Can veterinary medicine improve diversity in post-graduate training programs? Current state of academic veterinary medicine and recommendations on best practices

The American Association of Veterinary Clinicians (AAVC) convened a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusivity working group in March 2021 to address the limited diversity (including but not limited to ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity) in clinical post-DVM graduate training programs and academic faculty. Concurrent with a working group formation, the AAVC developed a strategic plan. The central mission of the AAVC is to develop, support


Why Diversity Matters
Often cited as the whitest profession in the United States 1 , schools and colleges of veterinary medicine are intensely focused on broadening the pipeline of diverse applicants. 2 Still, the DVM student population at AVMA accredited schools and colleges of veterinary medicine is overwhelmingly Caucasian. 3According to the 2021 US Census, the 331 million respondents of diversity is important because multiple studies and reports demonstrate that health-care organizational diversity (racial/ethnic) is known to improve innovation, patient health outcomes, care. 6,7,8Further, health-care workforce diversity is associated with greater satisfaction with care received and improved patient-provider communication. 9There are no data to suggest that veterinary medical health-care would fare any Numerous programs exist to increase under-represented minority (URM) people in an initiative that was developed and implemented by the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC).This program engages potential applicants and since inception almost 20 years ago has succeeded in raising URM populations from < 10% to over 25% in matriculant classes.Much of the data shared in this publication is from this program. 3Other efforts of note include 'This is How We Role,' an award-winning outreach program developed Medicine at Purdue University.'This is How We 'Role' includes both outreach to K-4 children do this outreach. 10[13] data shared by the AAVMC indicates a steady increase in racial/ethnic representation of DVM students at US Colleges of veterinary medicine. 3nary medicine at several schools and colleges. 3

State of Academic Veterinary Medicine
As this important work at the K-12, undergraduate, and professional school levels incrementally expands the racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity of new graduates, academic veterinary medicine must consider how the next generation of academicians and educators is trained and faculty and administrators in veterinary medicine is low. 3Identifying, exposing, and removing the bottlenecks and structural biases that are entrenched throughout academia and the private sector will continue to take time and collab-enous, and people of color (BIPOC) individuals currently matriculating through DVM programs, data indicate that an even smaller subset is interested in an academic career.Bluntly stated, it is of color as well as other diversity dimensions.Improvement will require that existing faculty implicit biases and behaviors.An understanding of bias and inclusive behavior is critical to the development of a positive culture, which is crucial to the successful recruitment and retention ef-ulty.The success of our training programs, the composition of our faculty and the future of our profession depend upon successfully navigating these challenges.
While many schools and colleges are rightfully acknowledging the importance of general practice veterinarians and the crucial role they play as academic educators, the majority of clinical faculty in academic veterinary medicine has numerous pros and cons, residency training the standard for clinical academic career preparation.The Veterinary Intern Resident Matching In 2020 and 2021, in recognition of the need to continue to diversify the profession, demographic questions were expanded on the application form.At the same time, the standardized letter of reference was changed to reduce subjectivity and the guidance for the personal statement was revised to read: "Please provide a personal statement discussing your expectations of an internship (residency) program and your future professional goals.We encourage you to describe your anticipated contributions to your matched program.This may include how your life experiences, background, past activities or unique personal characteristics would contribute to the program in meaningful ways." The goal of these changes was to create a more holistic process, so the applicant could be assessed by more than merely grades and class rank.Demographic data from the 2022 AAVC website. 14of applicants and matched individuals for internships and residency programs mirror veterinary medical student demographics.Relative to their presence in the DVM program, men are more likely to apply for internships and residencies.However, for both intern and resident applicants and matched candidates individuals identifying as female comprise the majority gender.Because of the small number of certain programs (eg, clinical nutrition internship and sports medicine and rehabilitation residency), with similarly small numbers of applicants for those programs, the gender demographics don't always mirror that of veterinary medical students.The race of inthe match rate is slightly higher for White and Asian applicants, with a lower match rate for Black applicants.Similar patterns exist among resident matches, with White and racially unknown applicants having higher match rates than LatinX and Black applicants.As the VIRMP continues to gather data over time, more robust numbers can be reported for each program type.
For the 2022 cycle, recognizing that academic performance may not mirror clinical acu-the option to not download applicant grade point average (GPA) or class rank to support efforts toward a more holistic review process.Of the 512 training programs at academic instituof veterinary medicine opted to not download Of those 142 programs, 6 of the 7 opted out for only a single training program.The 1 remaining college opted out for 4 of their 23 programs.The downloaded data from those 4 programs suggests that the 'opt out' of obtaining the GPA data was done in error (Table 2).
Removing GPA and class rank as a considdebatable topic.GPA can be problematic for several reasons.Many schools and colleges are moving to adopt pass/fail grading schemes compare GPA and class rank across programs.Based on discussions amongst the Associate and colleges that comprise the AAVMC, inconsistency exists regarding what aspects of the curriculum are included in the GPA calculation.Courses that help students to develop the important clinical and professional skills needed for internships and residencies are often graded pass/fail and excluded from GPA calculations, and many programs have switched to pass/fail grading for clinical rotations (eg, 'advanced' communication, leadership, and clinical skills).
GPA calculations in recent years as institutions gave students the option of recording pass/fail grades instead of letter grades.A more holistic assessment of GPA involves following grade trajectory throughout the DVM professional degree program.Some students may initially tion performance rhythm; a meaningful trend would be seeing a student with a lower GPA in the initial semesters change to higher grades in subsequent semesters.
However, GPA during the professional program is also documented to correlate positively with faculty evaluations, in-training examinations, and board examinations, amongst other factors. 15Veterinary ophthalmology resident candidates were advised to 'achieve high grades, publish or present information, and consider obtaining an advanced degree' to enhance their chances of obtaining an ophthalmology residency. 16Anecdotally, resident selection committees continue to use GPA as a strong criteria for ranking because of its correlation with specialty board examination pass rates.
Class rank based on GPA is also used by internship and residency programs to compare applicants from the same institution, or tions.It is important to recognize the major limitations of class rank data and note that 2 in class rank may be only separated by a small from a recent class graduating from Tufts University that were separated by 20 places in compared to 3.855).If grades are becoming is occurring, the importance of examining differences in class rank must be questioned.The VIRMP received a request to remove class rank from the application and switch to using class rank quartiles or quintiles; this discussion will continue to evolve as more institutions move to pass-fail grading.
Considering socioeconomic diversity, veterinary students from lower income backgrounds may be more likely to take part-time jobs during veterinary school and this may negatively impact their academic performance and lower their class rank and GPA.Applicants may also have been balancing studying with caregiving for younger, elderly, or ill family members.These applicants have experience with balancing priorities and hence may be better able to cope with the challenges of advanced training programs yet these, and other hidden factors, may cause them to be overlooked because of their GPA and class rank.Looking beyond these academic measures will allow selection processes to be more equitable and may enhance diversity in internship and residency programs.

A Brief Literature Review on Selection Practices
Veterinary medicine is not the only health profession that struggles with recruitment of a diverse applicant pool.The 'leaky pipeline' is a well-known phenomenon in human medicine where there is true underrepresentation of URM in both the professional degree programs and later along the career paths to specialist and/or educator.The leaky pipeline, or the departure of students from a career path in health care who have previously declared this intention, is cited as an important factor that decreases the pool of diverse applicants into health care professions, and URM students have a higher rate of decreased interest than do their peers. 17mplicit bias results in the tendency to look --al similarity.One study showed that even when committees had a welcoming stance to diversity, their practices unintentionally prevented them from hiring URM candidates. 18This same group concluded that simultaneous interventions towards inclusivity in medical school and postgraduate medical education are crucial to enable the desired change. 18A commentary in the New England Journal of Medicine Catalyst noted that the predominantly white male leaders of many medical schools and health systems must recognize that their perceptions of what leadership is, or should be, may impede progress towards a diverse and inclusive environment, despite good intentions. 19here are strategies and programs that improve the racial and ethnic diversity of other health care professions.In 2010, the Association of American Medical Colleges developed a holistic application review to support medical schools and colleges in a more balanced consideration to experiences, talents, and academic metrics.This process attenuates the focus on traditional metrics with an emphasis on experiences and attributes that may be more indicative of professional success. 20A 3-pronged approach to 1 institution's general surgery resident selection increased the proportions of URM candidates who were interviewed and matched. 21The 3 prongs include, 1) a subsidized 4-week visiting student program; 2) use of a holistic applicant review by the search committee; and 3) targeted outreach to URM candidates by a physician group comprised of URM for that institution.Four years of data collection demonstrated an increased per-centage of URM candidates who interviewed and matched with the residency with no compromise in the more traditional applicant excellence measures.This 3-pronged approach could be adapted into the veterinary medical intern and resident selection processes.
There is little in the veterinary medical literature that addresses best practices to promote racial/ethnic diversity in postgraduate veterinary medical clinical training programs.A 5-stage selection process for small animal resident selection was recently reported, with ciency of the selection process but applicant diversity was not addressed. 22s are straightforward, including screening for employment eligibility, academic benchmarks, and standardized scoring of various aspects of the application package.The authors go on to recommend calls to colleagues who know the applicant with consistent questions about each, which leads to a ranking score based on the call.Candidates who are highly to interview, again with consistent interview simple ranking process that is based strictly on numerical scores with no further discussion in order to avoid implicit bias interfering in the selection process.This multiple-hurdle approach eliminates candidates that do not meet minimum criteria at each step.There are numerous pros and cons to this selection process.The 'multi-hurdle' approach requires that acceptable candidates be successful nal rank list is determined strictly numerically with no further discussion, implicit bias may be minimized.However, the standard scoring system and interview questions must be rigidly adhered to and the practice of calls to colleagues with consistent questions of each may not be realistic.
Other factors such as institutional culture graphic location, encouragement/mentoring of URM students to apply for postgraduate training programs) and the traditionally low salaries role in the applicant pool. 23Individual programs of interest to explain their GPA and factors that impacted grades such as learning new study habits, improving test taking skills, the need to work throughout their educational program or other relevant situations.Although higher GPA is correlated with performance during intern-ship year in human medicine and with success in future examinations, these metrics negatively correlated with faculty evaluations. 15,24edictive of success in resident training programs is emotional intelligence. 25,26No peerreviewed documentation exists for why veterinary medical residents fail in their programs.Failure to perform satisfactorily as a resident is seldom a function of intelligence of people in human medical residency programs; the vast majority of residents who underperform fail to succeed on the basis of motivational or interpersonal shortcomings. 25Although not necessarily correlated with diversity, noncognitive indicators of performance interview questions geared towards determining a candidate's emotional intelligence could provide additional insight into the potential for success in a rigorous training program.
While the work to broaden the racial and ethnic diversity of veterinary medical students in AVMA accredited schools and colleges continues, the simultaneous work of broadening a truly open and welcoming environment and improve mentoring of URM students must escalate.Also, the veterinary medical profession needs to grapple with gender, the over-repwork towards a balance in gender along with a broadening of racial and ethnic and sexual and gender orientation representation.Ensuring equity within the profession continues to require close attention.
Using data gathered over time and in accordance with society's ever-expanding awareness of best practices, the AAVC will continue to assess and revise the VIRMP application process with the highlight their strengths and goals.Consistent with 2022 AVMA COE recommendations that are being made about DVM/VMD student training in the area of diversity training, the authors encourage each school and college of veterinary medicine to make an organizational commitment to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into its mission, vision and goals and to communicate the commitment frequently and widely.Leadership, both titled and untitled, must make this overt commitment visible and tangible.We support the continued compilation and assessment of diversity of the student body, faculty, house tionally, each institution must develop and nurture safe avenues for discussion of these important topics within all levels of the organization, along with support and provision of continuing education and professional development opportunities that foster inclusive behaviors, a deep understanding of the impact of bias within the organization, and the value of hiring and training individuals with diverse backgrounds and attributes.Each school and college must practice shared governance and a way for all stakeholders to have an opportunity to voice their perspectives during major decisions.DEI must always be a priority.In addition to an improved focus on diversity, equity and inclusiveness in student selection, the same considerations must be intentionally included during intern, resident, profound and determine an organization's success well into the future.It must be made clear throughout the organization that policies are explicitly in place to support DEI initiatives and be equitable and supportive of the individual's goals and wellbeing.Remember, these trainees are our future academic veterinary medical colleagues, collaborators, and leadership.

Table 1 -
Percentage of various races in health-care professions compared to the 2021 US Census results from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and US Census Bureau.

Table 2 -
2022 Veterinary Intern Resident MatchingProgram data showing the number of total applicants to a single program's small animal surgery, small animal internal medicine, anesthesia internship, and anesthesia residency compared to the number of applicants that those programs chose not to download grade point average information.