colony of the larger city. Thus, rather than advance their economic or political status, as the actions of the Relocation Office would suggest, this new colonial system, operating within the internal colony of the “Black ghetto,” would perpetuate the low economic position of Native peoples. Tracing the history of American relocation into Oakland, this paper examines and exposes the central role of vocational training in the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) educational system, which not only enabled the largest relocation of Native peoples into urban areas, but forced Native students into urban school systems that simultaneously maintained and transformed colonial narratives, policies and rhetoric of the earlier BIA educational models while also inadvertently creating spaces that facilitated the most organized forms of intertribal resistance and activism. Tracing the history of relocation into the flatlands of Oakland is of particular interest as it highlights how the processes and understandings of sovereignty, internal colonialism, and positionality intersect within and between racially colonized communities. Consequently, by reconstructing the story of relocation into Oakland, we can begin to question what impact this had on the relocatees’ colonial status as “wards of the state,” in addition to asking how, as well as whether, relocation transformed the ways in which Native peoples were viewed externally (from various levels of government along with local non-Native neighbors and community members) and how this shifted, if at all, internal perceptions of self and community. Thus, using the history of relocation and urban Indians as a guide, we can begin to unpack the ways in which their colonial relationship has changed over time and space.Other American StudiesSocial and Cultural Anthropologyurban educationAmerican Indian relocationAmerican Indian Historyurban American Indian educationNative American educationcolonialityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vt690fqarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4d93r3t52011-07-03T20:15:29Zqt4d93r3t5"How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?": The Gifts of the Deviant in Education, Society, and Epistemological (R)EvolutionArias, José2009-12-17Despite the theoretical elegance and strong explanatory power of decolonial theory, its implications for pedagogy remain to be developed. Oriented by a question posed by Du Bois in 1897, “how does it feel to be a problem?,” I provide the reader with a history of both compulsory education and the juvenile justice system in the United States paying particular attention to the ways in which these systems have helped to (re)produce and re-form the deviant problem. I then examine how European projects of conquest and colonization have informed schooling practices throughout the world that naturalize relationships organized around domination and help to recreate deviant bodies. Finally, I present the reader with what several decolonial theorists have identified as the “decolonial gift,” namely emancipative orientations developed by collectivities positioned as problem people. In thinking through how this gift can serve as an ethical grounding for pedagogy, I offer suggestions as to how instructors can push against alienating and stigmatizing forms of education.Curriculum and Social InquiryDecolonial TheoryPedagogyDu BoisCompulsory EducationJuvenile JusticeRestorative Justiceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4d93r3t5articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0tp2b2xm2011-07-03T20:09:13Zqt0tp2b2xmParenting in Poverty and the Politics of Commitment: Promoting Marriage for Poor Families through Relationship EducationRandles, Jennifer2009-12-02The federal government has recently taken an unprecedented role in actively promoting marriage through social policies to address family instability and poverty in America. In 1996, Congress overhauled welfare policy to encourage work and marriage as routes to economic self-sufficiency for poor American families. This policy focus eventually led to the creation of the federal Healthy Marriage Initiative, a program that primarily funds relationship skills classes to promote marriage. Using ethnographic data from a community-based marriage education program for poor parents funded through a healthy marriage grant, I analyze how government-sponsored relationships skills classes intended to promote marriage tailor their messages for poor families. In doing so, this study addresses a broader sociological question: how does policy co-opt and transform ideas about love, family, and interpersonal commitment in the service of a particular political agenda? Moreover, how do parents accept, contest, and transform these ideologies on the ground when such ideas come up against the lived experience of families trying to create and maintain love while raising children in poverty? Ultimately, without addressing the structural issues that undermine poor couples’ aspirations to marry, relationship education frames healthy marriage as an emotional and economic partnership, one in which communication, conflict resolution, and financial management skills can be a social and psychological bulwark against the stresses of parenting in poverty.welfarewelfare reformpersonal responsibilityparentingpovertymarriagefamily policyrelationship educationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tp2b2xmarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2jv079jh2011-07-03T16:22:55Zqt2jv079jhRisky Business: Sex-work and Young Southeast Asian American Women in OaklandU, Nicol2008-11-25This paper seeks to analyze why many young Southeast Asian American women in Oakland, California, are going into sex-work. I investigate the cultural and social factors that contribute to their popularity as sex-workers, as well as examine the existing structural problems that have led them to sex-work. I also begin to illuminate how these young Southeast Asian American women understand their own reasons for going into sex-work. The number of minors entering sex-work continues to increase, globally, nationally and locally, yet past and current literature tend to overlook the unique problems that exist at the local level that are tempting young women into sex-work. Research on young women and sex-work has identified sexual abuse, drug use and homelessness as risk factors that often lead minors into sex-work, but these risk factors do not apply to the population of young SEA American women in Oakland. Through studying this population who have been in or are at risk of entering sex-work, I attempt to complicate previous arguments that victimize and/or criminalize young sex-workers, by looking at the ways in which these young Southeast Asian American women demonstrate agency within societal and structural constraints.Oaklandsex-workprostitutionSoutheast Asian Americanrefugeesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jv079jharticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1d77d85s2011-07-03T10:31:27Zqt1d77d85sMigration as a Matter of Time: Reasons for Migration and its Meaning for Children and YouthSoto, Lilia2006-11-29Studies of immigrant children and youth rely upon limited temporal and spatial frameworks of analysis. These narrow frames present a fragmented view of children’s immigrant experience that is limited to life after arrival in the U.S. and to their experiences within schools. These frames also assume an unproblematic journey of migration and ignore what children experience prior to migration. Using transnational literature about immigrant families and motherhood as well as fictional work, I demonstrate the weaknesses of these narrow frames, and argue that in order to understand the complexities of immigrant children’s lives, analysis of the process of migration must include a consideration of their lives beyond the school and their experiences before they physically make the move.Mexicanimmigrantsimmigrationyouthchildrengenderfamily relationsmigrationtime and space in migrationimmigrant studiesapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1d77d85sarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9zj0694b2011-07-03T04:40:07Zqt9zj0694bOut of the Shadows: Undocumented Latino College StudentsMartínez-Calderón, Carmen2009-01-12This paper analyzes how “undocumented” students make sense of school, schooling, and their social standing in the U.S. Based on two years of ethnographic research with 20 undocumented Mexican immigrant college students in California, this study examines the factors that have led these students to abandon their state of “social invisibility” and participate in higher education. The study finds that undocumented students decide to seek a higher education in an attempt to improve their chances for upward social mobility and incorporation into mainstream U.S society. They also see schools as safety zones and schooling as a mechanism of assimilation. This paper further explores how segmented assimilation theory can be utilized to understand the processes by which these students’ assimilate into mainstream U.S society. Lastly, the paper considers how assimilation theory can be expanded to better understand and depict the divergent paths of immigrant incorporation in the U.S.undocumented immigrantsLatinosMexican AmericansLatino college studentshigher educationMexican American youthsegmented assimilationLatino educational achievementundocumented studentsassimilationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/9zj0694barticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1wh3v1sj2011-07-03T04:39:37Zqt1wh3v1sjFrom Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Unearthing the Root Structure of Urban Agriculture in Oakland, CaliforniaMcClintock, Nathan2008-11-10In this paper, I use a framework of urban political ecology to explore the rise of urban agriculture (UA) in Oakland, California. As part of a growing effort to reduce its “ecological footprint” and to guarantee access to nutritious food for the urban poor, the City of Oakland has recently embraced a goal of sourcing 30 percent of its food locally, a modest amount of which should come from UA. Many of these small gardens and farms are to be located in so-called “food deserts,” low-income areas far from supermarkets, in the Oakland flatlands in order to provide access to fresh food as well as ecological and culinary knowledge to participants and customers. Recent critiques of some food justice initiatives, including urban garden programs, have argued that such projects are neoliberal in nature, emphasizing entrepreneurialism and self-betterment while filling in gaps left by the rolling back of the state. In this paper, I argue that a macro-level structural analysis of Oakland’s history reveals the emancipatory role of UA. I demonstrate how flows of industrial capital and racialized urban planning throughout the 20th century concentrated the devaluation of capital to the flatlands, ultimately giving rise to food deserts. Following the logic of what Karl Polanyi referred to as capitalism’s “double movement,” food justice activists are mobilizing through UA to counter capital’s uneven transformation of the flatlands.disinvestenvironmental racismfood justiceurban agriculturefood desertcaliforniapost-industrial citiesSan Francisco Bay AreaOaklandurban gardensurban political ecologyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1wh3v1sjarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1qm0x1tv2011-07-03T04:38:15Zqt1qm0x1tvOut of the Shadow of the State: Immigrant Nonprofits as Self-Motivated Political Actors in Urban Politicsde Graauw, Els2007-02-05I document and analyze the political presence in local politics of 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations catering to immigrants and refugees in San Francisco, California. Contrary to much of the nonprofit literature rationalizing the political apathy and quietude of 501(c)(3) nonprofits, my qualitative data from fieldwork conducted in 2005 and 2006 reveals that immigrant nonprofits have a broad understanding of what constitutes “politics” and are politically active in both the local policymaking and electoral processes. My data further shows that immigrant nonprofits function as multi-dimensional advocates engaged in legislative, administrative, and judicial advocacy at the local level. While immigrant nonprofits have a visible political presence within all three branches of local government, I argue that they are unique in the degree to which they engage in administrative advocacy targeted at the city’s bureaucratic agencies.nonprofit organizationsimmigrantsrefugeesurban politicsSan Franciscoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qm0x1tvarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2rt0d4942011-07-03T04:38:05Zqt2rt0d494"But I Want That One": Consumer Citizenship and the Politics of Exclusion, Public Space and Homelessness in the Gay GhettoPeacock, Ben2006-11-29In this paper I will first describe how commodities are ‘promiscuously’ displayed by homeless queer youth in San Francisco in their attempts to pass as not only normal, but affluent. I will argue that when a youth successfully displays the signs of these commodities, they become part of a prosthetic shield that wraps around him or her. These shields protect homeless queer youth from the status degradation inherent in being classified as homeless. Thereby, homeless queer youth use the sign of the commodity to prevent being continually marked by spoiled identities. Their struggles reveal contradictions in the differential allocation of citizenship in which those who pass as ‘normal’ are granted the right to consume public space unmolested. I will conclude by suggesting that there has been a primarily unobserved convergence of neoliberal social policies within both San Francisco and gay politics detrimental to poor and otherwise marginal people.sexuaIityconsumptionpublic spaceneoliberal politicshomelessnessyouthcitizenshipqueerapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rt0d494articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5vg5d05d2011-07-03T04:37:34Zqt5vg5d05dWaiting for Work: An Ethnography of a Day Labor AgencyPurser, Gretchen2006-11-14This paper addresses the shifting temporal dimensions of work brought about by the flexibilization of employment. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in a corporate day labor agency located in a West Coast city, I examine the way in which uncertainty is both produced and experienced in an effort to analyze the mode of domination captured by Bourdieu’s concept of “flexploitation.” Specifically, I examine the organization of the hiring and job allocation process, workers’ experience and understanding of this temporally uncertain employment relationship, and the way in which management manipulates this temporal experience as a technique of labor control. I argue that the enforced waiting period that is endemic in this industry is not only a strategy of externalizing risk (through “time funneling”) but of manufacturing a reserve army of labor that is highly disciplined.day laborstaffing industrytemporary employmentflexibilitywaitingtimeapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vg5d05darticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3rf939qj2011-07-03T04:37:21Zqt3rf939qjFrom "Moving Feels Like Home" to "We Will Not Be Moved!": Immigrant Communities Facing Evictions and the Role of Young People's Organizing, Oakland Chinatown, California, 2003-2005Pei Wu, Diana2006-03-29In April 2003, residents of fifty units of affordable housing were evicted from their low-income units in downtown Oakland, California’s Chinatown. The ensuing community struggle demonstrated the challenges of organizing and mobilizing in immigrant and refugee communities who have been subjected to the collective trauma of the last century’s wars and displacements in China and throughout Asia. Young people’s organizing in Oakland’s Chinatown was simultaneously an attempt to heal rifts within the community and between generations, and to articulate a normal and central space for a progressive and radical politics that is grounded in the migration stories of elders.OaklandCaliforniasocial movementspeople of colorevictionsyouthcultural activismimmigrantsAsian AmericansChinese-Americansgentrificationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rf939qjarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6nr1d7g42011-07-03T04:37:02Zqt6nr1d7g4Experiencing Imminence: The Presence of Hope in a Movement for Equitable SchoolingLashaw, Amanda2006-11-21Critical scholarship on reform-oriented interventions has emphasized the normalizing, capitalist power of reformist discourses, institutions and technologies. Whereas care is often taken to account for the agency of reform’s subaltern targets, scant research has attended to the subjective experiences of implicated reformers. This paper examines the ascent of a movement for small, equitable schools in Oakland, California in order to explore the hopes and aspirations of its most ardent advocates. I begin by contrasting the movement’s assertion of its equity-centered strategy with the complex race and class hierarchies that grounded power relations within the movement. The question that emerges from this discontinuity is how reformers come to experience the movement as equitable and unequivocally progressive. I find that the gap between reformers’ ideals and their material circumstances is bridged by the movement’s ample production of hope.reformprogressive culturehopematerialismschoolingrace politicseducationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6nr1d7g4articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0ns787hk2011-07-03T04:36:50Zqt0ns787hkCivic Sideshows: Communities and Publics in East OaklandCielo, Cristina2005-11-16How do urban spatial practices contribute to the formation of collective identities and action and to the hierarchical structures of a city’s varied communities? This paper examines this question by presenting a comparative case study of two East Oakland public spaces – the streets and parks of a residential neighborhood and the hybrid public spaces of the Eastmont Town Center. A comparative analysis of the implicit property relations and “publics” produced at each site shows that, despite their differences, these spaces and their attendant collectivities share the same fundamental logic and limits.publiccommunityurban spacescollective identitypracticesOaklandapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0ns787hkarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt43n6w2wp2011-07-03T04:36:35Zqt43n6w2wpBackpacks and Diaper Bags: Latina School-Age Mothers in an Alternative School SettingLeyva, R. Leticia2006-03-30Social commentators, policy makers, and members of the mass media have been instrumental in casting teen pregnancy in opposition to educational achievement. Dropping out of school is seen as one of the major negative outcomes of teen pregnancy. This ethnographic study explores the educational experiences of nine Latina school-age mothers who were enrolled at two sites of an alternative secondary program for pregnant or parenting teens located in a large, urban, northern California city. Contrary to those who claim that teen motherhood is the cause of low achievement, this study suggests that having a child inspires school-age mothers to pursue their educational goals. These goals are nurtured when young mothers are provided with an alternative school experience that supports their needs as both students and mothers.teen pregnancyteenage motherLatinaseducationacademic achievementalternative schoolapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/43n6w2wparticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0rf2p6v22011-07-03T04:36:29Zqt0rf2p6v2Challenging the Sociological Notion of the 'Ghetto': A Case Study of South Los AngelesMartinez, Cid2006-03-30Just as the inner cities of America were transformed by the great African American migrations from the South, immigrants from Latin American countries, such as Mexico, have begun to change the contemporary urban landscape. As early as 1990, the Mexican and Central American population was close to edging out African Americans as the largest ethnic population in South Central Los Angeles. This paper relies upon ethnographic fieldwork to assess the impact of Latino neighborhood settlement on politics in the ghetto. An examination of two key and interrelated institutions – local L.A. City chartered Neighborhood Councils and a local Catholic church – shows that even though Latinos are the majority population, they have had a minimal impact on politics in South L.A. when measured in terms of their participation in Neighborhood Councils. Moreover, the comparatively high rates of participation among African Americans in Neighborhood Councils can be understood, in part, as a direct response to the influx of Latino immigrants into South L.A. As result of their marginal position in local politics, Latinos have developed an alternative set of institutions that serve as sites of civic engagement. In light of the findings of this study, a new concept of the ghetto is needed to explain the significance of “two worlds” that coexist in South L.A.South CentralLos AngelesLatinosAfrican AmericansNeighborhood Councilsghettoimmigrantsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rf2p6v2articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt15b1h07r2011-07-03T04:36:19Zqt15b1h07rUndue Process: Immigrant Detention, Due Process, and Lesser CitizenshipHernandez, David M.2005-11-03The paper traces the genealogy of social and legal inequalities in citizenship and in the racialization of immigrants in the U.S. that are constitutive of contemporary immigrant detention practices. Presenting a challenge to the exceptionalism which frames policy responses to 9/11 and the “war on terror,” the paper argues that contemporary detention policies emerge from an episodic history of immigrant detention, precipitated by a series of broadly defined national security crises over the last century—from fear of contagion, to the demonization of “foreign” ideologies, to international military conflicts and domestic “wars” on crime, drugs and terrorism. These “crises” have been invoked to reduce the rights and civil liberties of racialized immigrants and citizens in the detention process. Even before the “war on terror” began, the coordinates of race, noncitizenship and national crisis were mobilized by the government through the vehicle of detention to deny due procedural rights to racialized immigrants. Such policies, often practiced legally and extralegally, serve to highlight the broad formation of a near permanent lesser class of persons vulnerable to institutionalized inequalities in the United States.immigrant detentionracismterrorismdue process9/11September 11citizenshipundocumented migrationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/15b1h07rarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8gt8w8fp2011-04-21T18:12:09Zqt8gt8w8fpMarketing Whiteness: Geographies of Colorblind LiberalismAlexander, Rebecca2011-04-21This paper examines how liberal, upper middle-class homeowners in the San Francisco Bay Area racially define and defend their neighborhoods. Based on an ethnographic study of neighborhood organizing over a one-year period, I show how homeowners simultaneously protect their identity as non-racist, liberal and open and act to exclude racial “others” through a gendered logic of caring for community. They are able to do so, I argue, only because their neighborhood is segregated, allowing them to use geographical references as a stand-in for race. Thus they are able to simultaneously critique (sometimes quite vociferously) those who target particular racial groups, while unproblematically identifying problems such as violence and sexual predation with particular geographies—geographies that are highly racialized. A localized conception of inclusive citizenship, rooted in the defense and nurturance of children, allows these exclusionary actions to be justified as not only “not racist” but as the ethical and moral duty of mothers, community members, and responsible citizens.Community EngagementLiberal StudiesOther EducationSocial and Cultural AnthropologyColorblindLiberalSuburbRaceWhitenessGeographiesMothersSegregationBordersCommunityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gt8w8fparticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt98w7w1jb2011-03-19T02:01:18Zqt98w7w1jbConfronting the Procedural Fix: How Community Coalitions for Economic Justice Utilize City Planning Expertise to Support Community Benefits CampaignsSmith, Robb2007-06-18This paper investigates the use of planning expertise by two community benefits campaigns to advance their equity agendas. Due to criticism over the way in which redevelopment planning has been undertaken, a series of reforms aimed at controlling the development approval and permitting process has been enacted over the past thirty-five years. These reforms – which I refer to as the procedural fix – are aimed at controlling debate and making the process more predictable for developers. The Community Benefits Agreement is a tool community activists use to extract redistributive benefits directly from capital. City planning expertise is helpful, if not necessary, for negotiating the procedural fix. Because the procedural fix is composed of reforms with legal consequences, the type of strategy a particular campaign chooses to use has consequences for how the planning expertise is used to negotiate the fix. The story of these two campaigns demonstrates that the type of strategy a particular campaign employs has consequences for how the planning expertise is used to negotiate the procedural fix. In cases where a campaign chooses a political strategy, planning expertise is useful in helping the campaign to articulate an alternative development plan that builds political support externally (with decision-makers) and internally (with coalition partners and their bases). In cases where a campaign chooses a legal strategy, planning expertise is useful in helping the campaign to build a legal case against the developer, the city, or the redevelopment agency in order to pressure the opposition to concede community benefits rather than face expensive and time-consuming litigation.urban planningsocial movementsurban politicscommunity developmentcommunity benefits campaignscommunity benefits agreementurban growth machineapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/98w7w1jbarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8m41z6g02011-03-19T01:42:04Zqt8m41z6g0Musical Crossings: Identity Formations of Second-Generation South Asian American Hip Hop ArtistsSharma, Nitasha Tamar2005-04-28This paper stems from a dissertation project on second-generation South Asian American hip hop artists based on twenty-two months of fieldwork conducted primarily in the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area. Through interviews, participant observation, and an analysis of their lyrics, this paper examines how South Asian American (desi) hip hop artists develop a racial consciousness and identities that both challenge narrow identity politics strictly drawn around ethnic lines and provide alternative ways of “being desi in America” by creating interracial alliances and racialized identities based on a politics of identification. By identifying as both South Asians and as people of color, the young adults in this study simultaneously articulate ethnic and racialized second-generation identities in ways that challenge assimilation theories that predict the downward assimilation of immigrants who adopt Black culture. This paper explores the political potential of hip hop—a medium rooted in an explicit discussion of power, history and inequality—for forging multiracial alliances in ways that unite Blacks and South Asians.South Asian AmericansBlackspopular cultureracehip hopapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m41z6g0articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt8563k17q2011-03-19T01:29:20Zqt8563k17qNegotiating With Agency: Towards an Intersectional Understanding of Violence and Resilience in Young Southeast Asian MenChong, Vincent2008-08-12Research regarding Southeast Asian youth violence often employs a risk and protective factors framework, portraying such behavior as a problem of maladaptation. However, violence also holds meaning for the youth who experience it. Cultural and gender theorists posit that violence is a tool young people use to construct their gender and racial identities. As adolescence is a key period of identity formation, understanding youths’ constructions of their gender and racial identities may inform more appropriate violence prevention strategies. As part of a research team, I conducted focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews with a diverse group (n=21) of young Southeast Asian men ages 13-17 recruited from a community clinic for Asian youth. Interviews elicited the role violence plays in their understanding of what it means for them to be both Southeast Asian and young men. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. My findings document that violence is ubiquitous in the lives of these young men. Furthermore, resilience and identity formation should be understood as complex processes through which relations of power are mediated and navigated, as opposed to static traits that young people possess. Thus, I suggest that violence prevention programs should use a constructionist framework, as opposed to an ecological framework, to design interventions that speak to the lived realities of the youth they target.Southeast AsianYouthCultureViolenceResiliencemasculinityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/8563k17qarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6z83w4t72011-03-19T00:54:41Zqt6z83w4t7Hegemony, Ideology & Oppositional Consciousness: Undocumented Youth and the Personal-Political Struggle for Educational JusticeNegron-Gonzales, Genevieve2009-07-14Social movement practitioners have grappled for years with the role that ideology and consciousness play in bringing about social change. This article asks how lived experiences of institutional exclusion shape the political consciousness of undocumented Latino students. Through my ethnographic study of undocumented youth activists working on a mainstream legislative campaign, I posit that not only is oppositional consciousness a spectrum, as previous theorists have claimed, but it is also, in a Gramscian sense, forged out of the dialectic between ideas that are both hegemonic and counter-hegemonic. It is not the case that counter-hegemonic ideas win over, even temporarily, leading to oppositional consciousness. Rather, oppositional consciousness is forged through the constant negotiation between the two. This article draws on 18 months of fieldwork and is a critical inquiry into the possibilities and limitations of ideas and ideology in building social change.undocumented youthDREAM Actoppositional consciousnessimmigrant youth activismAB540hegemonyideologyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z83w4t7articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6vz4s7jj2011-03-19T00:52:31Zqt6vz4s7jjViolent Design: People’s Park, Architectural Modernism and Urban RenewalAllen, Peter2007-05-11The events surrounding the 1969 struggle over People’s Park in Berkeley, California were among the most violent confrontations of the 1960s era. Typically, these events are seen as an episode of increased student radicalism and the anti-Vietnam war movement. Instead, this paper argues that conflict over competing visions of urban space was at the center of the People’s Park violence. The park movement was a reaction to the University’s plan to raze existing older housing in order to expand the campus, build modernist high-rise residential towers, and pursue a joint urban renewal program with the city. Park supporters, which included many design professors and students, drew on emergent new paradigms in planning and architecture. The park became an inspirational test case for theories of community-based development in architecture and planning, exposing the profound divisions in the design professions that characterized this time.People's ParkBerkeleycommunity planningmodernismurban renewalurban spaceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vz4s7jjarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt62f8j8s02011-03-19T00:24:53Zqt62f8j8s0The Social Context of Childrearing: Public Spending in Oakland, 1970-2000Pugh, Allison2005-06-20This paper takes stock of spending in Oakland on children from 1970-2000, in order to gauge the trends in families’ “collective consumption.” Using funding for schools, parks, libraries, museum and the police as a proxy for public spending on children’s lives generally, I find that while monies for parks and the museum declined, funding for police and libraries stayed level. Schools offer a more complex case, in which increases in per-pupil expenditures may be mitigated by ballooning needs for special education services, and in which parent-raised funds contribute further to intra- and inter-district inequality. I propose the notion of “concentric rings of consumption” to analytically treat these parent-raised funds, which are not quite private but not quite public either. After reviewing a case of privatized educational services, I suggest that public spending decreases lead to three linked and overlapping outcomes: “compensatory spending,” or the individual’s choice to buy goods and services, “public squalor,” or the fraying of public services left to those who have no other option, and “ambient privatization,” or the perception of the first two of these trends.childrearingconsumptionprivatizationpublic spendingOaklandapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/62f8j8s0articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5j3464152011-03-19T00:10:11Zqt5j346415Social Movements and the Journalistic Field: A Multi-Institutional Approach to Tactical Dominance in the LGBT MovementLeachman, Gwendolyn2009-10-29Social movements typically consist of several diverse organizations, with each using subtly different tactics to advance a similar, but not equivalent, vision of social change. The landscape of powerful social institutions in which a movement is situated affects which tactics become dominant among these organizations (and thus, within the movement) and which tactics are sidelined, discredited, or not even considered. The mainstream media is one example of a social institution that may have such a constitutive effect on social movements. When the mainstream news media – conceptualized here as a journalistic field – produce more substantial coverage of a given movement tactic, they may increase the tactic’s legitimacy, permitting organizations that perform the tactic to occupy a more dominant position within the movement. In this paper, I analyze media coverage of LGBT movement activity in a sample of mainstream newspapers from 1985-2008 to examine whether, in its coverage of the movement for LGBT rights, the mainstream media have focused on the LGBT movement’s legal tactics, organizations, and framing, and have downplayed other types of movement tactics and framing. This paper expands upon empirical studies from the communications and sociolegal literatures, which find that litigation often attracts publicity, whereas protest activity rarely receives any substantive news coverage. The data presented here will likely have implications for the new, multi-institutional approach to social movement theory. They should help to clarify the ways in which tactics, when amplified by media coverage, influence the ascendancy of specific strategies and organizations within a social movement.Other Legal StudiesSocial MovementsMediaLGBTNew Institutional Theoryapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j346415articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt58k8g8zm2011-03-19T00:03:12Zqt58k8g8zmMigrant Remittances and the Mexican State: An emergent transnational development model?Lopez, Sarah Lynn2009-07-20While economic migration from Mexico to the United States has a long history, the recent expansion of the remittance economy driven by migration is causing rapid transformation of both the built environment and society in rural Mexico. Many Hometown Associations (HTAs)—or clubs that represent a particular hometown in Mexico—collectively finance public buildings in small Mexican villages. Recognizing this major source of funding for development, the Mexican federal government created the Tres Por Uno (3x1) program in 2001. In this program, migrant remittances sent through clubs in the U.S. are multiplied by municipal, state, and federal Mexican funds for regional development. 3x1 and HTAs are strategically linked, as 3x1 both motivates migrant organization in the U.S. and incites the Mexican government to act on behalf of rural Mexico. On the surface, this relationship appears to be beneficial to both parties, as migrants receive support for building projects and the Mexican state can achieve development targets with minimal investment. However, I argue that this nascent model of development—what I term the Remittance Development Model (RDM)—challenges the role of the state in improving municipal spaces, and institutionalizes migrant ambivalence associated with remitting as a way of life. The RDM, investigated through ethnographic research, policy data, and site analysis, also produces complex, ambiguous results for migrants, their families and their home communities, who must balance new kinds of freedom and agency with familial fragmentation and changing social norms.remittancestransnational migrationMexicoTres Por Unobuilt environmentcommunity developmentapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/58k8g8zmarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt57m2q81r2011-03-19T00:02:23Zqt57m2q81rCities, Citizenship and Undocumented Aliens: Dilemmas of Law and Political Community in Contemporary AmericaMurthy, Hamsa M.2007-05-10This paper argues that cities are important political and legal communities that construct and govern the “rights in action” of undocumented aliens in the United States today. However, it also challenges the proposition that large U.S. cities are likely to be sites for expansive citizenship for all non-citizens. Through close examination of case law and publicly available documents related to New York City's changing police department policies concerning the immigration statuses of its residents, the paper reveals how limited U.S. cities may actually be in attempts to formulate positive laws expanding the “rights” or “citizenship” of undocumented aliens in particular. On a theoretical level, this paper argues that attention must be given to the prominent role of positive law in U.S. immigration and alienage law as well as to the complexities created for positive law by overlapping jurisdictions and modern administrative modes of governance. While this paper concedes that a formal, legal conception of citizenship need not dominate all discussions of citizenship, it nonetheless seeks to build a particularly sociolegal framework for institutional analysis of cities, citizenship, and alienage in the U.S. today.citiescitizenshipaliensimmigrationrightsNew York Citylawapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/57m2q81rarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt4n29880d2011-03-18T23:45:29Zqt4n29880dMuslims and Jews, Moving with God: Re-thinking the Relationship between Immigration, Religion and TheoryNorman, Jon2005-06-02Researchers who study recent shifts in immigration in the United States focus primarily on either how well new immigrants manage to integrate into the American economy or how poorly they integrate into American culture. In general, scholars have tended to ignore the dynamic relationship between immigrants’ cultural belief systems and their integration into the United States’ economy. In this paper, I begin to develop a theoretical map that links these two areas by examining the interrelationship of strongly held cultural beliefs and socioeconomic conditions of immigrants. I consider the experiences of Jewish and Muslim immigrants in the United States and critique the theories of Bourdieu and Wallerstein to argue that culture, and specifically religion, is necessary for understanding social relations inside the immigrant community as well as the ways in which immigrants interact with both individuals and institutions outside of immigrant enclaves. I conclude by suggesting how the theoretical map that I propose might inform future research.religionimmigrationcapitalismJewsMuslimsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/4n29880darticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt46q9j6d82011-03-18T23:33:39Zqt46q9j6d8At the Day Labor Hiring Zone: The Politics of Immigrant Illegality and the Regulation Of Informal LaborHerrera, Juan Carlos2010-07-07Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork and media analysis of anti-day laborer mobilizations, this paper explores the discourse surrounding the “problem of day laborers” which represents jornaleros as a sort of contaminant of street corners and the visible embodiment of immigrant illegality. I argue that such a discourse has lived material effects that translate into a myriad of constraints on day laborers’ relations of production and other aspects of their lives—ultimately limiting their ability to navigate different geographical and socio-economic scales. In this paper I present two different approaches for solving “the problem” posed by day laborers: 1) a punitive anti-immigrant tactic and 2) a more caring, progressive, pro-immigrant method. Contrary to many studies that argue that undocumented workers are in the shadows of the state, I interrogate different state-sponsored projects that seek to shape the conduct of illegal immigrants through practices of spatial discipline, immigration enforcement, and other political technologies of rule.Social Policyday laborersspacegovernmentalityimmigration enforcementraceOaklandapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/46q9j6d8articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt45p0h3w12011-03-18T23:32:39Zqt45p0h3w1“The Silence Itself is Enough of a Statement”: Unintended Consequences of Silence as an Awareness-Raising StrategyWoolley, Susan W.2010-10-19The strategy of silence for voice, as seen in the Day of Silence, deploys silence in order to draw attention to the ways in which an individual or group has been silenced and to establish possibilities for voice. The Day of Silence is a nation-wide day of action aimed at addressing anti-LGBTQ bias and harassment in schools. This ethnographic study of a high school gay-straight alliance (GSA) club examines the unintended consequences of silence as an awareness-raising strategy during events related to the Day of Silence and how students and teachers handle these consequences. Silence makes students more defenseless in the face of verbal harassment, makes it more difficult to engage in discussion with others of opposing views, and makes it more challenging for teachers to lead their classes and for students to learn. What remains unheard at MacArthur High are the institutional silences LGBTQ students experience when they find themselves not represented in the curricula and they find critical discussion of heterosexism and hegemonic masculinity absent from classroom and school discourse. While the Day of Silence calls for students to engage in intentional silences in order to raise awareness about anti-LGBTQ bias, it does not necessarily lead others to take more responsibility for their ignorance or to address silences around gender and sexuality. This study makes suggestions for implementing change regarding silences of LGBTQ issues in the curricula, pedagogy, and schooling practices.Curriculum and Social InquiryDisability and Equity in EducationLiberal StudiesOther Educationgendersexualitysecondary schoolingLGBTQ youthhomophobiaharassmentheterosexismDay of Silenceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/45p0h3w1articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3zj805cn2011-03-18T23:26:33Zqt3zj805cnFrom Public Housing to Regulated Public Environments: The Redevelopment of San Francisco’s Public HousingRongerude, Jane2007-08-07Contemporary approaches to concentrated poverty assume intractable ghettos and a dying urban core. In the meantime, welfare reform and gentrification have given rise to new systems of poverty management and new spatial arrangements of poverty within U.S. metropolitan areas. The public housing revitalization program known as HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) provides an opportunity to explore these developments. In the ideal, HOPE VI solves the problem of dense, isolated, crime-ridden projects that house only the most poor by replacing them with new communities that are more attractive, more integrated with their surroundings, and more mixed—both in terms of income and race. This paper argues that HOPE VI is a program of urban redevelopment and poverty management that is firmly rooted in the ideology and goals of welfare reform. Using San Francisco as a case study, it examines the institutional and spatial changes embedded in the city’s HOPE VI process. San Francisco offers a model of progressive HOPE VI, one which prioritizes resident participation, minimizes the loss of affordable housing units, and mediates public/private partnerships through the use of non-profit developers. Despite this progressive approach, the “transformation” of public housing promised by HOPE VI is not the transformation of a severely distressed property to a functional one or the transformation of an area characterized by concentrated poverty to one with a wider range of incomes. Rather, it is the transformation of public housing into a new post-welfare institution, what the author calls a regulated public environment.public housingurban povertyregulated public environmentsHOPE VIUnited States housing policyapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zj805cnarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3w80j4z12011-03-18T23:24:13Zqt3w80j4z1Municipal Annexation and Metropolitan Colonialism at the Nation's Fringe: San Ysidro, San Diego and the U-S///Mexico BorderHernandez, Roberto2006-10-27This paper reviews and challenges current Urban Studies literature on annexation, suburbanization, and segregation. Specifically, it investigates the economic and political forces that led to boundary changes in San Ysidro, California. Prior scholarship on municipal annexations has focused primarily on the procedural mechanics and local dynamics that inform municipal boundary changes. This paper argues that this approach is “too local,” and suggests that global capital flows and forces play a powerful role in municipal annexations. Through a world-systems lens and a legal history of cities, this paper also provides a framework for rethinking municipal annexations as reenactments of colonial enterprises at a metropolitan scale and considers the implications this framework has on ongoing debates about citizenship.bordercitiescolonialismannexationSan YsidroSan DiegoTijuanaapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w80j4z1articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3vn9s23p2011-03-18T23:23:39Zqt3vn9s23pStuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Explanations of Employment Change Among African American Women in the Postindustrial EraDavis, Katrinell2007-10-16Although the opportunity structure for African Americans has improved since the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s and 1970s, African American female workers still predominantly occupy jobs offering low wages with no job security. This paper begins to examine the reasons for this stagnation by offering a comprehensive review of scholarship on the employment histories of African American women in the postindustrial era. Using Census data and other historical evidence, I argue that mainstream research on the structure of employment opportunities open to African American women is inadequate. Social-cultural sociologists have spent too much time blaming workers for their employment outcomes, while ignoring the historical and institutional factors that shape these outcomes. At the same time, structural approaches in this literature only hint at the important roles firms play in creating inequality and reducing mobility, and they stop short of exploring how these trends develop over time. In an attempt to shift the emphasis away from individual level and ahistorical structural approaches to understanding African American women’s employment progress, I propose a workplace centered approach that incorporates a consideration of historical and political factors in explanations of blocked opportunity among these workers in the postindustrial era.dead-end jobsAfrican American women workersAfrican-American womenjob opportunitycareer mobilityemploymentemployment opportunityworking class womenpostindustrial workersapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vn9s23particleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3sz6204t2011-03-18T23:21:44Zqt3sz6204tLooking Beyond the Blighted Surface: The Gaze of Redevelopment and the Immigrants' MilieuSandoval, Gerardo2007-09-24This working paper traces a historical contestation between the immigrants’ milieu and the gaze of redevelopment. A central theme within that history has been the constant effort to target and implement revitalization programs in immigrant neighborhoods. As Central Business District (CBD) elites seek to capitalize on regenerative low-income areas, low-income immigrant neighborhoods have had to struggle for the maintenance and survival of their communities. These immigrant ethnic neighborhoods, however, possess a rich mixture of social, economic, political, and cultural capital (“the immigrants’ milieu”) which both attracts the “gaze” of redevelopment and offers potential resources for the neighborhoods’ survival. The contestation has greatly influenced the field of city planning during three time periods: the mid-19th century, as planning emerged as a profession; the 1960’s, as city planners embarked upon a new wave of urban renewal projects; and today, as cities revitalize their CBD’s in the face of globalization.MacArthur ParkLos Angelesglobalizationredevelopmentrevitalizationplanningimmigrantsurban renewalurban politicsplaceurban reviewProgressive eraglobalizationneighborhood changeapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3sz6204tarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3b07b9t02011-03-18T23:08:03Zqt3b07b9t0The Performance of Property: Suburban Homeownership as a Claim to Citizenship for Filipinos in Daly CityPido, Eric J.2009-06-03Contrary to much of the literature on immigrant homeownership, I argue that the comparatively high rate of homeownership amongst Filipinos, coupled with their tendency to live in suburbs, can only be partially explained as an attempt to create and accumulate capital and assimilate within the dominant fabric of American culture. More often, Filipinos utilize homeownership as a way of performing citizenship and signaling their belonging in the U.S. nation. I argue that the idea of the “America Dream” and the liberal meanings constituting property ownership, produces a cultural logic through which Filipinos attempt to claim full-citizenship in the U.S. Through in-depth interviews of Filipino realtors and their clients operating and settling in the Californian suburb of Daly City, I describe how middle-class enactments, such as investments in the American Dream and the production and consumption of status, together reflect strategies that Filipinos utilize in order to navigate within the differentiating effect of U.S. citizenship.American DreamFilipino immigrationcitizenshiphomeownershipFilipinosimmigrationDaly Citypropertysuburbanismapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3b07b9t0articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt35c5q2rz2011-03-18T23:03:18Zqt35c5q2rzBlack Rocks, Brown Clouds and the Borderlands: Air Quality and the Making of the Big BendDonez, Francisco2007-04-09This paper concerns the making of a place, specifically the Big Bend region of the Texas-Mexico border. As an entry point, it examines the unexpected phenomenon of air pollution in this rural region and the ways in which this environmental impetus has spurred actions, at various scales, to preserve the Big Bend’s “character” and economy. The mobilizations over Big Bend air quality at several scales can be seen as moves to preserve the construction of this region as a pristine, rural pocket of the American West, rather than as part of the urbanized, tainted U.S.-Mexico borderlands. However, geographic and economic realities act to pull the Big Bend more deeply into the borderlands. In this way, issues of air pollution become part of the struggle to construct this region as unique, clean and precious in the face of some uncomfortable geographic realities.air pollutionTexasnational parksenvironmental policyMexicohuman geographytourismconstructed landscapesenvironmental justiceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/35c5q2rzarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt3421m0cd2011-03-18T23:01:53Zqt3421m0cdOut of Sight, Out of Mind: The Evolution of One Bay Area Industrial SuburbAnderson, Tamsen2005-08-30Financed by San Francisco capitalists, industry began to move beyond the boundaries of San Francisco in the 1850s. Industrial growth in the East Bay led to the development of a number of working-class communities along the San Joaquin River, including Martinez, Bay Point and Pittsburg. A case study of the development of Pittsburg, California demonstrates the critical role heavy industry has played in the suburbanization of the San Francisco Bay Area. The mixed land use, racial heterogeneity and working-class character of industrial suburbs such as Pittsburg challenge the widely held belief that American suburbs in general and Bay Area suburbs in particular are solely residential enclaves of white, middle-class families. Disproportionately polluted and poor, industrial suburbs serve as economic engines used to fuel the outward growth of American cities.industrial suburbindustrysuburbworking classCaliforniaContra Costa CountyPittsburgapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/3421m0cdarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt26p7z7f22011-03-18T22:36:03Zqt26p7z7f2Between ‘Blight’ and a New World: Urban Renewal, Political Mobilization, and the Production of Spatial ScaleLai, Clement2006-04-24This paper examines political mobilization around urban renewal in San Francisco’s Japantown (Nihonmachi or J-town) during the post-World War II era. An assessment of the efforts of the Committee Against Nihonmachi Eviction (CANE) – a largely Japanese American, grassroots organization that opposed the city’s redevelopment plan – demonstrates the centrality of space to the political mobilization of people of color. CANE’s mobilization was not merely a politics of the local, fought building by building and block by block. Rather, CANE sought to organize at larger scales, for example, by procuring international allies. In addition to illustrating the scalar strategies adopted by community organizers, this case study offers lessons for understanding the relationship between urban renewal and racism, property, and the liberal capitalist state, specifically under conditions of geo-economic and geopolitical crisis.urban renewalpost-World War IIredevelopmentWestern AdditionJapantownJapanese AmericanSan Franciscoscalar strategysocial spacepolitical mobilizationapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/26p7z7f2articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt22w118vk2011-03-18T22:32:16Zqt22w118vkCreating Social Change Through a Two-way Immersion Program: La Escuelita's Efforts to Foster Spanish/English BilingualismAstorga, Jose A.2008-06-04A substantial academic literature suggests that public schools are failing to provide an effective educational program for language minority students. This paper presents an ethnographic study of an independent charter school, “La Escuelita,” which was built by educators and community members who sought alternative educational resources and programs for their Latino children. This study demonstrates how communities as a whole can use schools as foundations upon which to create meaningful social change. By using a Two-Way (Dual Language) Immersion program, which fosters and maintains students’ native languages while teaching students English, the school encouraged student and parent participation in cultural and political events that empowered the entire community and made learning a social activity.language minority studentscharter schoolsbilingual educationeducational reformLatino childrenlanguage immersionapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/22w118vkarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt2031d03s2011-03-18T22:29:11Zqt2031d03sPutting Culture Back in Context: A Context Dependent Model of How Cultural Inputs, Toolkits, and Meanings Influence ActionAbramson, Corey M.2010-08-31In this article I outline a new framework for the sociological study of culture that relates three fundamental facets of human culture (inputs, toolkits, and meanings) to each other and suggests the contingencies under which each can influence action. Sociological theories of culture typically pitch these facets as opposing perspectives of “what culture is.” I argue that while each perspective answers a necessary part of the theoretical puzzle linking culture and action, existing models are not sufficient as standalone answers. Even the more theoretically nuanced attempts at integrating multiple elements of culture tend to argue that one particular aspect of culture provides the most powerful link to action a priori. The empirical inadequacies of each perspective as a stand-alone theory of “how culture affects action” are accounted for by the failure of theorists from each perspective to fully recognize and integrate the other elements of culture, as well as the concrete contingencies that give them analytic power, into their models. I argue that inputs, toolkits, and meanings are fundamental, complementary, and necessarily intertwined elements of culture. Further, which of these elements has the strongest influence on action is a function of social context. I use examples from both my own research on health behaviors and the empirical works of other scholars to propose a context dependent model of how and under what conditions each element of culture can affect both action and outcomes. Specifically, I show how varying levels of social stability, inequality, codification, and institutional involvement affect the relative influence of each aspect of culture.Other SociologyQuantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical MethodologiesTheoryCultureStructureAgencyValuesMotivationsToolkitsInequalityapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2031d03sarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt13z935rd2011-03-18T22:04:33Zqt13z935rdThe Program Officer: Negotiating the Politics of PhilanthropyKohl, Erica2008-05-28As a part of a larger study on the relationship between private philanthropy and farmworker organizing and community development across California’s Central Valley, this paper concentrates on the central role of the foundation program officer in negotiating the process of grant making. The work of the program officer is revealed as both containing and opening up spaces for addressing political and economic inequity. It is argued that the work of the foundation program officer often limits the approach of granted organizations through professional processes and program frameworks that make poor people responsible for their own betterment while excluding the economic relationships that created the situations the programs seek to ameliorate. Yet findings also point to the role of the program officer as one of significant risk taking and advocacy during non-movement times. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews with foundation program officers, consultants, and grantees, review of foundation program materials, and participant observation at foundation gatherings and presentations.philanthropynonprofit sectorregional developmentimmigrantsfarmworkersCalifornia's Central Valleyfarm workerfoundationsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/13z935rdarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0c2227802011-03-18T21:43:23Zqt0c222780Making Space for Urban Girls: A Politics of Geography and GenderGleason, Emily2008-10-14This paper presents a multi-year case study of an after-school literacy initiative at an inner city high school. In order to understand the lived experiences and practices of urban girls, this study explores how African American girls, in particular, navigate public and private spaces of their everyday worlds. Spatial limitations, institutional pressures, and teens’ subjectivities shaped an extracurricular literacy program, built on a theoretical framework of participatory research and youth-led digital media production. By considering the politics of after-school programming and the landscape of urban contexts, I problematize programs such as Girlspace, as well as complicate understandings of youth literacies, geography, and participatory research. This paper argues that for youth development programs to succeed, the complexity of socio-cultural and spatial realities facing urban girls-- as well as their perspectives-- must be understood.urbangirlspacegeographygenderafter-school programyouth violenceapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0c222780articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0bg1r5nv2011-03-18T21:42:49Zqt0bg1r5nvMissionary Destinations and Diasporic Destiny: Spatiality of Korean/American Evangelism and the Cell ChurchHan, Ju Hui Judy2005-04-27The existing literature on immigrant Korean Protestant churches in North America typically addresses identity formation and dynamics of assimilation in the context of North American religious pluralism and multiculturalism, particularly focusing on the role of religion in “maintaining ethnicity” and “preserving traditions.” In this literature, the immigrant Korean church is depicted as an ethnic enclave, a bounded territorial enclosure that facilitates adjustment and transition into the mainstream. The argument presented in this paper reconceptualizes the immigrant Korean church as an “extroverted space,” with a profoundly “global sense of place.” First, I examine the articulation of divine destiny and theological conservatism in the production of a missionary designation called the “10/40 Window,” locating Korean and Korean American evangelicals in transnational and transdenominational movements pivoting around the U.S.-South Korea axis. Second, in a case study of an evangelical cell church, which employs multiple strategies to propagate across spatial scales, I underscore the extent to which the cell church reproduces hierarchical and patriarchal regimes of power. Finally, in foregrounding interconnectedness at all spatial scales, as illustrated by the cell church, this paper re-conceptualizes the immigrant Korean church not as an enclosure, but as a power-laden field of both material and metaphorical practices that stretch far beyond the locality.Korean evangelicalscell churchenclavemissiondiasporaconservatismapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bg1r5nvarticleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt09c061282011-03-18T21:41:47Zqt09c06128Childhood Obesity Among Children of Mexican Descent: A Binational ApproachRosas, Lisa G.2008-04-03The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased dramatically in the United States over the past 30 years, especially among children of Mexican origin. Children of Mexican origin are an especially high-risk group because of their increased risk for morbidities associated with obesity in adulthood, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and uncontrolled hypertension compared to other racial and ethnic groups. This study takes a binational approach to understanding the health disparity in obesity among children of Mexican descent by examining the acculturation hypothesis as well as the factors associated with children’s weight status in Mexico. Two cross-sectional samples of 5-year-old children from California and Mexico were designed to compare predictors of obesity. The California sample included 287 children from a longitudinal birth cohort. Mexican children were 316 participants in a study designed to capture a sample similar to the California sample. Equivalent recruitment and data collection methodologies were used in both sites. I found significant differences between samples; California mothers reported that their children played outside fewer hours per day, drank more sweetened beverages per day, consumed fast food more frequently but ate more fresh fruits and vegetables than mothers in Mexico reported (p-value<0.05 for each). Using Center for Disease Control growth charts, I found that 53% of California children and 15% of Mexican children were classified as at-risk for overweight or overweight with an age- and sex-specific body mass index greater than the 85th percentile. I found no significant differences in children’s weight status according to acculturation level of the mother. I used logistic regression models to determine predictors of being at-risk for overweight or overweight in each sample. Maternal obesity was the only significant predictor in California (OR 2.5 95% CI 1.2, 5.3). The odds of being classified as at risk of overweight or overweight in Mexico were significantly positively associated with having an obese mother versus a normal-weight or overweight mother (OR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.6), living in households in the upper socioeconomic status level compared to the lowest SES level (OR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.8) and experiencing food insecurity with hunger in the last 12 months compared to food-secure children (OR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.4, 9.9). In the absence of support for the acculturation hypothesis, alternative hypotheses to explain the high prevalence of overweight among children of Mexican descent in the US may come from understanding the predictors of children’s weight status in sending communities in Mexico.childhood obesityacculturationimmigrationMexicoapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/09c06128articleoai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt01s0w5m92011-03-18T21:34:20Zqt01s0w5m9Perceived Social Status and Adolescent Health and Risk Behaviors: A Systematic ReviewRitterman, Miranda L.2007-10-04Although the inverse graded relationship between social class and infant, child, and adult health is well established, this gradient is inconsistent and understudied among adolescents. The empirical inquiry into health inequalities among adolescents is of particular significance because health in adulthood is strongly influenced by early life circumstances. Current research suggests that social stratification as reflected by subjective social status may be an important determinant of adolescents’ health independent of traditional objective social class indicators. The following article is a systematic review of the subjective social class-adolescent behavior and health relationship. It highlights the known dimensions of subjective social position and health, and the large gaps in the scientific understanding of the determinants of adolescent health. Suggested future research directions are discussed.subjective social statusperceived social classsocioeconomic statussocial stratificationadolescent healthadolescent risk behaviorsapplication/pdfpubliceScholarship, University of Californiahttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/01s0w5m9article