Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents

Introduction Rural areas have higher rates of firearm-related unintentional and suicide deaths. Having access to a firearm greatly increases suicide risk. Safe firearm storage can be a major factor in preventing these tragedies. In this study we evaluated firearm exposure and storage practices in rural adolescents’ homes. Methods An anonymous survey was administered to a convenience sample of attendees at the 2019 Iowa FFA (formerly Future Farmers of America) Leadership Conference. We performed descriptive, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 1,382 adolescents participated; 51% were males and 49% were females. Respondents were 13–18 years old, and 53% lived on a farm, 18% in the country/not on a farm, and 29% in town. Almost all (96%) self-identified as White/Caucasian. In their homes, 84% reported having rifles/shotguns, 58% reported having handguns, and 56% reported having both rifles/shotguns and handguns. Males were significantly more likely than females to report having firearms in their home (P<0.001). The likelihood of having rifles/shotguns was greater if living on a farm (odds ratio (OR) 4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.99–5.88) or in the country/not a farm (OR 2.74, 95% CI, 1.78–4.24) compared to those in town. Similarly, the presence of handguns in the home was increased if living on a farm compared to in town (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.32–2.18). Rifles/shotguns and handguns were stored unlocked and/or loaded at least some of the time in 62% and 58% of homes, respectively. Those who lived on farms compared to in towns were more likely to have rifles/shotguns (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.35–2.46) and handguns (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10–2.27) stored unlocked. For homes with unlocked rifles/shotguns, 46% stored ammunition unlocked. For homes with unlocked handguns, 38% stored ammunition unlocked. Among those aware of firearm storage in their home, 82% (802/974) reported at least one firearm stored either unlocked and/or loaded at least some of the time. Conclusion The vast majority of rural adolescents we surveyed live in homes with firearms, and a large proportion of those firearms are not stored safely. Widespread efforts are needed to educate rural families about the importance of proper firearm and ammunition storage.


INTRODUCTION
Firearm-related injuries in the United States (US) are the second leading cause of child and adolescent death, and the nation's pediatric mortality rate from firearms is the highest in the world. [1][2][3] According to World Health Organization data, the US pediatric firearm-related unintentional and suicide death rates for victims 5-14 years old were 12 and 11 times greater, respectively, than those of 23 other industrialized countries. 3 The firearm-related death rate for children 0-4 years old was 33 times higher. 3 Moreover, from 2013-2017 the fatality rate for youth in the US increased by 44%. 4 Although pediatric firearm injuries may be intentional (eg. homicide, suicide), a large proportion are unintentional. In fact, more than half of pediatric admissions for firearm injuries in children 15 years and younger are for unintentional injuries. 5,6 The majority of unintentional firearm fatalities in children occur in the home, and most occur when the child is playing with a loaded firearm. 7 In the US, approximately one-third of homes with children have a firearm present, and it is estimated that approximately 4.6 million US children live in homes with a firearm stored unlocked and loaded. 8,9 Suicide rates among America's youth are increasing, and tripled for those 10-14 years old from 1999 to 2014. [10][11][12] Suicide attempts by firearms are highly lethal with over 90% resulting in death. 13 In one study, 65% of youths who committed or attempted suicide by firearm obtained the gun from their home. 14 Having access to a firearm increases the likelihood of suicide among youth. 11 Several studies have shown that firearm-related unintentional and suicide death rates are higher in rural as compared to urban US counties. [15][16][17] In 2019, the Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens (FACTS) Consortium identified as a research priority understanding how the availability, storage, and presence of a firearm in the home affects youth outcomes. 18 The objective of our study was to determine firearm exposure and storage practices in the homes of rural adolescents, and to identify demographic factors associated with having firearms present and unsafely stored in the home.

Study Population
This was a cross-sectional survey study of a convenience sample of adolescents attending the 2019 Iowa FFA Leadership Conference. FFA (formerly known as Future Farmers of America) is a national organization with local chapters in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Membership is free, and the organization offers students leadership, personal growth, and career success training through agricultural education. Conference attendees volunteered and anonymously completed a written survey at the study institution's injury prevention booth. Surveys were completed independently and reviewed by safety-booth staff for completeness. Following the survey, participants were given the opportunity to ask questions about gun safety, offered printed safety materials, and allowed to spin a wheel for a small prize. All conference attendees were eligible to complete the survey, but study analysis was restricted to those 13-18 years of age.

Survey
The survey was developed at the study institution by members of the Injury Prevention Task Force and other individuals interested in firearm injury prevention through a collaborative and iterative process. The survey tool was validated by 20 youth and young adults ages 11-22 years. After completing the written survey, these volunteers explained their responses to the questions and were asked to clarify their answers if a question was not understood. Verbal and written responses to questions were compared for consistency. The survey was revised based on the results.
Demographic data collected included age (years), gender (male, female, other), residence (on a farm, in the country/ not on a farm, in town), and race (White/Caucasian, Black/ African American, Hispanic Latinx, Asian, other). The five individuals who answered "other" for gender were not included in comparative analyses. Races/ethnicities besides White/Caucasian were categorized as "other races" for study purposes. Study data collected included the presence of firearms and firearm storage methods in the participant's home. On the survey, the term "firearm" was defined as a weapon "from which a bullet or other projectile is fired by Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents Jennissen et al.
gunpowder," and did not include BB guns, pellet guns, or dart guns. The term "home" included "the place you sleep and all other buildings your family owns on the same property." A firearm was considered "unlocked" if it was "not locked in a storage place or not stored with a trigger lock or cable." Participants were asked if there were any rifles/shotguns and/or handguns in their home with responses "yes" and "not that I know of." The latter was used instead of "no" as some adolescents may not be aware of firearms in the home. If the respondent answered "yes" for either the presence of rifles/ shotguns or handguns, they were separately asked if these firearms were stored loaded, unlocked, or both loaded and unlocked. Answers for each included "Yes/Always," "Yes/ Sometimes," "No," and "Not sure." Those responding "Not sure" were not included in comparative analyses. A firearm was considered safely stored if it was always stored unloaded and locked. Any firearm stored at least sometimes loaded and/ or unlocked was considered unsafely stored.

Data Analysis
The surveys were completed on paper and provided to the research team for analysis. The institutional review board deemed the research exempt as analysis was done on an anonymously collected existing dataset. We entered data into survey software (Qualtrics International, Inc, Provo, UT). Aggregate results were then exported as an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA) and imported into Stata 15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). We performed descriptive (frequencies), bivariate (chi square, Fisher's exact test), and multivariable logistic regression analyses. All P-values were two-tailed, and a value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Missing data were not included in analyses.

Subject Demographics
A total of 1382 adolescents were included in analysis. The proportion of males and females was nearly equivalent (Table 1). Almost two-thirds were 16-18 years old. More than half lived on a farm, almost one-fifth resided in the country/not on a farm, and 29% lived in town. The vast majority (96%) were White/Caucasian.

Firearms in the Home
Over four-fifths (84%) of respondents reported that at least one rifle or shotgun was present in their homes, and 58% reported the presence of at least one handgun (Table 1). More than one-half (56%) indicated that both rifles/shotguns and handguns were present in their homes. Only 2% of respondents reported having handguns only, and 27% reported rifles/shotguns only.

Comparison of Rifle/Shotgun Presence in the Home
Males, older teens, and participants identifying as White/ Caucasian had significantly higher percentages reporting a rifle/shotgun in the home as compared to their peers ( Table 2). Participants who lived on a farm more frequently reported rifles/ shotguns in the home than those residing in the country/not on a farm, (P<0.0001). Additionally, a higher proportion of both of these groups reported the presence of rifles/shotguns in their homes as compared to respondents who lived in town. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that males were 2.4 times more likely than females, and that other races were 40% less likely than Whites/Caucasians to report at least one rifle/shotgun in the home. Those living on a farm and those living in the country/ not on a farm were 4.2 and 2.7 times more likely, respectively, to report the presence of rifles/shotguns in the home than those residing in town.

Comparison of Handgun Presence in the Home
Significantly more male respondents reported handguns in the home as compared to females (Table 3). In terms of residence, the frequency of reporting the presence of a handgun in the home was on a farm > in the country/not on a farm > in town, overall P<0.001. Logistic regression analysis showed that The sum of n may not equal the total Group N due to missing values.

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Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents males were 1.35 times more likely than females to report having a handgun in the home, and those living on a farm were 1.70 times more likely to report a handgun than those residing in a town. No differences were seen by race/ ethnicity.

Firearm Storage Practices in the Home
Among those aware of rifle/shotgun storage practices in their homes, almost one-third reported they were stored sometimes or always loaded, and over one-half reported they    were stored sometimes or always unlocked (Table 4). Almost one-fifth reported the rifles/shotguns were stored both loaded and unlocked at least some of the time. Overall, only onethird of those with rifles/shotguns in their home indicated they were safely stored at all times, ie, always stored unloaded and locked.
As for adolescents aware of handgun storage in their home, two-fifths reported the handguns were stored loaded, nearly one-half reported they were stored unlocked, and over one-fourth reported they were stored both loaded and unlocked at least some of the time. Like rifles/shotguns, only about one-third of youth with handguns in their home reported they were always stored safely (unloaded and locked). Of respondents overall who were aware of how firearms were stored in their homes, over four-fifths (802/974, 82.3%) reported at least one firearm was stored either unlocked or loaded at least some of the time.

Comparison of Rifle/Shotgun Storage in the Home
As compared to their peers, males, older adolescents, and Whites/Caucasians more frequently reported having at least sometimes unlocked rifles/shotguns in the home (Table 5). When comparing storage by residence location, the percentage reporting unlocked rifles/shotguns in their homes was in the following order: those living on farms > those living in the country/not on a farm > those living in town, overall P<0.001. Logistic regression analysis indicated that males were 1.8 times more likely than females, older teenagers were 1.3 times more likely than younger teenagers, and those living on a farm were 1.8 times more likely than those residing in town to report at least one rifle/shotgun always or sometimes stored unlocked in their homes. In contrast to results for unlocked rifles/shotguns, there were no significant demographic differences with respect to rifles/shotguns being stored loaded in the home.

Comparison of Handgun Storage in the Home
Males had significantly higher percentages reporting handguns were loaded, unlocked, and both loaded and unlocked as compared to females ( Table 6). For those living on a farm, a greater percentage also reported unlocked handguns than those living elsewhere, P<0.001. Logistic regression analysis showed males were 1.6 times, 1.7 times, and 2.7 times more likely than females to report having handguns stored loaded, unlocked, and both loaded and unlocked, respectively. Those living on farms were 1.6 times more likely than those from towns to report an unlocked handgun at least some of the time.

Ammunition Storage Practices
Trends were similar when analyzing storage of ammunition for both rifles/shotguns and handguns (Table 7). For those aware of rifle/shotgun ammunition storage in their homes, 28% said the ammunition was stored unlocked, 31% stated it was locked with the firearms, and 41% reported it was stored and locked separately from the firearms, ie, safely. Among those aware of handgun ammunition storage practices, 25% stated it was stored unlocked in the home, 36% that it was locked with the handguns, and 40% that it was stored and locked separately. Although there were a number of differences among variables and ammunition storage in the home, the only consistent finding was that those living on farms as compared to those living in towns were 1.9 and 1.8 times more likely to have unlocked rifle/ shotgun and handgun ammunition, respectively. Those reporting firearms were stored at least sometimes unlocked in the home were significantly more likely to also report unlocked ammunition as compared to respondents in homes where firearms were always kept locked, P<0.001 for both rifles/shotguns and handguns.

Presence of Firearms in the Homes Adolescents Visit
Eighty-five percent (1168/1382) of respondents reported visiting homes with firearms. These homes included those of family members (86%), friends (82%), neighbors (47%), and others (11% Those who answered "Unsure" regarding firearm storage were not included in that analysis. b Includes those who answered "Yes, Always" and "Yes, Sometimes." c The sum of n for a variable may not equal the total Group N due to missing values. Table 5. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses regarding the storage of rifles/shotguns in the homes of adolescent survey respondents. a 0.002) with respect to having visited homes with firearms. There were no differences by survey participant age or residence location. In logistic regression analysis, males were 2.4 times more likely than females (95% CI, 1.77-3.32) and other races were 60% less likely than Whites/ Caucasians (95% CI, 0.24-0.79) to report having visited homes with firearms. The firearms in the homes they visited were similar to the firearms in their own homes Those who answered "Unsure" regarding firearm storage were not included in that analysis. b Includes those who answered "Yes, Always" and "Yes, Sometimes." c The sum of n for a variable may not equal the total Group N due to missing values.
overall with 69% of the homes having both rifles/shotguns and handguns, 16% had rifles/shotguns only, and 2% had handguns only. Twelve percent of participants were not sure of the types of firearms present.

DISCUSSION
We surveyed adolescent FFA members living in a rural state to learn about firearm exposure and storage practices in their homes. In our study, the vast majority of adolescents lived Not in the Analyses Table 7. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses regarding the storage of rifle/shotgun and handgun ammunition in the homes of adolescent survey respondents. a a Those who answered "Unsure" regarding firearm storage were not included in that analysis. b The sum of n for a variable may not equal the total Group N due to missing values. c Firearms stored at least sometimes unlocked.
in a home with a firearm, with 84% having at least one rifle/ shotgun and over half having handguns. Only 15% in our study had no firearms in their home. In addition, over four-fifths of the adolescents reported visiting homes that contained a firearm. Significant proportions of both rifles/shotguns and handguns in survey respondents' homes were stored loaded and/or unlocked at least some of the time. In fact, among those aware of storage in their home, more than four-fifths reported having at least one firearm loaded and/or unlocked at least some of the time. Moreover, those with unlocked firearms had significantly greater proportions with unlocked ammunition as compared with homes where firearms were always kept locked.
Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents Jennissen et al.

Characteristics of Firearms in the Home
The proportion of rural youth in our study who lived in a home with at least one firearm was twice that found in a national 2017 Pew Research Center survey of all Americans. 19 Similarly, eight Gallup polls from December 2012-October 2019 found that 37-43% of US homes had a firearm. 20 The higher proportion observed in our study is consistent with numerous studies showing more frequent gun ownership in rural as compared to urban residences. 19,[21][22][23][24] It is also consistent with a study of 983 households in one rural Iowa county from 1994-1998 where two-thirds of residents reported at least one firearm. 25 Although rifles/shotguns were more common, handguns were present in over one-half of the homes in our study. Several studies of firearm injuries and deaths seen at rural trauma centers have shown handguns to be the most common firearm used and the ones most frequently involved in fatal cases. [26][27][28] Our findings of rural homes having high handgun ownership is also consistent with other studies that have demonstrated a high prevalence of handgun carrying among rural youth. 29,30 Firearms in the home varied significantly based on where the adolescent lived, with significantly higher rates seen for those living on a farm or in the country but not on a farm. Our results mirror what has been reported in surveys of adults with the highest rates of firearm ownership for those living in rural, followed by suburban, and then urban areas. 19,31 Hunting is likely a major contributor to the higher rates of rifle/shotgun presence in the homes of adolescents living on farms and in the country. 31 One study found only 2% of metropolitan residents hunted as compared to 18% in cities of <50,000 people. 32 In many rural areas, hunting is a part of the culture and receiving a rifle or shotgun as an adolescent is a rite of passage. 33 Males in our study were significantly more likely than females to report having a firearm in their home. The basis for this difference remains unknown. However, other studies have shown that males, especially White/Caucasian males, are more likely to own and/or to have grown up in a home with firearms. 19,31 Additionally, adolescent males in rural areas are more likely to have engaged in recreational firearm use and to have expressed pro-gun sentiments than their female peers. 19,34 Boys are disproportionately affected by firearm mortality accounting for more than 80% of all pediatric firearm deaths. 7 The higher rate of home firearms we observed with males may potentially be a contributing factor to this gender-based difference.

Firearm and Ammunition Storage
Unsafe storage of firearms in the homes of rural youth in our study was high. Among those aware of storage practices, the vast majority (82%) reported at least one firearm stored unsafely at least some of the time. A Washington state study reported nearly two-thirds of adult respondents with firearms stated they were not all safely stored (eg, both locked and unloaded). 35 Additionally, we found higher percentages of handguns, as compared to rifles/shotguns, were reported as being stored loaded and unlocked. Consistent with this observation are studies showing that the primary reason Americans state they have a firearm is for protection, and that firearms kept for protection, handguns in particular, are often stored loaded and unlocked for quick access. [36][37] Unfortunately, unsafe storage practices increase the risk of unintentional and self-inflicted firearm injuries in children and adolescents as is illustrated by studies showing firearms in the home are much more likely to kill or injure a household member than to be used in self-defense. 38,39

Firearms in Homes Visited
Over four-fifths of adolescents (85%) visited homes, most typically of family members or friends, that contained a firearm. The majority had both rifles/shotguns and handguns. Visiting a home with a firearm can be dangerous especially for younger adolescents. In one study of youth 11-14 years of age, nearly 40% of unintentional firearm deaths happened at the home of a friend, which was a proportion higher than that reported for younger children. 40 The authors speculated that the difference may be accounted for by decreased adult supervision of adolescents as compared to younger children. 40

Societal Implications
The results of our study suggest that rural adolescents in our state are a very vulnerable population. Previous research has shown that firearm-related unintentional and self-inflicted injuries and hospitalizations are higher in rural than in urban areas 15,16,27,41 Similarly, rural youth are three times more likely to die by suicide as compared to their urban counterparts. 16,42 The greater presence of firearms in rural homes as well as the relatively high prevalence of improper storage likely contribute to the disproportionate rates of rural adolescent firearm-related injuries and suicides.

Prevention
To protect children and adolescents, parents and caregivers must prevent unwanted access to firearms. 11,43 The safest option would be to remove the firearm from the home, but as seen in our study, rural adolescents have potential access to firearms in the homes of others as well. The second most effective prevention approach is safe storage practices, particularly in homes where youth live and visit. Thus, widespread education and interventional programs are critically needed regarding the safe storage of firearms and ammunition. Another critically important measure is the passage of universal child access prevention (CAP) laws to protect children equally across states and

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Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents to better ensure the safe storage of firearms in homes. 5,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Enforcement of these laws that hold parents and other relevant adults accountable when children and adolescents access firearms in the home might provide a strong impetus for more widespread safe storage of ammunition and firearms. 52,53 Reducing child and adolescent firearm access in turn could decrease unintentional and self-inflicted pediatric firearm-related deaths and injuries. 10,54

LIMITATIONS
Limitations of our study include that it was conducted in a single Midwestern state with a primarily White/Caucasian population. Thus, our findings may not be generalizable to other states and non-White populations. Additionally, we used a convenience sampling of adolescent FFA members primarily from rural areas attending a state conference; therefore, results may not be representative of the entire state, particularly urban communities. However, the great majority of counties in the state were represented by subjects in the study. Data was self-reported and may be subject to recall bias and social desirability. With regard to social desirability, participants would probably have been more likely to report safe rather than unsafe storage practices. Factors decreasing the social desirability effect included the fact that the surveys were written, completed independently, and collected anonymously.
It is possible that some study participants' homes had firearms of which the youth were unaware. Thus, the overall proportion of homes with firearms may be higher than that reported. In addition, there were some survey respondents who were unsure of at least one of the three firearm storage questions including 12% (142/1156) of those with rifles/ shotguns and 11% (92/801) with handguns. These responses were not included in Table 4 calculations. Similarly, some adolescents were unsure how ammunition was stored in the home (9% for rifle/shotgun and 10% for handguns). Females and younger teenagers had higher proportions unsure of firearm and ammunition storage.

CONCLUSION
The vast majority of rural adolescents in this study lived in a home with a firearm and many reported firearms and ammunition were stored unsafely. The likelihood of having a firearm in the home varied significantly based upon where the adolescent lived with highest rates for those living on a farm. Rural families would benefit from education about the importance of safe storage of firearms and ammunition to limit unwanted child and adolescent access. Consideration of the unique cultural and social aspects of rural communities is necessary to develop effective injury prevention strategies for this setting. The implementation of strict and well-enforced universal childhood access prevention laws may be a critical step in protecting youth from firearm-related tragedies.