The effect of marginal ice-edge dynamics on production and export in the Southern Ocean along 170°W

We present a synthesis of the rates of gross, new, net andprimary production along with particulate organic carbon (POC) flux at 100 m from four cruises along 1701W in the Southern Ocean. Concurrent satellite pigment data, a primary productivity model, and a nitrate mass balance are used to extrapolate daily production estimates in space and time to seasonal and annual rates. From this analysis, we gain a better understanding of the timing, magnitude and impact of the phytoplankton blooms in this region. One of the dominant features with respect to plankton biomass is the association of high chlorophyll levels with the retreat of the sea ice which begins in October just south of the Polar Front. Our primary production model and satellite pigment data suggest higher production and flux levels characterize the marginal ice zone than previous estimates. Elevatedrates of new production in ice impactedregions are restrictedto relatively short periods following retreat of the ice edge. Export is found to lag the onset of production by up to 1 month. The ratio of POC flux at 100 m to primary production when averaged over the entire season is quite high, increasing from 15% to 25% in the Subantarctic zones to 35–40% near the Polar Front andas high as 50–65% in the southernmost stations, just north of the Ross Sea gyre. Comparisons of phytoplankton community structure andFe stress indicators suggest that blooms at the Polar Front are initially dominated by large centric diatoms, but are replaced by smaller pennate diatom and non-diatom species as Fe levels decrease. Further south, where Fe levels are never as high and large diatoms are not found, we still observe relatively high biomass and elevated production rates andPOC fluxes d uring the short growing season. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A method is proposed for the evaluation of effectiveness of the dispersive (emulsifying) action of chemical products used for removing oil from the surface of water. When using the accelerated method of destroying the arising emulsions in centrifugal field the method enables one to determine the emulsifying efficiency of the used preparations and to define the influence of the infinite dilution by water upon stability of the resultant emulsions of oil in water. The method developed is very simple in action and gives an opportunity to rapidly obtain comparable data both for different dispersion agents and for different oils. ARCYANA (R. HEKINIAN, et al.), 1975. Transform fault and rift valley from bathyscaph and diving saucer. Science,190 (4210): 108-116. (I) The key problem, determining the present surface expression of the plate boundary in a rift valley and a transform fault can now be partly solved. In the rift valley, injection and accretion of crust are most intense in the l-krn-wide axial zone of the inner floor, where there are young emissive centers such as Mont de Venus, but also occur within at least I km on either side of the axial zone with a type structure of horsts and graben partly accompanied by volcanism. The greatest density of active tectonic features is found in the inner floor of the rift valley, but some active extension with little or no accompanying volcanism is maintained over an 8-kmwide zone. A structural setting in which the width of the injection and tectonic zones is similar is found in the Asal graben. Results of dives near the intersection of the rift valley and transform valley suggest that most of the accretion of lithosphere is accomplished within the 1-to 1.5-km·wide axial zone of the inner floor. Precise dating of the basalts sampled in the inner floor would definitively show the pattern of accretion of new crust at this accreting plate boundary. A quantitative estimate of extension will be based on reconstruction of faults.
In the transform valley the presently active transform fault zone is about I km wide, but it may have migrated within the 3-km-wide transform domain. The major, south-facing, east-west wall, on the north side of the deepest part of the transform valley, may represent the principal transform displacement zone, but recent tectonic activity is not confined to it and may be spread over a distance of 600 m.
(2) The predicted left-lateral sense of shear motion in transform fault A was verified in the field by observations on deformed sediments in the transform fault zone and by the existence of an emissive tension fracture striking 045 0 • (3) Results of the dives indicate that commonly accepted concepts of the geology of transform faults need to be revised. The distribution of scarps within the transform valleys is such that the valleys do not necessarily provide a good section of the oceanic crust. Although the occurrence of ultramafics in transform faults is not explained by our data, we speculate that they may be linked to intrusions along deep vertical faults.
The stratigraphic, geographic and bathymetric distribution of some Paleocene benthonic foraminiferal assemblages have been studied in the Tethyan and circum-Atlantic regions within the framework of planktonic foraminiferal zones. Although some species appear to be restricted to either the Tethyan-European area or to the western Atlantic, the majority of species are amphi-Atlantic and Tethyan in distribution. The cosmopolitan distribution is attributed to more equitable climatic conditions (low polar-equatorial thermal gradient) and warmer, more uniform thermal structure of the oceans and different paleogeographic and paleo-oceanographic conditions.

, rubiginosa (Cushman), velascoensis (Cushman)], Nurtallides truempy (Nuttall), Nurtallinella [torealis (White), Osangularia velascoensis (Cushman), Aragonia velascoensis (Cushman), nodosariids (N. velascoensis Cushman, Dentalina limbata d'Orbigny), various agglutinated forms [Gaudryina pyramidata Cushman, Tritaxia aspera (Cushman), Dorothia ex. gr. oxycona trinitatensis (Cushman and Renz)], and various gyroidinids and buliminids. Pleurostomellids and stilostomellids are quantitatively rare and unimportant until the Middle-Late Eocene.
This paper discusses the biostratigraphy and biogeography of the "Midway-type fauna". A companion paper, being prepared by a colleague, R. C. Tjalsma, will treat the "Velasco-type fauna". The upper continental slope has not been studied in sufficient detail at the present time, but we expect in this area a mingling of both types of assemblage to occur. BLANC FRAN~OIS, MICHEL LEVEAU et M.-C. BONIN, 1975. Ecosystems planctonique. Structure et fonctionnement en relation avec des phenomenes de dystrophie (Golfe de Fos). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol., In the areas studied, an unusual structure and dynamic behaviour was exhibited by the plankton ecosystems, due for the most part to industrial and natural effluents from the Rhone and Durance. The ecosystem was kept at a low state of maturity, which is characterized by frequent periods of intense multiplication by small species with high metabolic rates, such as the diatom Skeletonema costatum and the dinoflagellates Exuviaella and Prorocentrum. Brackish water seems congenial to that type of proliferation.
The turnover rate of the populations decreases as they become older and cell size increases. A lack of competition by species of the same genus is a characteristic of the photoautotrophic organisms in these environments. Secondary production follows the same cycle as the primary production by the dinoflagellate population. Zooplankton species of the genus Acartia have periods of intensive development in these areas. BLANTON J. 0., 1975. Potential energy fluctuations at the edge of the North Carolina continental shelf. 22 (8): 559·563.
The available potential energy over one month near the continental shelf edge does not slowly decrease during a period of strong surface heating. This indicates that an influx of cold dense water from depth is required to hold it constant. Variations in available potential energy near the continental shelf edge appear sufficiently great to be a source for the observed eddy flux of momentum to the mean flow.
The new tidal charts of the wave components M 2 , 52, K, and 0, and the chart showing the character of tides for the whole Indian Ocean are presented. The charts are based on the data of the solution of the differential tide equations, i.e., the first boundaryvalue problem. The correctness and the accuracy of the tidal charts were verified through the precomputation of the actual and the theoretical values of the tidal harmonic constants on the Indian Ocean islands. The basic features are considered of tidal oscillations of the sea-level in the Indian Ocean.
The Chaetognatha as well as the Pteropoda in the studied zone, have daily vertical migratons. Foraminifera lack them. From the faunistic point of view the 0 . 50 m interval is very homogeneous in the studied area. The Chaetognatha populations occupy both during the day and the night the subsurface layer and their daily vertical migrations affect the 0 -50 m interval very little.
There exists a positive but low correlation among the specific distributions of the studied groups and the surface temperature of the water. There exist in the southwestern Atlantic interspecific groups of associated species of Foraminifera, Pteropoda and Chaetognatha and numerous species associated with them. All these species can be ordered according to their affinity to warm or cold waters. These groups of species are different from those found by other authors who worked with material from other zones.
There is a considerable coincidence between Foraminifera, Pteropoda and Chaetognatha as to the horizontal distribution of their indicator species. In general terms, to obtain a representative sample of the Chaetognatha of a certain area, it should be larger than that needed for Pteropoda and the one needed for the latter larger than that analogous forForaminifera. Foraminifera are, in the sampled area, better hydrological indicators than the other two taxa. Using the index of similarity between samples in the work area, 4 different faunistic zones can be determined: subtropical, subtropical-subantarcticwith subtropical dominance, subtropical-subantarctic with subantarctic dominance and purely subantarctic.
The hydrological results obtained in this work coincide with those that were previously obtained based on the study of Foraminifera. Probably the eastern limit of the Malvinas current should be located somewhat to the east of what has been established based on the Foraminifera-indicators. Probably there exist, in the ample and unstable convergence zone, certain areas with regularly cyclic or simply stable characteristics, isolated from the principal mass of water which surrounds them. BREKHOVSKIKH L. M., V. V. GONCHAROV, V. M. KURTEPOV and K. A. NAUGOLNYKH, 1975. On interaction between the internal and the surface waves in the ocean. (In Russian; English abstract.) Okeanologiia, A spectral method is proposed for a numerical solution of the problems of interaction between the surface and the internal waves in the ocean. The obtained spectral form of the equations of hydrodynamics is shown to be advantageous for the use of the asymptotic methods of solution and numerical counting. Stability of three-wave interactions between the surface and the internal waves is studied. BRENNER MICHAEL, 1975. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the Stockholm Conference: a case of institutional non-adaptation. Int. Orgn., This article considers how an established international organization with responsibility for programs of pure and applied science adapts its organizational format and purposes to newly defined tasks. It examines the institutional response of IOC (the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) to the specification of new obligations in the environmental field as stipulated by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and as developed by the Environmental Program that the Conference established. Its main theme is the place of specialized knowledge, and the role of experts at the various stages of policy formation, within national governments and international forums. In analyzing the adaptation of IOC through expert and non-expert activities, our aim is to determine whether new programs and initiatives are fitted to the existing framework, or produce new structures and institutional arrangements.

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A thre e-dimensi onal array of 20 cu rren t meters, temper ature sensors, and vertical temperature gradient sen so rs was successfully deployed for 40 days in late 197 3 in the main therm ocline over the Hatteras Abyssal Plain southeast of Bermuda. Sensor spaci ngs in the main arr ay were 1.4·1,60001 in the horizontal, 2.1 ·1,44701 in the vertical. The minimum sampling interval was 225 s. The ultimate purpose of the exp erim ent was to estimate a vector wave numb er-frequency spect rum of internal waves with out the usual assumptions of simple mod al str uct ure, hori zont al isotropy, and linearity . The purp ose of this paper is to describ e some of the early results . Auto spectra from the array norm alize qu ite well in depth accor ding to the WKBJ 'h igh-mode ' solutions. Spectra of vertical displacement s show a significant contrib ution from the inte rnal semid iurnal tide . Sample s o f 1,760 cro ss spec tra calculated, based on a 4O-day averaging inte rval, suggest hor izon tal isotropy, v ertical homogene ity , and a possib le degr adati on of curre nt coheren ces because of fine struct ure in the velocity profil e. Coher ence of vertica l di splacem ent s, i.e., tem peratu re flu ctu ation s for measuremen ts separa ted horizon tally decays wit h increasing separation accor ding tof 1 /2 X = 33 0 01 • cph , whe re f 1 / 2 (cph) is the frequency at which the coherence falls t o one half and X (m) is the horizonta l separat ion . Th is em pirical rule is ba sed on 1,600 01 >X > 140 01; for smaller X, f 1 /2 exceed s t he local buoyancy frequen cy . Autospectr a and cross spectr a o f vertic al displacements so metimes show peaks at freq uencies ju st less th an the loca l buoyancy freq uency ; cu rren t spec tra do not show suc h pea ks. Inverse modeling o f th e internal wave field is in progress; ex pecte d result s are a vector wave number-frequ ency spec trum and a descrip tion in param eter space that h opefully will perm it fu ture expe rimen ts to be less elabora te. BROWN C. M.,197 5. Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in marine bacteria: nitrate upt ake and reduction in a mar ine pseudomonad. Mar. Bioi., Growth ex periments in bat ch cultu res ind icated th at the upt ake of nitra te by the marine pseud omon ad PLi was inhibi ted in the presen ce of am moni a provided tha t the ammo nia concent ration was highe r th an I mM. At ammo nia con cent rations of less than about 101M , however , b oth nitra te and ammo nia were utilised simultaneously. The saturatio n con stants for nitrate and ammon ia uptake were bot h 2.6 X 10-4 M, and similar to the Michaelis constants of nitra te redu cta se for nitrate (2 .9 X 10-4 M) and glutamine synthet ase fo r ammonia (2 X 10-4 M). Nitr ate redu ctase activity linked to NADH was detec ted in chernostat-growncultures with nitr ate as ni troge n source, and in cult ures cont aining lim iting concentrations of nitrate and ammonia , amm on ia or glutama te.
Enzyme syn thesis appeared to be repr essed in cult ures containing an excess of ammonia or glutamate . Chemostat cultures utilised ammonia or glut am ate in preference to n itrate , while th ere was no marke d prefe rence betw een ammonia and glutamate . BROWN D. M.,197 5. Fou r biological samplers : opening-closing midwater t rawl, closing vert ical tow net , pressure fish trap, free vehicle drop camera. 22 (8) : 565 -567 . Four systems fo r sampling marine organisms have been developed. A system has been designed to convert an Isaacs-Kidd mid water trawl into an ope ning-closing net . A closing vertic ally towed net was built to redu ce the handling and scaring probl em s of thi s style of sampling. A tr ap has been designed to capture live fish at grea t depths and hold them in their own cold wat er and keep them under pressure . A low-cost free veh icle drop came ra system has been develo ped to ph ot ograph schoo ls o f fish detected on sonar , providing a Simplified method of identifying pelagic fish stoc ks, BROWN MURRAY , 1975. High molecu lar-weight ma ter ial in Baltic seawat er. Mar. Chem.,3 (3) : 253 -258 . The conce ntration o f hi gh mo lecula r-weight ma ter ial ( > 10 ,00 0 ), HMWM, in Baltic water was estima ted by Amicon memb rane ult ra-filtrat ion, followe d by trans mission spectroscopy of the conce ntra te. In most cases, the HMWM acc ounted for abo ut 1% of the dissolved organic matt er as estimated by absorption measurements at 280 nm. A loss of HMWM with increasing salin ity is indicat ed.
BROWN SEYOM and 1.. 1.. FABIAN, 1975. Toward mutual accoun tability in the non terre strial realms. Int . Orgn.,29 (3): The inh erited in ternational regimes fo r th e ocea n, oute r space, and the wea ther -based largely on the princip les of open access and free use-are inappropr iat e to the em erging needs in these realms fo r e fficient and equitable allocation of resour ces and for con flict managem ent. Neither a subs tant ially greate r exer cise by natio nalgovernments of mana gement au thority , nor a ma rgina list ap pro ach to increasing th e autho rity of functi ona lly-specific intern ational insti tutions will suffice . A major commi tmen t to ex pand and strengthen processes of int erna tional accountability among the users of these realms is required. Instit ut ion al tar gets for the mid-19805 sho uld includ e a com prehensive ocean auth or ity : an ou ter space pro jects agency : a globa l weather and clima te organi zatio n : and an internationa l scientifi c commission on global resources and ecolog ies. Transition al strat egies, of a marginal and fun ctionallyspecific natu re, however, will be reqo ired in the mean time , directe d towa rd inte rnationalizing information on the non terr estrial realms, drawing the relevant ac tors into co nsultative arrangem ents. and limit ing curre nt unilat eralist trends.

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Oceanographic Abstracts BUDD W. F., 1975. Antarctic sea-ice variations from satellite sensing in relation to climate. J. Glaciol.,15 (73): 417-426. An analysis of records of annual mean temperatures around Antarctica shows large-scale anomalies of thousands of kilometers extent with typical variations of 2 0 from one year to another. From 1967 on, composite satellite photographs are available which show considerable variation in the sea-iceextent in different years up to about 50 of latitude. These largest differences seem to persist over entire seasons. In general there seems to be considerable association between the region around the Antarctic with the coldest temperatures and the regions of greatest sea-iceextent. An analysis of long-term records at a single location near the edge of the Antarctic sea ice indicates a strong correlation between variations in the annual meantemperature and the duration of the sea ice, such that a change of lOin the annual mean temperature corresponds to about 70 d variation in the duration of the sea ice. A relation is obtained between variations of annual mean temperature and the mean extent of the sea ice, viz. a 1 0 change corresponds to approximately 2.5 0 lat variation in the maximum sea ice extent. The magnitude of the variations in the sea-ice extent observed from the satellite data in comparison with the large-scaletemperature anomalies is compatible with the above relations, although some rotational shifts appear to take place.
Consistently a great part of the organic acid reserve is found in the fraction that is most stronglybound to the sediment. The ratios of the different fractions happen to have characteristic mean values. In lagoons, these compounds suggest a possible heterotrophic action. In early diagenesis, glucides that are easily assimilated disappear rapidly. From a biological viewpoint, this emphasizes the importance of the role of organic acids; but the amounts present do not account for the action of the sulfate reducing heterotrophs present. These microflorae must possess some metabiotic adaptations for their development. CARTER LIONEL, 1975. Sedimentation on the continental terrace around New Zealand: A review. Mar. Geol.,19 (4): 209·237.

The New Zealand continental terrace is mantled mainly by terrigenous and biogenic sediments associated with subordinate but locally important authigenic, volcanogenic and residual components. Modern terrigenous sands and muds prevail off Westland and
Hawkes Bay-Wairarapa where tectonically rising landmasses, several major rivers and few coastal sediment traps ensure deliverance of much sediment to the terrace. Relict terrigenous sands and gravels typically occur in zones where modern sedimentation is low like the middle and outer continental shelf off Otago-Canterbury and Waikato-Taranaki. Relict sediments are commonly associated with biogenic sands and gravels which also dominate the terrigenous-starved shelves around northernmost and southernmost New Zealand, and much of the continental slope. Shelf biogenic components are mainly molluscan, bryozoan and foraminiferal clasts, whereas on the slope foraminifers and calcareous nannoplankton prevail. Both glauconite, the main authigenic component, and residual sediments occur on those shelves and upper slopes receiving little modern terrigenous sediment. Volcanogenic grains are prominent in sediments on the eastern terrace marginal to the Central Volcanic Region of the North Island.
Typically, terrigenous shelf sediments off the North Island and northeast South Island have been reworked from older sediments or derived directly from volcanic rocks or both. Around the remainder of the South Island a metamorphic and plutonicderived assemblage prevails. Sediment dispersal is along the shelf primarily under the influence of storm-driven and tidal currents with semi-permanent ocean currents having little effect. Beyond the shelf, dispersal appears to be mainly downslope, partly through redepositional mechanisms including gravity slumps and turbidity currents. CARTWRIGHT D. E., 1975. A subharmonic lunar tide in the seas off Western Europe. Nature,Lond., A small and often neglected tidal component, which is an exact subharmonic of the M, tide, is shown to have unusually large amplitudes over a sea areastretching from Shetland to the Azores, including the North Sea. An explanation is offered in terms of normal oceanic modes recently computed by Platzman, and implications for tidal prediction procedures are discussed. CAVIEDES C. N., 1975. EI Nino 1972: its climatic, ecological. human, andeconomic implications. Geogrl Rev., 65 (4) Jr. and J. S. FINLEY,19 75. Uptake and loss of pet roleum hydr ocarbons by the mussle, Mytilus edulis,in laboratory experiments. Fish Bul/.,Nat,mar. Fish Serv.,U. S.,7 3 (3): 508-5 15.
Petroleum paraffin hydrocarbons H,?H? ) from No. 2 and No. 5 fuel oils were rapidly incorporated into the mussel, Mytilus edulis, in a laboratory system that simulated tides. The mussles were exposed to levels of petroleum hydr ocarbons from a surface stick similar to those encounte red in the environment afte r an oil spill. After 14 days in clean seawater , the mussles had lost most of the hydro carbons from the fuel oils; however, dete ctable traces of the No. 2 fuel oil still remained after 35 days. Preliminary results from these laborat ory studies confir m previous studies of pollutant uptake and loss following actual oil spills. CONROY J. W. H., M. G. WHITE, J . R. FURSE and G. BRUCE, 1975. Observations on the breeding biology of the chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarctica,at Elephant Island,South Shetland Islands. Br. A ntar ct. Surv. Bull., Breeding chinstrap penguins, Pygoscelis antarct ica, made two foraging trips per pair per day during the early chick stage. This, and other observations on the breeding biology of the chinstrap penguins made by members of the Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island (1970-71) , are presented and compared with the data on chinstrap , Adelie (P. adeliae ) and gentoo (P. papua) penguins from other breeding localities. Adaptive radiation to red uce competition for food is discussed; it is suggested that the Adelie and chinstrap penguins may feed in different marine regions during the breed ing season . COSLETT P. H., M. GUYATT and R. H. THOMAS, 1975. Optical levelling across an antarctic ice shelf. Br. Antarct. Sur". Bul/., A 66 krn optical levelling pro me was measured approxim ately along a flow line from the inland ice sheet to the ice front. A second profile 69 km in length was measured across the direction of flow, The flow-line profile was re-levelled after an interval of 3 years to test whether the ice shelf was in steady state. There were no Significant changes and it was concluded that an interval of at least 10 years would be required to smoo th ou t random short-te rm fluctu ations in surface level. CRAPPER P. F., 1975 Measurement s across a diffusive interface. 22 (8) : 537-545.
The transpor ts of heat and salt across a density inte race between two layers of liquid were measured in the laborat ory. The interface was stabilized by a density difference, fJAS, produced by a salinity contrast , and destabilized by a density differen ce, aA T. produced by a temperature contrast. The fluxes were measured as functions of the density ratio fJA S/ Q A T over the range 1 < fJ A S / cr A T OS;; 10, using two different techniques. The instantaneous thickn ess of the interface was also measured over the range I < fJAS / a A T os;; 4. Two distin ct bUI overlapping mechanisms are effective: doubl e-diffusive convection and mechanical mixing. CUNNINGHAM P. A. and M. R. TRIPP,197 5. Factors affecting the accumulation and removal of mercury from tissues of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol., Adult oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were held in seawater containing 10 or 100 ppb mercury in the form of mercuric acetate for 45 days. Mercury concentration in tissues was determined by analysis of individually homogenized oyster meats using wet digestion and flameless absorpti on spectrophotometry. After 45 days, average mercury tissue concentration was 9 1,600 and 12,100 ppb in the 100 and 10 ppb mercury groups, respectively. A slight decline in mercury residues in the 100 ppb group durin g the accumulation period was att ributed to spawning. Clearance of mercury from tissues was studied in a constant te mperature regime 25°C ± 2°C for 25 days and in a declining temper atu re regime, 25°to 5°C, for 80 days by exposing treated adults to estuarine water with no mercury added. The biological half-life of mercuric acetate was 16.8 and 9.3 days in the 25°C temper ature regime, and 35.4 and 19 .9 days in the declining temperature regime, for the 10 and 100 ppb groups, respectively. Smaller oysters, 0 to 7 g, consistently accumulated more mercury per gram wet weight than larger oysters, 7 to 20 g, in populations exposed to 10 and 100 ppb mercury . DALRYMPLE G. B., R. D. JARRARD and D. A. CLAGUE, 1975 Systematic rare earth and minor element concentration variations occur in postglacial tholeiites which were extruded along the axial zone of the Reykjanes Ridge. The northward increase in total Fe and Ti is partly responsible for an increase in the peak magnetic intensity of the lava flows between 60 0N and 62°45' N. Three pillow lava types can be distinguished magnetically: high-remanence lavas which coagulated into small pillows, intermediate-remanence lavas, and low-remanence lavas which are made up of large pillows. From approximately 62°45' latitude northw ard the peak magnetic intensity of the different pillow lava types decreases, despite a contin ued increase of the magnetic mineral cont en t (as suggested by a further increase in tota l Fe andTi). This can be explained by oxidation of the titanomagnetite , due to an increase in the degree of degassing and H,O dissociation of the tholeiites emplaced at a depth less than 400 m. Magnetic anomaly amplitudes over the axial zone of the ridge increase between 60 0 N and 62°4 5'N and decrease from the latter latitude north ward. The amplitu de pattern there fore closely resembles that obtained for the peak intensity variations of the tholeiites. This suggests that the ' telechemical' hypothesis may be basically correct. DEN HARTOG c., ed., 1975 . Seagrasses: Responses to ecological factors , community structure and dynamics. [Special issue.) Aquat. Bot., 1 (2): 93·2 15. From October 22nd to 26th, 1973 an International Seagrass Workshop was held at Leyden, The Netherlands, under  (2) Seagrassecosy stems, a scient ific perspective, edited by C. P. McRoy and C. Helfferich, which will appear in the cou rse of this year. It con tains the chairmen's reviews on various aspects in the ecology of seagrass ecosystems, e. g. produ ctivity, community structure, decomposition , consumer ecology, and the abiot ic environmen t.
Several of the participants had dat a at their disposal, which could not be incorp orated in the latter book . It was decided to invite them and other scientist s to prepare a contribution for a special seagrass issue ofAqua cultur e which would contain papers on transplant experiments, produ ctivity and consumer ecology. The remaining papers which deal with responses to ecological factors, community struct ure and dynami cs, and decline of seagrass communities, together form the present issue of Aquatic Botany. DEN HARTOG C. and P. J . G. POLDERMAN,197 5. Changes  Leaf growth of Phyllospadix torreyi was noted both in the field and in laboratory culture. Winte r growth rate in the field did not seem to depend on aspect or slope of substrate. In that part of the inte rtidal zone which it dominates, average dry weight of P. torreyi leaf material was about 300 g/m' . We hyp othe size that the spring growth rate is greater than the measured winter rat e, and that increasing daily incident light energy triggers the change. In the labora tory cultures, optimum growth occurred in full strength sea water (29 ,000 ppm) under 100 Im/ft ' light intensity (l2-h day), and at a water temper atur e of 12 -14°C. Growth declined in lower salini ties, under lower light intensiti es, and at higher temperatures. However, the magnitud e of decline indicated that tolerance ranges of P. torreyi for salinity , light , and temperature are relatively broad. DUBOIS R. N., 1975. Support and refinement of the Bruun rule on beach erosion . J. Geol.,83 (5) : 651-657.
If a beach and nearshore profile is at equilibri um, as sea level rises, the Bruun rule On beach erosion indicates th at foreshore erosion will take place in order to provide sediments to the nearshore so that the nearshore profile can be elevated in direct pro portion to rising sea level. This study support s the concept that rising sea level can cause beach erosion. At Terry Andrae State Park,wfsconsin, which borders Lake Michigan, a field stud y conducted from spring to fall of 1971 shows that when wave energy was reasonably constant the beach eroded by about 23 feet as lake water level rose by I foot. Of the 23 feet about 6 feet was lost solely due t o the drowning effect of rising water level. Also, for a given wave energy level, the foresh ore zone increases in elevation in direct proportion to the increase in the elevatioo of the water level and the foreshore zone retreats parallel to itself with rising water level. DOING W., P. HISARD, E. KATZ, J . MEINCKE, L. MILLER, K. V. MOROSHKIN, G. PHILANDER, A. A. RIBNIKOV, K. VOIGT and R. WEISBERG, 1975. Meanders and long waves in the equatorial Atlanti c. Nature, Lond., 257 (5524)  EITIR EIM STEPHEN and JOH N EWING,197 5. Vema Fracture Zone transform fault . Geo logy,3 ( 10): 555-558 .
The east-west Vema Fractur e Zon e, located near lI ON in the Atlant ic Ocean, is unique in tha t most of its active portion is covered by a thick sequence of flat-lying sediments. These tu rbid ite sediments, which were deposited durin g approx imately the past I m y are essentially an easterly ext ension of the Demerara Abyssal Plain in the western Atlantic basin adjacen t to th e Amazon Cone. An abrupt dist urbance of these sediments was observed seismically along an east-west line connecting the two rift valleys. We inter pret this fea ture as the trace of an active transform fault , represent ing relative plate motion over at least the past 500 ,000 yr. ELGQUIST BE fI.'GT and MARGARETA WEDBORG, 1975. Stabilit y of ion pairs from gypsum solubility degree of ion pair formatio n between the major constitu ents of seawater. Mar. Chem., 3 (3): 2 15·225 .
The stability cons tants of the ion pairs N aS O~, KSO' , MgSO' , CaS O., MgCI+ and CaO + were dete rmined at 25°C and 0.7M formal ionic strength, by measuring the solubility of gypsum (CaSO•• 2H 2 0) in different media. The media used con tained one or two of the following electrolytes: NaC!, KCl, MgCl" NaCIO. , Mg(CIO. ) 2. Na2S0 • . Values for the stability constants are 1. 22, 1.84, 12.3, 30.6 , 0.48 and 1.20 AIl , respectively and the solubility pro duct for gypsum is 2.87 . 10 -. M 2 . Th e distribution of the main const itue nts of seawater was calculated using these results and the values of the carbona te and bicarbon ate consta nts given by Dyrssen and Hansson, (1972 -73 Data on the dist ribution of 74 species of ostracods obta ined from a series of horizontal hauls ar a number of latitudes and depths in the north-east Atlantic were used to investiga te th e faunal zonation of this area . A fact or analysis was used to divide the haul s into 10 group s all but one of whi ch bore som e relati on to the tempe rature-salin ity characteristics of the water from wh ich the hauls were sampl ed . Howeve r, there was no simple o ne-to-o ne relatio nship between these zon es and the various Atlantic water masses. Very few species were found that we re restricted to only one of the zo nes. Finall y the relatio nship of these result s to othe r relevant work is reviewed . The oys ter Ostrea gryphea L. and the sea anem one Calliactis parasitica Cou ch have been kep t in sea water co ntaining sod ium palmit ate -Le 14 C, ce ty lic alcohol-J 14 C or do triaco ntane -16, 17 1 4 C. Impo rtant inco rporations of these precursors were observed in the lipid f ractions. The results are discussed . FLA THE R R. A. and N. S. HEAPS, 1975 . Tidal comput atio ns for More camb e Bay . Geophys. JI R. astr. Soc .,42 (2 ): 489·5 17.
A numerical finite-difference techn ique for computing tides in areas of sh oaling wa te r has been esta blished and used to calcu late the M, tid e in Mor ecarnbe Bay. An essential feature of the met hod is the representation of drying ban ks, which appear as the water level falls on the ebb, and which are re-subrne rged on the floo d as the level rises again. Since the no n-linear advectiveaccelerati on shou ld be important in shallo w wate r, schemes for incorporating the se terms are examin ed and the influ ence of advection on the tide assessed .
In a se ries of tests , the open sea tide s applied to the outer boundary of the numerical bay model were taken first from exist ing tidal charts , then from calculations with a larger -scale en c ompassing model , and finall y from ob servat ion s of curre nt. In each case, the co mputed tidal elevati ons within the Bay turned out to be in satisfacto ry agreement with those obtained from obse rvations . However, it is significant that, in the first case , inaccuracy of the input tidal distribution dedu ced from charts gives rise to erroneo us currents nea r the boundary.
FOWLIS W. W. and P. J. MARTIN , 1975  A laser Doppler velocimeter, LDV, has bee n successfully moun ted on a high quality ro ta ting turn table. The capability of this LDV is dem on strated by some detailed measurements of the relative fl ow during the spin-up of a hom og eneous fluid in a cy linder. l ocal measureme nts in water of the zonal flow co mponent of magnitud e 0.1 em/sec have been made with an error of abou t 0 .003 em/sec . The spatial resolut ion was about 0.1 em and the temporal resoluti on about 0.5 Hz. Effects on the flow due 10 absorptio n of the low power laser beam (5 milliwatts ) and to the low concentration (3 ppm) of 0.5 micron diameter scatte ring particles were negligible. The results are compared with analyti cal theory and the agreement is good . For a Rossby number of 0.1, the weak inertial modes excited by the Ekman layer f ormation can be clearly seen and identified . The lDV offers great promise for checking numeri cal and analyti cal soluti ons against experiment s. This is part icularly true for cont ained flows where conven tional pro bes often significant ly dist urb the flow.
F RECKE R M. F. and C. C. DAVIS, 1975. Man-made e utrophicat ion in a Newfoundland (Canada) harbour. Inc. R eI'. ges. Hydrobiol., 60 (3 ): 379-392. A co mparative study in 1969Hydrobiol., 60 (3 ): 379-392. A co mparative study in -1970  Six strains, two each of the purple, green and brown bacte rial colonies, were isolated from mud and sea water. The purple and green bacter ial strainswere identified as belonging to the genera Chromatium and Chlorobium, respectively. The brown strains could not be iden tified using Bergey's manual, but were found to be similar to the brow n Chlorobium described by Pfenni g. All six strains requ ired sulfide for growth . Hete rotrophic t endency was greater for the pu rple and green strains than for the brown strains. Their growth was enhanced by the addition of thy mine. livin g cells, taken from enrichment cult ures of mud samples from four sta tions, gave absorp tion spectra almost identica l \0 the spect rum of brown Chlorobium. Thus it appears th at during the sum mer brown Chlorobium is the dominant phototroph ic bac te rial group in Omura Bay . The sterol concentrations in fourteen surface and nine deep water samples collected from the continental shelf and slope wate rs of the western North Atlanti c and Sargasso Sea ranged from 0.1 to 1.3/1&/1. seawater. Isolation and structura l elucida tion by gas chromatography and co mbined gas chromatography-mass spect rometry show that cholesterol and Il' sitosterol (or clionasterol) are the major free sterols in both the surface and deep water. Fucost erol ,brassicasterol,carnpeste rol (o r 22,, 22 -melhy lenecholes tero l, norchol estadi enol, and stigmasterol (o r porifera sterol) are found in lower concentrations at the surface and in the deep sea. Cho lestero l is the major sterol ester in both the surface and deep water , while very low concentr ations of othe r sterol esters were found . The ratio of tot al free ste rols to to tal esterified sterols is app roximately two in both the surface and deep water.
Marine sources of sterols in seawater include phytoplankton, yeasts , and marine animals such as crustacea and molluscs. Terrest rial plant s also may contribute. Sterol tran sport to the deep sea may occur by convective overt urn and vertical dif fusion or from vertical fluxes of large particles from the surface. GAMSAKHURDIYA G. R. and A. S. SARKISYAN, 1975  Vertical fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapour were determined during the 1974 Air MassTransformation Experiment at 3 sites using the eddy correlation and spectral density techniques. The paper describes these fluxes in terms of the bulk transfer coefficients during the cold air outbreak occurring between February 23rd and 28th. The evidence suggests an increase of the neutral drag coefficient (referred to 10 m) with wind speed, to a value of 2 X 10'3 for wind speed approaching 15 m S'l, whilst the 'neutral' heat and w.v. transfer coefficients remain approximately constant at 1.5 X 10'3 over the wind speed range 4 -15 m s". The mean sensible and latent heat fluxes for this 5 day period, based on data from Taramajima and Miyakojima were II mw cm ? and 55 mw cm ? (226langleys day" and 1130 langleys day") respectively. The implied Bowen ratio of 0.20 is consistent with the measured sea surface temperature of 21°C, in agreement with the work of Priestley and Taylor (1972). GARRISON G. R., R. E. FRANCOIS and E. A. PENCE, 1975. Sound absorption measurements at 10 -60 kHz in nearfreezing sea water. J. acoust. Soc. Am.,58 (3): 608-619.
Sound propagation measurements at frequencies between 10 and 60 kHz were made in April 1974 under the pack ice near Pt. Barrow, Alaska. With a stationary transmitter at mid-depth, a series of sound level versus depth profiles at ranges between 40 and 1,300 m were obtained and used to calculate the absorption coefficient. Although the sound speed profile contained many small irregularities which caused undesirable fluctuations, no large features appeared that would change the average intensity at the ranges and depths at which the sound was received. The average temperature and salinity were -1.6°C and 32.3 0/ 0 0, respectively. The calculated absorption values in decibels per kiloyard were 2.5 ± 0.5 at 10kHz,4.5 ± 05 at 20 kHz,8.3 ± 0.5 at 30 kHz,10.7 ± 0.4 at 40 kHz,and 13.9 ± 0.5 at 60 kHz. These values indicate a relaxation frequency, assumed due to MgS0 4 , of 27 ± 5 kHz, a value much lower than that predicted by the Schulkin-Marsh equation, but about the same as that determined by Greene in similar low-temperature water.
GEISLER J. E. and R. E. DICKINSON, 1975  In qualitative terms, the distribution of the populations of Harpacticoid copepods on the continental shelf of the French Catalonian coast largely corresponds to the distribution of the communities of the macrofauna. Complementary units or bionomical subdivisions may nevertheless be distinguished according to the higher sensibility of the meiofauna to the physicochemical conditions, mainly thermic and granulometric. The structure of the populations of the two faunal stocks shows that the high specific diversity of the Harpacticoids varies only to a certainextent with different populations, whereas the different groups forming the macrofauna generally show a preference for one type of biotope in the region considered. These comparisons between taxocenoses, and between taxocenoses and biocenoses, seem to improve the bionomical definition of a region in spite of the different dimensional level of the ecological niche of the taxa considered.
In quantitative terms the density of macrobenthos is rather feeble as compared to the densities observed in the boreal zone, whereas the quantity of meiobenthic organisms is very similar. The latter category shows, therefore, a higher relative importance which is apparently related to its capacity to occupy small ecological niches and to proliferate in areas not favouring the development of macrofauna. The numerical quantitative evolution of the two stocks is parallel being related to the bathymetry; this is expressed by very steady numerical ratios. The biomass of the macrobenthos may be relatively independent of the density because of the diversity in the size of its components, in contrast to the meiobenthos. The weight ratio shows that meiobenthos corresponds to 4.75% of the biomass of the macrobenthos. On the continental shelf of the French Catalonian coast, the importance of the meiobenthos in terms of ingested food and in terms of biomass entering the food chain is of the order of 24%.
The community composition was studied quantitatively in two localities in 1968 -1970. The average ash-free dry weights of the plants in a fully exposed and a moderately exposed locality were 48.6 g/m-2 and 93.3 g/m-2 , respectively. The average animal ashfree dry weights were 2.52 gjm -2 and 3.45 glm -2, and the average numbers of the animal individuals were 5,360/m -2 and I ,5450/m -2.
The communities are characterized by the strong dominance of a few species, viz. Cladophora glomerata, Gammarus spp. and chironomid larvae. The species diversity is thus very low. The seasonal aspects of species composition and abundances are presented, and some factors causing the differences between the localities are discussed. HANSEN H. P., 1975. Photochemical degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon surface films on seawater. Mar. Chem., 3 (3): 183-195. Surface films of a crude-oil fraction were exposed to irradiation from different light sources. The physical behaviour is described. Degradation products were isolated and identified. Primarily they are aliphatic and aromatic acids and to a lesser extent alcohols and phenols. Acids were converted into their methylesters and identified by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The amount of oxidation products in the surface film was estimated by measurement of the CO-infrared absorption in the 1,700 crn" region with Attenuated Total Reflection, or ATR, infrared spectroscopy. Comparison between the original crude-oil fraction and degradation products lead to an estimation of the decomposition rate under natural environmental conditions. Epiphyt es are dist ribu ted through th e water co lum n wher e they are advantageously exposed to light , nutrients and wave action .
Nitrate and ph osphate absorbed from leaves and root s of seagrass eventually leak into adjacent wat er whe re they are available to att ache d or ganisms before ex cessive dilu tion. T ransfer of orga nic carb on is unlikely to b e impor ta nt as a metabolic substrate . Potential app lications that co uld result from an unders tand ing of rela tionsh ips between epiphytes and seagrasses might be :

Maru of the Maizuru Marine Observat o ry and the R. V. Tany o Mom of the Kyo to Prefectural Fisheries Exper imental Station from 19 52 to 196 2. Max imu m and minimum month ly mean tem pera tures in the subsurface layer were o btained at all stations in Sept ember and March. Mean sea surface te mpe ratures reach a maximum in August at some inn er stati ons of the Tango-kai ,
Verti cal stab ility of th e water is large in summ er , but rem ark ably sm all in winter. Negative value s indicating inst ab ility are obtained in winte r at some northern station s in the Tango-kai. Small stabili ty is d ue to the characteristic verti cal dist ribution of temp era ture s in winte r, whe n the tempe ratu res rise with inc reasing dep th . St and ard deviati ons from the no rmal tem epr atures in 19 52 . 196 2 were grea t in summ er and small in wint er. The pe riodic flu ctu ati on of the sea surfa ce tempe ratures at St. C was observed , and period s of 7, 15 and 19 mo nths were ob tained by mean s of th e periodogram analysis.
CWorin ities at the sea surface are always high in the northern Tan go-kai and are remarkably low in the inne r ba y due 10 the influence of the River Yur a . Chlo n nities in the subsurface layer are differe nt from those at the sea surface . Low chlor inity waters are absent in the su bsur face layer and th e stan dar d deviat ions from no rmal chlor ini ties in 19 52 -196 2 in thesubsurface laye r are smaller than th ose at the sea surfac e. Th erefor e, th einfluen ce of th e River Yura is restri ct ed with in sever al met ers from the sea surface . It is supp osed from the mixing ra te of fresh water to sea water that the infl uence of the river water is seen at the sta tions along th e southeaste rn co ast of the Tango-kai . Maximu m chlor inities at most station s we re ob tained in May· June.
The transpa rency of wa ter is grea t in the nor th ern bay and is mu ch less in th e inner bay . In Augu st, the greatest transparen cy was observed at all stations. HECK C. B., 1975. Collective arran geme nt s for managing ocean fisheries . lilt . Orgn., 29 (3): 711·743.

With th e great spread and intensification o f marine fisheries exploitation , the trad iti o nal fisheries regime of free and open access (part of traditional "freedom of the seas") has been modified by many regiona l or st ock-re lated management arrangements, and is now undergo ing drastic change through a rad icalextension of coastal sta te jurisdic tions .
Th is arti cle dea ls mostl y with the development of various regional and stock-relat ed arran g ements . After sket ching th e overall purposes of management , the article details some of the differences amo ng co mpe ting st ates wh ich have dela yed or hmit ed man agem ent arr angements, or oth erwise co mplicated th eir development. Issues of allocation m ay be uppermost fo r competi ng inte rests, d iscussed here in the co ntext o f shifts fro m undiv ided to div ided catch limits. T he regulat or y powe rs of int ergovernmen tal fisheri es co mm issions have generally been quite limited . While fisher ies scie ntists have in some cases perform ed vital roles in enco uraging regional arrang ements, th eir information and advice has been o f limite d sco pe and influ en ce in securin g more restr ic tive regulat ory regimes. FAD 's Co mmi ttee o n Fishe ries (COF I) might be called a globa l fisherie s commission, th ou gh mu ch of its mos t important work has relat ed to animating and su ppo rting arrangements of a regiona l character. Th e rad ical s hift o utward of national jurisd ictions is rearranging fisheries exploi ta tion in most parts of th e wo rld . G iven the nature of the reso urce , ho wever . so me for ms of regional o r stoc k arrangemen ts will still he needed if the overall purposes o f ma nagement are to be realized. HERBERT R. A. and C. R. BELL, 1974. Nutrient cycling in the Antarctic marine environment. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull., Samples of marine mud and sea-water obtained from several depths off the coast of Signy Island have been examined, using liquid culture-enrichment techniques, for bacteria capable of cycling nitrogen and sulphur compounds. The results obtained indicate that, with the exception of nitrifying bacteria, those capable of carrying out the specialized reactions of the sulphur and nitrogen cycles have been isolated from all the marine samples so far examined. In addition, the data show that most of these bacteria are able, albeit more slowly, to carry out these reactions at low temperatures (c. 5°C).

Activity of western rock lobsters Panulirus longipes and western king prawns Penaeus latisulcatus was investigated by time-lapse
photography using white and infrared photographic flash on alternate days. The activity of the prawns, but not of the rock lobsters, was depressed significantly by white flash Illumination, and it is concluded that such illumination should not be used in behavioural experiments without quantifying its effects.
HIROTA REIICHIRO and MAKOTO HARA, 1975 The presence in a volcanic zone of neoformations of attapulgite and phillipsite is attributed to hydrothermal activity. These formations serve to aid the formation of the cores of manganese nodules.
HONKURA YOSHIMORl, 1975. Partial melting and electrical conductivity anomalies beneath the Japan and Philippine seas.
Geomagnetic variation anomalies observed in the central part of Japan can be accounted for by highly conducting layers having a conductivity of 0.5 Slt« or thereabouts beneath the Japan and Philippine seas. Hightemperature may be a possible cause of such layers if we take into account that temperature amounts to 1,000°C at a depth of 40 km beneath the areas of high heat flow in the Japan and Philippine seas. It seems difficult, however, to account for a conductivity of 0.5 Sim which is unusually high at a depth of 50 krn or so by means of high temperature only. We can interpret such a high conductivity in terms of partial melting of peridotite in the upper mantle, provided highly conducting molten material is interconnected. This is in good agreement with the interpretation of lowvelocity zones beneath the Japan and Philippine seas in terms of a partial melting of 4 -6%.
An oceanic crustal section has been derived for the Nazca plate and across the Peru-Chile Trench at lat I2°S. Although based on unreversed seismic refraction data obtained by the Airgun-Sonobuoy-Precision-Echo-Recorder (ASPER) technique, 12 crustal determinations along the profile provide sufficient data density to permit good correlation of velocity structure between the stations. A thin, high-velocity oceanic crust characterizes the region. A major apparent offset in the crustal layers isinterpreted as a lowangle thrust fault dipping east at an average of 6°from the ocean floor 300 krn west of the trench axis. This feature, and other indications of thrust faulting and crustal foreshortening, is evidence that the upper lithosphere, at least to the depth of the Moho, is undergoing compression prior to subduction in the trench. A general one-dimensional equ ation for interstitial transpo rt in accumulating and compacting sediments under non -steady state conditions is derived . As a consequen ce of c ompaction the metric along the path of a given horizon , i.e., the spatial distance between neighbouri ng particles , changes cont inually. Special emphasis is put on the treatmen t of advection caused by comp action . The reo suiting partial different ial equation for the interstitial concentration of a given solute contai ns terms which can be evaluated based on dat a from a single sediment core . In additi on, an integral over the time-derivative of porosity appears which would make it necessary to compare cores from the same site but at different times. Under quite general assump tions this last term, may, however, be transformed into a fo rm for which evaluation from a single core becomes possible. Several special solutions are treated such as tota l steady state, steady state at the surface, non-constant se dimentation rate with steady state compactio n, and non-steady state with steady state compaction. The last case applies, e.g., to diff usion under the influence of changing boundary conditions at the water/sedimen t interface while the accumulation process remains in steady state .

The positio n of the band of relatively rapid southward flow corresponded approximately to the position suggested by Kort for the southwa rd flowing Antilles-Guiana Count e rcurrent. A compari son of t emperature-salinity properties in the bands showed them to be identical with each other but different from Florida Current water, making it highly unlikely that the bands are manifestatio ns of two conti nuo us currents, the Antilles Current and Antilles-Guiana Counter current , from different source areas.
The identical temperature-sali nity properties of the bands indicate that they are manifestations of eddies or a countercurrent formed by recurving of an adjacent curre nt ; the formeralternative appears more likely.
The importance of the Antilles Current as a means of transporting significant quant ities of pelagicichthyoplankton into the Gulf Stream system is doubtful. The current speeds and transpor ts appea r to be substa ntially less thanhypothesized and highly variable. An alterna te means of transport of ichthyoplankton in the surface layer which may be in operatio n is Ekman drifl generated by local winds, yielding a flow which may not be reflected in the field of mass and geostrophic computations. JOHNSON BARBARA, 1975 . Technocrats and the management of international fisheries. Int. Orgn.,29 (3) : 745 ·770 .
The paper examines the role of the world's fishery techno crats and experts in international fisheries management. The system of management provided by the regionally based inte rnationa l fisheries commissions is organized on transgovernmental and transnational lines. Political delegates to the commissions are usually government techn ocrat s, suggesting that the system is basically transgovernrnental. However, the role of scientific advisers to the commissions is studied , since the group may preempt political control thro ugh its control on expertis e. Results of a questio nnaire sent to 900 scientist s throughout the world are given, using the data from a structured sample of 84 scient ists. Most were found to be trained as natu ral scientists, and most were employed directly by national governments or through government research institu tes. "Eli te" scientists in the group, and some executive heads of commissions were also analyzed, and found to have a generally cautious approach to prob lems of fishery ownership and management. In sum, the tra nsgovernmental system itself was found to allow, yet set , the limits of transnational role playing by fishery experts. JOHNSON D. R., E. D. BARTON, PETER HUGHES andC. N. K. MOOERS, 1975. Circulation in the Canary Current up' welling region off Cabo Bojador in August 1972. Deep-Sea Res., 22 (8) : 547-558 .
Using a profiling curren t meter combined with several fixed-level current meters , the pattern of circulation in the Canary Current upwelling region off Cabo Bojador, 26°N , has been observed. This pattern is discussed in relation ship to the hydrography. The following main features were found : (J) general equatorward alongshore flow, decreasing in speed with dep th and nearly in geostrophic balance, (2) a near-surface, near -shore maximum of alongshore velocity over the continental shelf, (3) a weak polewa rd flow beneath 400 m along the continental slope , (4) a doub le-celled cross-shelf circulation system, (5) a bottom mixed layer over the shelf associated with onshore flow originating below 225 m offshore and (6) high variability due principally to semidiurnal internal tides. JOHNSTON D. M., 1975. The economic zone in North America: scenarios and options. Ocean Dev. Int. Law J., 3 (1): 53·68.
This paper reviews five alternative scenarios arising out of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (LOS III), and evaluates six economic zone (EZ) options available to Canada and the United States. Three of these options assume a preference for establishing a single multipurpose zone; and the other three assume instead a preference for two or more separate unifunctional zones. In none of these situations is it expected that serious Canadian-U.S. conflict will arise with respect to living or nonliving resource claims in EZ waters. However, the two governments are far from agreement on the nature and extent of coastal-state jurisdiction over the prevention and control of marine pollution and the regulation of scientific research in EZ areas. On these two issues, it is especially important that Ottawa and Washington should engage in prior consultation before resorting unilaterally to any kind of EZ initiative during or after LOS Ill. KAIZUKA SOHEI, 1975. A tectonic model for the morphology of arc-trench systems, especially for the echelon ridges and mid-arc faults. Jap. J. Geol. Geogr., 45 (2): 9-28.
A tectonic model for arc-trench systems is proposed in order to explain the difference of scale between topographic units in the volcanic inner and non-volcanic outer arcs, and the existence of echelon ridges and mid-arc faults, of which the former occur mainly in the inner arc and the latter run along volcanic fronts. In this model, differences in mechanical properties between the inner and outer arcs are of prime importance. Strike-slip displacements of mid-arc faults and echelon ridges are attributed to a horizontal shift of the outer arc along the direction of the system concerned. Certain extensional and compressional features of island arcs are alsoattributed to a horizontal shift of the outer are, which may be caused by oblique convergence between an oceanic and an arc-bearing plate. Specimens with low and interm ediate Curie point s from six Hawaiian historic basalt flows were used for the determination of the intensi ty of the histo ric geomagnetic field by the Thelliers' meth od . The specimens were heat ed eit he r in air or in a vacuum of 10 -s to rr. The regional intens ity of the Eart h 's magnetic field at the time of ex trusion of the se rocks is known from dire ct observations. TIle palae ointensities dete rmined in vacuu m from four low and int ermediate Curie point flows are correct within the uncertainty caused by the local field anoma lies, whe reas those determ ined in air from the same four flows are of lesser quality and accuracy. Unaltered submarine basalts have similarly low Cur ie points and thus may also be amena ble to palaeointens ity determination in vacuum . The beh aviour of the rema ining two flows, which had higher Curie points, was more erratic, and they yielded less accurate palaeointensities regardless of whether they were determined in air or vacuum. KNOLL A. H. and E. S. BARGHOORN , 1975

The origin of the southwe st Pacific island arc-trench systems specifically and of mountain bells in general is explained by the hyp othesis of global vertical tecton ics. Key areas for understanding the mountain bells and island arc-trench systems are the inte rmediate massifs, intermediate furrows, and interarc basins which represent the top of diapir-like upwelling materi al from the asthenosphere . These subcrustal asthen oliths are character ized by crustal thinning , extens ion, inversionstructures, high mean heat flow, deep earthquakes, positive gravity anomalies, extrusion of mantle-derived thole iite basalts, and intrus ion of ult ramafic massifs.
The forces caused by the rising of astheno liths are primarily vertical ; horizontal stresses of seconda ry origin are gravity controlled. Accretion ("cra toniza tion ") and destru ction ("oc eanization" ) of continental crust , e xtension in the inte r-arc basins and intermed iate furrows and local shortening in the deep-sea trenches and foredeeps are contemporaneous in island arc-tre nch systems and moun tain belts. Consequently the proposed model of global vertical tect onics is incompatible with the hypothesi s of plate tectonics, Global vertical tecton ics explains the evoluti on of island arc-tren ch systems and mounta in belts in a much simpler way than the hypoth esis of plate tectonics, which needs some auxiliary assump tions to interpret the bilaterally symmet rical moun tain belts and the magmatic and geophy sical phenomena behind the island arcs. KRIVELEVICH L. M.,197  Revue Geogr. phy s. Geol. dy n., 2 (2'1 ) (2) : 99-120.
Oceanographic research on the cont inental shelf nort h-west of Spain has revelaed an abund ance of glaucon ite . Ray diffractom etry shows a mineralogical development between two established ranges of glauconit e grains. The more developed of the minerals is well-closed glauconite mineral (8 .5% of K , 0 ) but some structural disorganization persists. Detailed study of the nann ofacies has shown a link between the mineralogical nature of the components and the intragranu lar micro-envir onment. It would appe ar that a greater degree of confi n ement leads to better developed crystals . On the Spanish shelf, carbonate debri s form an environmen t of geochemical exchange which is remarkably well suited to the genesis of phyllite. We note again the important part played by porous granular facies previous to the formation of glauconites. Geochronology has shown that the glauconites are authigenic and post-Miocene. LANE J. W., 1975. Optical properties of salt ice. J. Glaciol.,15 (73): 363·372.
The dependence of the extinction coefficient on salinity was investigated for both Naf'l-ice and salt-ice made from natural sea-water, Specimens were prepared under a variety of conditions and examined over the wavelength range 4,000 to 8,000 A. The effects of scattering from air bubbles trapped in the ice were examined for ice made from distilled water. It was found that the method of preparing samples markedly affected their structure, but that, when prepared in the same manner, salt-ice made from natural seawater and NaCl-ice did not show significantly different transmission properties. It was found that, for a wavelength of 6,328 A, the data could be fit to the relation k e = [ 1. 67 -0.85 exp (-O.27x») em -, within an uncertainty of 26%, where k e is the extinction coefficient, x is the salinity of the ice in g/kg. Within an uncertainty of 10%, there was no variation in transmission for ice at the same temperature and salinity over the wavelength range 4,000 to 8,000A. All measurements were made at a temperature of -20°C. LARSON T. R. and J. W. WRIGHT, 1975. Wind-generated gravity-capillary waves: laboratory measurements of temporal growth rates using microwave backscatter. J. Fluid Meek, 70 (3): 417-436.
The growth rates of wind-induced water waves at fixed fetch were measured in a laboratory wave tank using microwave backscatter. The technique strongly filters out all wavenumber component pairs except for a narrow window at the resonant Bragg scattering conditions. For these waves the spectral amplitude was measured as a function of the time after a fixed wind was abruptly started.
The radars were aligned to respond to waves travelling in the downwind direction at wavelengths of 0.7-7 em. Wind speeds ranged from 0.5 to 15 m/s. Fetches of 1.0, 3.0 and 8.4 were used. In every case, the spectral amplitude initially grew at a single exponential rate~over several orders of magnitude, and then abruptly ceased growing. No dependence of the growth rate on fetch was observed. For all wavelengths and wind speeds the data can be fitted by~(k,u.,fetch) Here u. is the friction velocity obtained from vertical profiles of mean horizontal velocity. For each wind speed, f (k) had a relative maximum near k = k m in "" 3.6 em". Rough estimates of /3/2w, where w is the water wave frequency, and of the wind stress supported by short waves lndicate that the observed growth rates are qualitatively very large. These waves are tightly coupled to the wind, and playa significant role in the transfer of momentum from wind to water.
LEES ALAN, 1975. Possible influence of salinity and temperature on modem shelf carbonate sedimentation. Mar. Geol., In modern, marine, carbonate sands from shelf areas between the equator and latitudes 60 0 S and 60 0 N several major grain associa- On open shelves « 100 m water depth) there are two skeletal grain associations. One (chlorozoan) is virtually restricted to warm, tropical waters; the other (foramol) characterizes temperate waters but also extends into the tropics. The distribution of these two associations cannot be explained in terms of water temperature alone: salinity is suspected as being a further controlling factor. Indeed, a third skeletal association (chloralgal) appears to be characteristic of areas where salinity is higher than on open shelves.
Non-skeletal grains, where present, can be grouped into two associations. In one, pellets are the only non-skeletal grains represented; in the other, ooliths and/or aggregate grains are alsopresent. These non-skeletal associations are restricted to relatively warm waters, but temperature does not determine which one of the associations develops. Again, salinity seems important.
As both salinity and temperature apparently influence the grain associations, an attempt is made to present the relationships diagrammatically. By using graph pairs of "maximum temperature Iminimum salinity" and "minimum temperature Imaximum sa-  Paris, 7 -13 March, 1973. The The undergraduates, 10 in each year of study, go through long periods of specialist practice on ships during explorato ry trips, and in maritime institutes.
During the last year of their study the undergraduates prepare their theses on subjects most often relating to the research work of the maritime institut e in which many of them find employment on graduation. The first graduates with complete university education left the university in 1973.
L0VALD J . 1.,1975. In search of an ocean regime: the negotiations in the General Assembly's Seabed Committee, 1968· 1970 (3) Although mainly developed in the last ten years, the international trade in tropical marine aquarium fishes has now reached remarkable proportions; in the U.S.A. the annual sales of aquaria, aquarium supplies, and aquarium fishes, probably approach U.S. $600 millions, while estimates of the numbers of marine aquarium fishes exported each year from the Philippines alone range from about 3 to over 30 millions, valued at approximately U.S. $1.25 million to over 6 millions. The exporting areas include the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Mauritius, the U.S.A. (Hawaii and Florida), and several Caribbean islands. The main importing countries are the U.S. A., Hong Kong, West Germany, Japan, U.K., italy, Belgium, Canada, Australia, France, Holland, and Switzerland. Species extermination through this trade alone is scarcely conceivable , but local extinctions may occur, and indirect effects of collection of these fishes include accompanying destruction of the coral-reef habitat, changes in natural ecosystem, and the possibility of successful introduction of exotic species into areas where they did not occur previously (notably, lndo-Pacific species into the Caribbean). Clearly the trade will continue; but the current exploitation is inefficient. Controls must be applied both towards rational utilization of the resource and, as the most accessible and richest reefs are the most heavily exploited, towards a reduction of conflicts between different uses of the resource.
LUTHER HANS, GUY HALLFORS, ANNIKK[ LAPPALAINEN and PENTTI KANGAS, 1975. Littoral benthos of the Concentrations of dissolved and suspended organic carbon (C, and C b respectively), phosphorus (P p and P b respectively) and suspended organic nitrogen (N b )  A monostatic acoustic echo sounder with a vertically-pointed antenna was installed aboard the NOAA research vessel Oceanographer and was tested during a recent cruise in the Pacific andCaribbean oceans. Acoustic returns produced by turbulence-induced temperature fluctuations were received from up to 300 m in height. The data revealed the existence of a rich variety in the structure uf the marine atmosphere. Thermal convective plumes were usually ohserved when the sea water temperature exceeded the air temperature by as little as 1°C. Under more stable conditions the echo sounder detected the presence of layered structures associated with temperature inversions that were often perturbed by gravity waves or wind shear. Doppler frequency shift of the returned echo signals was used to estimate the vertical velocity of atmospheric scatterers.
The results of the tests indicate that it is possible to probe remotely the lower layers of the marine atmosphere from a moving ship using acoustic echo sounding techniques. Wind-generated noise, ambient acoustic noise, and structure-borne vibrations proved to be the major limitations on the performance of the echo sounder. MARCOTTE B. M. and B. C. COULL, 1974. Pollution, diversity 1972 and 1973, respectively, and .;; 5  Observations of the Gulf Stream System in the Gulf of Mexico were obtained in synchronization with LANDSAT-!. Computerenhanced images, which are necessary to extract useful oceanicinformation, show that the current can be observed by color (diffuse radiance) or sea state (specular radiance) effects associated with the cyclonic boundary even in the absence of a surface thermal signature. The color effect relates to the spectral variations in the optical properties of the water and its suspended particles, and is studied by radiati ve transfer theory. Significant ocea nic parameters identi fied are: the probabili ty of forward scatt ering, and the ratio of scatt ering to total attenuation . Several spect ra of upwelling diffuse light are co mputed as a fun ct ion of the concent ration of part icles and yellow substan ce. These calculations compare favorably with exper imen tal measurements and show that th e ratio of channels method gives ambiguou s interp retat ive results. The results are used to discuss featur es in images where surfa ce measurements were obt ained and are extended to tentative explanation in othe rs. MAYKUT G. A. and T. C. GRE NFELL , 1975 . The spectra l distributi on of light beneath first-year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean .
Limnol. Oceanogr., 20 (4)  Approximatel y 25% of the dissolved silica carried by the Amazon River is depleted thr ough diat om produ ction in the inner estuary .

Annual prod uctio n of opaJine frustules is esti mated to be ) 5 million tons . Howe ver, few diatom s accumulate in mod ern shelf sediments and chemical recycling appear s t o be slight. Inste ad, many frustule s apparently are transported landward int o the river system, where the y deposit in dune s and layers on and within mud and sand bars .
MISAKI MASAO, MIWAKO IKEGAMI and IZUO KANAZAWA, 1975  ments, the effec t of diluti on associated with the spatial dispersion was estima ted. Subt racting the dilut ion factor from the appar ent decay rate of the aerosol concen tration, the residen ce time of aero sols wasdetermined in relat ion to the particle size. In bot h the expeditions in 19 72 and 1974, th e defor mat ion of the size distribution was found to take place in such a way that the cente r of gravity of the distribution was shift ed towards smaller size with the increasing age of aerosols.

With the aim of evaluating fac tors wh ich may influ ence the ba cterial distribution in the sea of Hiuchi-Nada area, bacte riological and oceanograp hic surveys were conduc te d. By regression analysis the followin g equa tion was ob tained from 98 sets of obser vatio ns :
log Y = 0.104 X I -0.51 5 X , + 0.00 3 X 4 + 2.74 5 where Y is the numb er of tota l bact eria, X J is the temperatu re of water, X 1 is th e temp erature difference bet ween sample and surface water , X 4 is the ultr aviolet abso rption value of water at 270 m JI.
The multipl e coefficie nt of determination adju sted for the degre e o f freedo m was 77 .7%. It seems reasonable to assume tha t only 3 variables, X " X 2 and X 4 , were mainly involved in th e seasonal . verti cal and geographic dis tribu tio ns of to tal bacteria in the waters.

Nannoplank ton assemblages from recent sediments of the deep-sea areas adjacen t to the Canary and Cape Verd e Islands are differ ent. The distr ibuti on of nannoplankt on is stro ngly relared to the sediment type . The nann oplan kt on assemblage of the Cana ry Island s area, betwe en the easternmos t island s and Morocco , is influenced by the cold Canary CU rrent and also by co ntinen tal-de trital sedi mentatio n with reworked Cretaceous material. Th e sampl es from an area between the Cape Verd e Island s do not contain rewor ked or cold-water specie s because of th e shield effect of the islands. The mat erial studied fro m the cores o f b oth areas belongs AI 83
MOllER F ., H. BLATTER and G . KAPPENBERGE R, 1975. Tempera ture measureme nt of ice and wate r surfaces in the north water area using an airbo rne radiation thermo mete r.J. Glaciol., 15 (7 3) : 241 -250 .

Ice and water surface tempe ratu res were measured with an airbo rne radiation ther mo meter PRT-5 over the North Water polynya duri ng th ree missions be tween late win ter and early summer 1974 . Error co rrections, problems of data ana lyses and mapping are discussed .
A ttem pts are made to relate the main type s of sea ice to tempe ratu re ranges, which then are used in conjunction with satellite pictu res to produce surface temperature maps.
The dy namical processes affecting the evoluti on of a random internal wave field are considered , If the statistical prope rties of the in terna l wave field vary slowly with space and tim e, these dynamical processes can be treated as small perturbations about the local stea dy sta te of the free linear field. The time evolution of the wave field is then governed by a radiat ive tra nsfer equation describing changes in the actio n densit y spectrum of the wave field along wave group trajecto ries. The source function describing these changes is de termined by the supe rposition of all processes governing the generati on , tran sfer, and dissipa tion of wave ene rgy. Some ter ms of the sourc e func tion, those correspo nding to exp ansible pro cesses, can be derived rigorously by using weak interaction con cept s. Other terms, corresp onding to nonexpansible processes which are governed locally by stro ngly nonlinear dyn amics, cannot be determined completely. For the case where the internal wave field can adequately be described in the WKBJ app roximation, a rathe r complete list of source terms is prese nted . The evaluation of these source terms is difficult partly beca use of thei r comp licated functional stru cture and par tly because the geophysical fields involved are no t sufficien tly known . Those source term s which have been evaluated in detail are b riefly reviewed , and their implications on the energy balance of the i nternal wave field are discussed.

The niches of 3 species of salt-marsh foram inifera, Allogromia laticollaris. Rosalina leei, and Spiroloculina hyal ina were assessed in the laboratory. The 3 species repro du ce withi n the following ranges: tempera tur e 10°to 33°C . salinity 12 to 45%0 and pH 5 to 10. Com peti tion for food among the 3 species was evaluate d. S. hya lina did no t compete with o ther species. Int raspecific competi tio n (crow din g) appea rs to be an imp ortant facto r limiting the reproduction ofA . lat icollaris. Crowding seems to have litt le effec t on the ot her 2 species. The feeding of fo raminifera is affected by the quality and quantity of foo d organisms. Th e
feeding rate of the species tested is directly related to concent ration with in a range of 10z to 10 6 cells fed. S. hyalina is a bacterial feede r. A. laticollaris is a rare species which may beco me locally abundant when domin ant species are missing. S. hyalina is also a rare species, which can bloom whe re the density of bacteri a is relatively high and in the absenc e of competi ng species. R. leei is a stable , cons picuous species, whose moder ate numbers are relatively unaffecte d by physical stress and compe titio n. Some new laboratory dat a on Ammonia beccarii were ob tained so that th is species could be compared with the others studied . Differences in niches are graphically presente d . The results are presented of the experimenta l-methodical work in the Caspian Sea aimed at elucidating the efficiency of the unexplosive sources for seismic refraction stu dies. The pneu matic sources (PS) were compared with the gas detonation device (GDD).
The GDD with 60 1. total volume of the chambe rs is approxi mately similar to the PS wit h a 3 1. chamber. The pneumatic emitt er wit h a 28 .1 ch amber has appeare d to be most efficient as giving intensiv e refracted waves up to the end of the profile , 12 km . Waves of 2.0 , 2 .7, 2.9 and 3.9 km . se c'" velocities have been distinguished on the profile. Hodographs, amplitude graph s and an approx ima te seismic section have been cons truc ted . NEVESSKY E. N. and V. V. KOSTO GlODOV,197 5 The issue of ocean space and resources has a distinguishable political system. The classic norms governing this political system were based on the principle of "freedom of the seas." In the last half-century, weakening adherence to that principle is a basis for distinguishing three eras: a strong regime up to 1945, a strong quasi-regime from 1946 to 1966, and a weak quasi-regime since 1967.

Change in the structure of military power, long a favorite index of political analysis, does not adequately explain the changes in ocean regimes. Unlike the days of British hegemony there is currently an incongruity between overall military power and influence in ocean politics. This incongruity is a combined result of (I) military bipolarity, (2) changes in the role of force and of international organizations, (3) the inability of the United States to pursue a consistent hegemonial strategy in the face of complex domestic interests and the transnational activity of important groups. Hegemony is no longer a sufficient approach to the politics of ocean rule making.
OHWADA MAMORU, 1975 The document delimiting offshore boundaries should consider the engineering problems inherent in demarcation and recovery. A discussion of these problems and the estimated 1975 costs for implementation of a boundary are discussed. The need for precise language, based upon present technology requiring engineering input, is ofparamount importance to the development of a practical agreement.
PASClAK W. J. and JEROME GAVIS, 1975. Transport limited nutrient uptake rates in Ditylum brightwellii. LimnoL Oceanogr., 20 (4): 604·617. (NO,' and NO,') uptake rates by the marine diatom, Ditylum brightwellii, was demonstrated experimentally at low nutrient concentrations in quiescent media. The effect of transport limitation was decreased by mixing and eliminated completely when the organism was cultured in a medium being sheared at a high enough rate. It also disappeared at high enoughnutrient concentrations. Actively growing algae contain smaller number of yeasts per g of algae than yeasts present per ml of surrounding sea-water in Gopnath coast, Gujarat. But when the algae start decomposing yeast per g of algal material increases and yeast per ml of sea-water decreases.

The analysis of diffusional transport limitation of nutrient uptake rates by phytoplankton, derived earlier for spherical cells is extended to include, in an approximate manner, cylindrical and disk-shaped cells. Transport limitation of nutrient
Pf:CHERZEWSKI KAZIMIERZ, 1974. The content and distribution of organic C in the superficial layer of bottom sediments in southern Baltic. (In Polish; English abstract.) Zesz. nauk. II'ydz. Bioi. Nauk Ziemi, Oceanografia, 1974 (2): 5·21.

The content of C o r g and nitrogen in 171 samples of bottom sediments from southern Baltic was determined by gas chromatography. An analysis of the data relating to the content of C o r g , nitrogen and phosphorus in the superficial layer of bottom sediments for the Deep of Bornholm, the Trougt of Slupsk and the Deep of Gdansk, has revealed a considerable diversification of these elements, and
of the ratios investigated: CIN, CIP and NIP. PENN J. W. and R. W. STALKER, 1975, A daylight sampling net for Juvenile penaeid prawns. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 26 (2); 287-291.
A sampling device capable of capturing buried juvenile penaeid prawns has been constructed and tested. The towed sampling net described utilizes pumped water jets to disturb buried prawns from the upper 3 em of sediment whilst they are within the net covered sled. The jets also generate a turbulent flow of water, which together with the forward movement of the sled, carries the animals back into the pocket of the net. Data on the catch rates and sizes of prawns caught are presented, with a discussion of the efficiency of the apparatus and its use as a quantitative sampling device. PERES J. M. et J. PICARD, 1975. Causes de la rarefaction et de la disparition des herbiers dePosidonia oceanica sur les cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Aquat. Bot., I (2): 133-139. 1948 -1955. The second cause may be related to the general increment of the clay sedimentation in the Gulf, which arose from the harnessing of the Rhone. Formerly this river had strong floods, especially in spring but sometimes also in autumn, which dispersed all the finest particles. Since the harnessing has been completed to provide as much hydroelectric power as possible, such floods are very rare and weaker than previously. Thus, larger and largerquantities of clay are transported towards the western parts of the Gulf of Marseilles by the coastal countercurrent arising from the Rhone delta. Recently, it has been demonstrated that some clay minerals strongly adsorb some anionic detergents when suspended in sea water and later desorb them in the interstitial water. Comparison of shallow water Posidonia beds submitted to a high sedimentation rate of clay in unpolluted and polluted areas reveals that impoverishment and finally disappearance of Posidonia beds and their associated organismic assemblage, only occurs in areas which are polluted by domestic sewages containing detergents, and this does not happen in places where bottom currents are strong enough to prevent high rates of clay sedimentation.

A synthesis of studies of sea-floor outcrops of the sedimentary wedge beneath the northeastern United States continental shelf and a reassessment of coastal plain Mesozoic stratigraphy, particularly of the coastal margin, provide insight for estimating the oil and gas potential and provide geologic control for marine seismic investigations of the Atlantic continental margin.
The oldest strata known to crop out on the continental slope are late Campanian in age. The Cretaceous-Tertiary contact along the slope ranges from a water depth of 0.6 to 1.5 km south of Georges Bank to 1. 8  The relationship between grazing and the size and density of some algae is briefly investigated. Algae of 5 to 25 !J. were filtered; the ingestion rate increases with the food density. The effect on culture production has still to be studied. PETERSON W. T. and C. B. MILLER, 1975. Year-to-year variations   (2.7 m y ago), the finite rotation pole is located south of Iceland at 58. SoN,17.4°W,with Zesz. nauk. Wydz. Bioi. Nauk Ziemi, Oceanografia, 1974 (2): 91-107.

Mesidothia entomon, an arctic relict, is a common inhabitant of the southern Baltic. It appears to be more abundant in the southeastern than in the southwestern Baltic, because it is a deep-water animal occurring mainly in the low-temperature zone. It does not occur in the Deep of Gdansk (western Baltic), as this brackish-water species avoids high salinity. Its oxygen requirements are low. The preferred ground is sandy mud or fine-grained sand, rich in organic remnants on which it feeds. Mesidothea entomon is the largest of all the sea-floor crustacean species studied. Males are larger than females. There is a closecorrelation between the bodylength and body-weight of Mesidothea entomon. The type of substratum and the body-weight of this species are related, as the average body-weight of an individual Mesidothea entomon increases over the line: gravel-sand-mud. Reproduction of Mesidothea entomon occurs throughout the year; this process is most intense in the summer months and at the beginning of autumn. Seasonal migratory behaviour was observed.
PINKEL ROBERT, 1975 Met. Gidrol., 1975 (3): 74-84.
The heat balance of the sea surface as well as heat transport by currents are studied on the basis of observations along sections uniformly distributed over the Japan Sea area and carried out during the second half of March 1974. By the end of March in the western portion of the sea the radiation component is the most significant part of the heat balance, while in the eastern portion of the sea heat losses by sea due to evaporation are the most significant. Spring warming commences at first in the western and southern portions of the sea. POULIN A. 0., 1975. Significance of surface temperature in the thermal infrared sensing of sea and lake ice. J. Glaciol., Thermal infrared sensing can provide much information about sea ice, and some of the physical conditions associated with sea ice suggest that surface temperature may be a good indicator of ice thickness. However, steady-state heat-flow calculations suggest that the variable thickness of the snow cover and its, low, variable thermal conductivity would preclude the use of surface temperature alone as a suitable indicator of ice thickness. Measurements of surface temperature, snow depth, and ice thickness suggest that, in an area of relatively uniform ice thickness, surface temperature might be useful as an indicator of snow depth if some surface data can be obtained. PRANDLE D., 1975. Storm  The distribution of energy during the storm has been examined and a plot made of the spatial variation in energy dissipation by bed friction.
PRASAD KANT! and D. K. RAO, 1974. Case studies of westerly waves in the development of monsoon depressions. Indian J. Met. Geophys.,25 (2): 265-268. Deep-sea measurements of geothermal heat flow sometimes show a larger scatter within an area than is usual forcontinental measurements. Accurate records of deep-sea (greater than4,500 m) temperatures, near the sea floor, are used to show that these local variations in heat flow are unlikely to be due to temperature variations in the bottom water. Temperature measurements made at shallower depths over extended periods, by gauges deployed for tidal studies, are also considered. At two stations (2,200 and 3,022 m) monthly temperature changes would produce significant gradients to a depth of 1 m into the sediments. Longer-period temperature variations can affect measured heat flow to much greater depths ofpenetration, and present evidence is insufficient to exclude the possibility. RATKOWSKY D. A., T. G. DIX and K. C. WILSON, 1975. Mercury in fish in the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, and its relation to the position of the fish in the food chain. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res.,26 (2): 223-231.

Total mercury concentrations are reported for 258 individuals representing 16 species of finfish from the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania. Mercury concentrations in the muscle tissue varied between undetectable levels and a value of 2.0 mg/kg in one specimen of a species of shark. Irrespective of species, the area encompassing Ralphs Bay contained a higher percentage of fish with mercury concentrations in excess of the Tasmanian Food Regulation limit of 0.5 mg/kg than any other area of the Estuary. Ralphs Bay is the area in which oysters were found in a previous study to contain extraordinarily high concentrations of other heavy metals, particularly zinc, cadmium and copper.
The fish's position in the food chain appeared to be an important factor determining its mercury content. Approximately 51% of individual fish of species whose diet consists predominantly of other fish had mercury concentrations in excess of 0.5 mg/kg. In contrast, 24% of invertebrate predators and only 7% of individuals of herbivorous habit had mercury concentrations in excess of 0.5 mg/kg. RAYNOR G. S., PAUL MICHAEL, R. M. BROWN and S. SETHURAMAN, 1975. Studies of atmospheric diffusion from a nearshore oceanic site. J. appl. Met.,14 (6): 1080-1094.
A research program is in progress at Brookhaven National Laboratory to determine the nature of atmospheric diffusion from a rep' resentative oceanic site, to relate observed diffusion patterns to meteorological and oceanographic variables, and to develop models to describe such diffusion. The program was initiated in response to plans for construction of offshore nuclear power plants.

Tracer experiments are conducted utilizing oil-fog smoke released from a boat stationed from I -3 mi offshore during onshore flows. The smoke is photographed from above and from the side to document lateral and vertical spread. The crosswind concentration distribution is measured by vehicle-and boat-mounted densitometers during successive traverses across the plume. Wind, turbulence and temperature at several levels are measured on the beach by tower-mounted instruments. Temperature profiles at greater heights are measured by kytoon-and aircraft-borne sensors. Water temperatures are also measured. Winds aloft are determined by pibal ascents and turbulence at various altitudes is sampled by an aircraft-mounted variometer.
Preliminary results show that diffusion is governed primarily by water and air temperature differences. With colder water, low-level air is very stable and diffusion minimal but water warmer than the air induces vigorous diffusion. Measurements of plume width and height have been obtained which are smaller and of normalized concentration which are larger than those predicted for the Pasquill F category. Measured values of plume width can be predicted from Eulerian measurements at the beach. RAZOULS CLAUDE, 1974 REZANOV l. A. andA. Sh. FAYTEL'SON, 1975. Formation of oceanic crust. Int. Geol. Rev., 17 (8): 886-888. Translated from: Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Izv., Geol. Razved., 1974 (2): 13·15.
Oceanization of continental crust, now in progress in the Pannonian depression (Hungary), in parts of the Mediterranean and in the seas of Japan and Okhotsk, is essentially a fractionation by smelting, in line with Vinogradov's theory. Partial melting of ultrabasic substance in the mantle yields basalts under certain conditions. Further desilicification and dealkalization of basalts, at higher levels in the crust, liquifies and liberates the rhyolite-andesite fraction, and so on. The end product of such fractionations, i.e., partings of silica, hydrotherrns, volatiles, alkalies, in one form or another, is a relatively thin crust, the bulk of which is a refractory residue, in fact "oceanic", overlain by a thin layer of its acidic derivatives. ROBERTS D. G., 1975. Sediment distribution on the Rockall Bank, Rockall Plateau. Mar. Geol., Rockall Bank is an unusual example of an isolated continental shelf developed on the subsided Rockall Plateau microcontinent. The sediment distribution on Rockall Bank has been investigated using topographic, seismic, sonar and photographic data. The present sedimentation regime may reflect post-Flandrian transgressive burial of the older substrate. The limited development of the shelf refiects the lack of sediment supply available on Rockall Bank which, with the exception of glacial periods, has probably been submerged for the past 37 my. ROCHFORD D. J., 1975 Laboratory model pullout tests were conducted with a cylindrical object, I sediment, I object in situ time, 3 electrode configurations, and electric potential gradients of 0,0.25, and 0.5 V /cm to determine the effect of electroosmosis on reducing force and time requirements for breaking objects free of soft sediments.
Results show electroosmosis to be very effective in reducing breakout times. The relationship between the breakout force ratio and breakout time can be expressed in terms of 2 empirical parameters. Electrical power requirements to achieve breakout appear to be independent of electrode configurations but do depend on electric potential gradients. ROPER C. F. E. and R. E. YOUNG, 1975. Vertical distribution of pelagic cephalopods. Smithson. Contr. Zool., 209: 51 pp. Vertical distributions of pelagic cephalopods are analyzed, based primarily on studies undertaken in the waters off California, Bermuda, and Hawaii. Much of the information derives from samples taken in midwater trawl nets equipped with closing apparatus. Each family that contains pelagic or quasi-pelagic species is discussed; selected records from the literature are included where necessary.
A wide variety of patterns of vertical distribution exists among pelagic cephalopods; patterns may be associated with stage of maturity, diel rhythms, or seasonal behaviour. The study revealed that a number of vertical distribution patterns occur: near-surface dwellers, first order diel vertical migrators, second order diel vertical migrators, diel vertical shifters, diel vertical spreaders, nonmigrators, vertical wanderers, species associated with the oceanbottom, and species exhibiting ontogenetic descent. RUDDIMAN W. F. and L. K. GLOVER, 1975. Subpolar North Atlantic circulation at 9,300 yr BP: Faunal evidence. Quat.

Res., 5 (3): 361-389.
We have examined the circulation of the subpolar North Atlantic at~300 yr BP by using a dispersed layer of silicic volcanic ash as a synchronous horizon. At the level of this datum, we have reconstructed from foraminiferal evidence a geologically synoptic view of seasonal variations in sea-surface temperatures and salinities. Thereconstruction defines two oceanic fronts at 9,300 yr BP: (I) the meridionally oriented Polar Front bordering the axis of deglacial outflow of Arctic and Laurentide ice and meltwater and (2) a zonal portion of the Subarctic Convergence along 48°N, marking a major confluence between the subtropical and subpolar gyres. The~30Q.yr configuration primarily differed from the modem pattern in the more easterly position, by 3°, of the Polar Front and the more southerly, 3°, and easterly, 5°, position of the Subartic Convergence. Both fronts had been merged at 18,000 yr BP into the full-glacial Polar Front; at~300 yr BP, they were approaching the end of a northwestward deglacial retreat toward the modem interglacial positions.
There were two dominant departures at 9,300 yr BP from the Earth's modem configuration. both related to deglaciation: the very large Laurentide Ice Sheet still covering eastern North America to 48°N, and the region of cold Arctic/Laurentide deglacial outflow. These two features caused: (I) a more easterly position than now exists of the region of upper air divergence and lower air convergence downstream from the Ice Sheet and meltwater outflow; (2) a more intense expression of this upper air divergence and lower air convergence over the central portion of the subpolar North Atlantic; and (3) a latitudinally more stable axis of convergence of surface westerlies over this region. These factors apparently caused the stronger oceanic convergence along 48°N than occurs at present. They also created a stronger,southeastward-directed wind drift current, which opposed the meridional (northward) flow typical of the present interglaciation. RUSBY J. S. M. and J. REVIE, 1975. Long-range sonar mapping of the continental shelf. Mar. Geol.,19 (4) Recent experiments in the shallow waters of the continental shelf off the west coast of Scotland have shown that it is possible to obtain geologically useful sonographs from a towed low-frequency side-scan sonar (GLORIA project) out to long ranges. Frequencymodulated pulses of 2-sec duration, centred at 6.4 kHz, with an acoustic power of 10 kW were transmitted, and the received energy was processed by a linear correlator. A maximum range of 13 km was achieved under both isothermal and stratified water conditions; however the most even irradiation of the sea floor was obtained when the water was isothermal, and under stratified conditions the maximum range could be reduced to 5 km or less if the sonar array was towed at a depth which lay within any strong temperature gradient in the water column.
On the basis of field measurement data, derived at the Caucasus coast of the Black Sea, a new source of large swellwaves-fluctuations of the near-surface atmospheric pressure in the zone of a cold front, moving over the sea, is revealed. Characteristics of these "frontal" waves (spectra, heights, periods) are shown as well as theoretical considerations about the resonance mechanism of their generation are described.
The distribution of two common water-striders, Halobates, in the Indian Ocean is considered, and breeding seasonality of one of them is analyzed. The material was collected during the 31st, 33rd, 35th, 41st and 54th cruises of the R/V Vityaz in 1959 -1973 The increase of temperature due to the pouring of warm water into the sea is analysed by considering three distinct models: a divergent jet with diffusion, a divergent jet with diffusion and atmospheric cooling, and a strong narrow jet with diffusion. Tidal and other currents are regarded as negligible. This study shows that the jet effect, the marine diffusion, and the atmospheric cooling are dominant respectively, near the mouth, in an intermediate zone and far from the mouth of the jet. SAINT-GUlLY BERNARD, 1975. Effets de la composant horizon tale de la rotation terrestre sur les mouvements dans une mer hornogene. Ann. Inst. oceanogr., Paris, (N.S.), 51 (2): 135-142. Results from calculations of water circulation in the North Atlantic using data of a given density field for the winter season with a grid with a 2.5°steps are shown. When compared with results of similar calculations with a step two-folds less, it is apparent that for a deep ocean description of large-scalecirculation, the utilization of a calculation grid with a step of 2 -3°is adequate. Such a procedure allows economy in computer memories.

SARUHASHI KATSUKO, YUKIO KATSURAGI, TERUKO
KANAZAWA, YUKIO SUGIMURA and YASUO MIYAKE, 1975. 90Sr and 137CS in the Pacific waters. Rec. oceanogr. wks Japan, (N.S.)  Results showed that the higher values both in the surface and deep were observed in the North than the South Pacific which were mainly due to the difference in the fall rate of these nuclides between the two hemispheres. SAUNDERS K. D. and R. C. BEARDSLEY, 1975. An experimental study of the spin-up of a thermally stratified rotating fluid. Geophys. Fluid Dynam., A simple model of the spin-up of a continuously thermally stratified rotating fluid is examined experimentally. The geometry of the system consists of a right circular cylinder bounded on the top and bottom by perpendicular planes. The cylinder contains a linearly stratified fluid, initially rotating in solid body rotation with an angular velocity n (Ie ). At time t = 0, the rotation rate of the boundary is changed to n. The adjustment of the fluid to the new angular velocity, described by Walin and others for the case of non-conducting walls, is here expanded to treat the case of a partially conducting side boundary.
Laboratory experiments testing the validity of the linear theory are discussed. The external rotational Froude number is very small, the Rossby number is 0(E 1 / 2 ) , and the stratification parameter B = N/2n is 0(1). The side wall conditions are shown to be effectively insulating in the framework of the expanded theory. While experiments confirm the qualitative aspects of the theory, namely spin-up in a time scale of 0 (E-1 / 2 n-I ) , measurement of the time dependent density field indicates that the first modal spin-up time is significantly shorter than predicted. Several possible causes for this observed difference between theory and experiment are discussed. While a direct comparison is impossible, the observed faster spin-up appears to be consistent with the experimental results of Buzyna and Veronis. The observed laboratory density field is also compared for one experiment with the results of the numerical model for stratified spin-up developed by Barcilon, Lau, Piacsek and Warn-Varnas (see accompanying paper). SAYLES F. L., T. L. KU and P. C. BOWKER, 1975 Alternating up-and downcanyon currents with velocities up to 50 em/sec are found in submarine canyons. These alternations have patterns that usually can be matched between adjacent stations in the same canyon, even where separated by as much as 16 km. The matching of curves from adjacent stations is obtained by time shifts. In 20 out of 23 comparisons, the patterns were best fitted by shifting so that a later time of arrival is indicated for the upcanyon station. This indicates that internal waves (mostly tidal in period) are advancing up the submarine canyons or rarely downcanyon. Because the data come from canyons off California, the East Coast of the United States, and the Hawaiian Islands and include depths to as much as 3,500 m, it is suggested that these canyon internal waves may be worldwide. The exceptional downcanyon advances appear to be the result of unusual canyon bathymetry, , -rhaps combined with unusual tides.
Oceanograp hic Abst racts AI93 SHIMAMURA HIDEKI and TOSHI ASADA, 1975 . T waves from deep eart hquakes gene rated exact ly at the bottom of deep-sea t renches . Earth planet. Sci. Letts, T waves (seismic wate r waves), which were generated by deep -focused earthq uakes , have been foun d by an array of sensitive ocea nbottom seismogra phic observations deploye d on the western Pacific basin . The poin ts of generation of T waves have been exac tly located by use of the accurate velocity of water waves kno wn from explosions. The position s obt ained are at the bottom of deepsea tre nches; however, the positions are 10·35 km ocean-side of the trench. T waves have been known to be generated by seismic waves which were trans mitted from the focus to the trench bottom along the descending lithosphe re. The intensity of the observed T waves implies tha t the Q value along the descending lithosphere is more th an 4,000 . The positions of T-wave genera tion are consistent wit h the 8 .2-to 8.6-km /s stratified structure of the oceanic lit hosphere . T waves from shallow eart hquake s beneath the lowe r continental slo pe are also clearly observed by bott om seismography. SHIONO KIYOJI , 1974 . Travel time analy sis of relatively deep ear thquakes in southwest J apan with special refe rence to the unde rthrusting of the Philippine Sea plate. J. Geosci. Osaka ( v Univ., . SHORT A. D., 1975 . Multipl e offshore bars and standing waves. J. geophys . Res., 80 (27) : 3838-3840.
Field measurements of mult iple offshore bar spacing were compa red to theory and wave measuremen ts to corroborate the suggestion that bar form atio n and spacing arecontrolled by standi ng waves in the infragrav ity range (0 .5 -5 min). Theoretical and exper imental studie s pred ict the reflection of progressive waves from a shore line as sta nding waves. Associated drift in the b ott om boundary layer is expect ed to produce sediment accumulation and bar formation under either the noda l or the antinodal points . Me asurements of waves in the infr agravity spect rum co nfirm the occurrence of such standing waves, and spacing of offshore ba rs in adjacent areas correlates well wit h the predicted position of the bars.
SHUMA1 '/ F. R. and C. J . LORENZEN, 1975 SITARAMAIAH P. ,1975. Temperature, salinity and plankton of Daman Ganga estuary. J. Bombay 1I0t . Hist. Soc., 72 (I ) Airgun waveform s in the deep sea were measured from 160 in ) and 300 in) guns with known firing pressure and depth, known geomet ry of sour ce and receiver, and a recor ding system with known impulse response. The waveforms were co mpared with waveforms predicted from bubble oscillation theo ry and were found to be similar. SOLOMON S. C., N. H. SLEEP and R. M. RICHARDSON, 1975 . On the forces driving plate tect on ics: inferences from absolut e plate velocities and intr aplate stress. Geop hys: Jl R. astr. Soc.,42 (2) : 7 69 ·80 I.
Absolute plate motions and intraplate stress both serve as tests of model s for the forces acting on plate bound aries. Plate velocities relative to a p resumedl y fixed underl ying mantle are calculated from the hyp oth esis that no net torque is exerted on the lith osphere . Intr aplate stress iscalculated by solving the equil ibrium equa tions for thin elasti c shells in the membr ane state of stress. The absolute velocity fields predi cted from a wide 'assortment of physical and geological mod els are all very similar. While the global patte rn of absolu te veloci ty is probably close to those predicted by such models , the absolut e motion s do not th erefore provide a strong test of the driving mechan ism. Comparison of predicted intraplate stress with the Iong-wavelenth features of the global st ress field, however, as determined by ill situ measurements , earthquake mechanisms , and stress-indu ced geological struc tures, does prove to be a powerful test of possible driving forces, All absolute velocity models have several interesting propertie s. Lithosphere in the equato rial half o f the Earth is moving significantly faster th an lithosphere in the polar half. Some connection to the Earth 's rotation is implied since this state men t is demonstrably un true for co-ordinate poles much different from the geographi c pole. Subd ucted slabs are characterized by a slow horizont al tran slation perpendicular to str ike tha t is independent of the plate convergence rate , con founding attempts to explain the dip angles of Benioff zones in terms of a uniform vertical sinking and a variable absolu te velocity for the overthrust plate . Ridges must migrate at a wide range of velocities relative to their underlying source of new lithosphe re ; such rapid migration may be a necessary but is not a sufficient conditio n fo r ridge jumps.
Force models considered in velocity and stress calculations include driving fo rces at spreading centres and subduction zones and various parameterizations of drag at the base of the lithosphere. From the rms absolute velocities of individual plates, th ere is a weak indication that pull by the subducted lithosphere at trenches is an impor tant driving fo rce andthat drag may be greate r beneath conti nent al than ocean ic lithosphe re. The predicted intraplate deviator ic stress cannot match the well-determ ined stress fields in North America and Europe unless the driving force exerted at ridges is at least comparabl e inmagnitude to other for ces in th e system. The mid-plate stresses are very sensitive to th e nature of drag at the base of the lith osphere and thus measured stresses may ultimately provide a sensitive test of absolute plate velocities. SOYER JACQUES, 1974 . Contrib ution

AI95
A characteristic feature of the circulation in the tropical ocean is that a few degrees north of the equator there exists a strong easterly surface flow, the Equatorial Countercurrent. Sverdrup in 1947 correctly showed that the momentum balance in the countercurrent is quasi-geostrophic, but the corresponding description of the vorticity balance over its entire longitudinal extent is not complete. The present analysis is based on a model of a two-layer quasi-geostrophic circulation. The observation that latitudinal changes in upper-layer depth are less than longitudinal changes is exploited to reduce the nonlinear vorticity equation to an ordinary differential equation by a class of similarity transformations. Some of the features of the circulation in the western tropical Pacific that can be modeled, include the observation that north and south of the countercurrent there exist westward currents, somewhat broader and less intense than the countercurrent, and that there is a monotonic decrease of zonal transport to the east. In addition, the structure of the countercurrent is not necessarily determined by the local structure of the zonal wind field. These solutions asymptotically approach Sverdrup circulation to the north and south of the zero of the wind-stress curl. STEELE D. H. and V. J. STEELE, 1975. The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. IX. Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, Gammarus stoerensis Reid, andGammarus mucronatus Say. Can. J. Zool., 53 (8): 1105-1109. Gammarus wilkitzkii is a circumpolar, arctic species found from the Arctic Ocean south to Newfoundland. Females produce a single large brood of large eggs in the autumn or early winter which hatches and is released from April to July. The species matures at a relatively large size.
Gammarus stoerensis is an Atlantic amphiboreal species found from eastern Nova Scotia south to Rhode Island. It is a small species and females produce a series of small broods of small eggs between the spring and autumn, but are in the resting stage between then and later winter.
Gammarus mucronatus is found from southwestern Newfoundland south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is a small species and produces a low number of small eggs in each of several summer broods. STEELE D. H. and V. J. STEELE, 1975. The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. X. Gammarus [inmarchicus Dahl. Can. J. Zool., 53 (8): 1110-1115 Gammarus [inmarchicus is an arnphi-Atlantic species. In the western Atlantic it is found from the island of St. Pierre south to Long Island Sound. At SI. Andrews, New Brunswick, 50% maturity occurs at 10.5 mm in the females. Reproduction is in progress throughout the year, but small females evidently are in a resting condition during September-October before breeding. The release of young by the population is greater in the spring, summer, and early autumn than it is in late autumn and winter. The young released in the spring and summer do not reproduce until the next year so that the life cycle is annual. STEELE D. H. and V. J. STEELE, 1975. The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. XI. Comparison anddiscussion. Can. J. Zool., 53 (8): 1116-1126. Available data on some aspects of the biology of 10 species of Gammarus are summarized and compared. It is concluded that the main adaptation allowing these species to occupy their extensive geographic range from the North Pole to the Gulf of Mexico is variation in body size. The large size of northern species (G. wilkitzkii and G. setosus) results in the production of a single, large, well-timed brood, which is released within the short period of optimum conditions. The medium-sized species (G. oceanicus, G. duebeni, G. finmarchicus, and G. obtusatus) produce several medium-sized broods spread through the longer optimum season. The small species (G. lawrencianus, G. tigrinus, G. stoerensis, and G. mucronatus) can produce a large number of small broods per female and also mature second generations in the much longer and warmer optimum season characteristic of the southern environment. STEGEN G. R., KIRK BRYAN, J. L. HELD, and FEODOR OSTAPOFF, 1975 STEWART D. C. and C. P. THORNTON, 1975. Andesite in oceanic regions. Geology, 3 (10): 565-568.

Among the chemically intermediate rocks of the central ocean basins, three genetic series-tholeiitic, low-K alkalic, and high-K alkalic-are recognizable on the basis of relations between the differentiation index (01) and total alkalies and between 01 and the
alkali index [AI, here defined as 100 X K, 01 (K,0 + Na ,0) 1. The present nomenclature for these rocks, using terms based on locality names (hawaiite, tristanite, icelandite, and so forth), is inconsistent. Names based on chemical differences do not cover the range in composition, and names based on mineralogical differences do not reflect existing differences in chemistry.
Alternatives to this "locality" nomenclature are considered: First, andesite isredefined, regardless of its geographic occurrence, as a volcanic rock in which more than 2/3 of the feldspar is plagioclase, the groundmass plagioclase is oligoclase or andesine, normative quartz is less than 15 percent, and the color index is less than 40. By prefixing this generalized andesite with appropriate terms indicating the genetic series, geographic location (for example, "oceanic"), and distinctive mineralogy, a consistent and informative nomenclature is possible. A second alternative is to define in a more consistent fashion the present locality names of the intermediate rocks by grouping them into two sets, one based on modal composition (mugearite, hawaiite), the other on chemistry (trachyandesite, trachybasalt). STEWART M. K. and IRVING FRIEDMAN, 1975_ Deuterium fractionation between aqueous salt solutions and water vapor. J. geophys. Res.,80 (27): 3812-3818.
SUDA TAKIO,1975. On the cause of unusual high tide. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. Maizuru mar. Obs.,13: 15 pp. Since unusual high tide usually occurs in the months when the mean tide level is high, the mechanism of rising or faIling monthly mean tide levels was researched.
A statistical analysis of monthly mean tide levels at Aburatsu (31°35'N,131°24'E) is shown in relation to surface air pressure patterns over the western Pacific for August and September 1950-71. A major contributing factor to monthly mean tide levels is found to be the surface pressure pattern. SUN SHINE-SOON, MITSUNOBU TATSUMOTO and JEAN-GUY SCHILLING, 1975. Mantle plume mixing along the Reykjanes Ridge axis: lead isotopic evidence. Science, Gradients of lead isotopic ratios from basalts erupted along the Reykjanes Ridge and Median Neovolcanic Zone of Iceland confirm mantle plume mixing with the depleted asthenosphere along the ridge axis. TABATA TADASHl,1975. Sea-ice reconnaissance by radar. J. Glaciol., To observe the distribution of pack ice off the coast of the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido, a radar network consisting of three radar stations was constructed during 1967 -69. It covers an area about 70 km wide and 250 km long. The stations are remotecontrolled by radio from the Sea Ice Research Laboratory and the information obtained is transmitted back to the laboratory and observed there. Radar has the great advantage of being able to makecontinuous observations of ice. Usually several special features can be seen on the radar screen, and they are used as markers for theobservation of movement. It is ascertained that the average pattern of drift in this area is from north to south-east along the coast line and the ice field undergoes internal deformation during its drift. To get some information on the surface topography of ice from A-scope radar, the intensity of echo signals is classified into 16 steps by computer. To obtain the movement of an ice field from the numerical radar information, a modified two-dimensional cross-correlation method was tested.
Oceanographic Abstracts AI97 TAKAGI MITSUZO, HANAKO MURAYAMA and SUGA SOMA, 1975. PCB contents in several species of flatfish collected in the eastern Bering Sea. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. lap. Soc. scient. Fish,41 (6): 685-690. Materials used for the present study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations in the muscle, liver and egg of four species of flatfish were collected from 14 locations in the eastern Bering Sea. Analysis proved that PCB concentrations in muscle ranged between 0.02-0.13 ppm with distinct differences within the same species depending on the source location. PCB contents in liver samples ranged from 0.06 -0.27 ppm, i. e., always higher than the muscle values, and egg PCB contents were 0.01 -0.03 ppm, i. e., lower than muscle levels.
TANIOKA KATSUMI, 1975. On the relationships between the oceanographic conditions and the sea level in the Japan Sea.
(In Japanese; English abstract.) Bull. Maizuru mar. Obs., 13: 8 pp. Relationships between the oceanographic conditions in the Japan Sea and the sea levels at the tidal stations along the coasts of Japan and Korea were studied, using oceanographic data obtained by several vessels, chiefly the Seifu Maru of the Maizuru Marine Observatory, and tidal data obtained by tidal stations at Tonoura, Sakai, Saigo, Maizuru, Toyama, Niigata and [(I -kQIQ) where rlp'max is a constant representing the ratio of specific respiration rate to maximum specific growth rate,k'Q is an (apparent) subsistence quota, and ccr max is a third constant-the value of the ChI:C ratio when Qlk'Q = p'max/r. This hypothesis was investigated using data from the spring phytoplankton increase in Loch Creran in 1973. The quota was measured as the phytoplankton P: C atomic ratio, and a regression method was used to estimate detrital phosphorus and carbon in order to correct measurements made of total particulate material. Although phosphorus did not appear to be the single limitingnutrient, and hence the estimates of k' Q were of an apparent rather than true subsistencequota, the equation was shown to be a reasonable description of the relation between the chlorophyll, phosphorus, and carbon contents of the phytoplankton over two periodsof 3 -4 weeks each. During the period of phytoplankton increase k' Q and ccr max were estimated as 0.014 atom Plat om C and 0.083 g CW/g C; during the period of decline the respective values of these constants were 0.0062 and 0.040. TIMMERMAN H., 1975 We then examine. this relationship in the immediate vicinity of the rise crest in an attempt to determine the sensitivity of the slopes thus obtained. Depth versus t 1/2 profiles from a variety of rise types ranging from the topographically smooth, fast-spreading Pacific -Antarctic rise to the rough, slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic rise are discussed, ages having been assigned using a fmite rotation pole. Because of the variety of superimposed anomalous features concentrated within a limited and well-surveyed region, the Galapagos Spreading Center has provided a suitable arena fordetermining the precision with which the method can decompose such an agglomeration into distinctly recognizable components. Although topographic "noise" precludes precise quantification of the slopes, it is concluded that , by removing the first -order effect of thermal contraction. the method can be quite revealing when topography is examined in relation to other data. Slopes for several profiles across the Pacific-Antarctic and Pacific-Nazca rises reveal the pattern expected in the case of asymmetric spreading, a conclusion which has independently been derived from the magnetic anomalies. In the Galapagos region "jumps" of the spreading center, a basic compositional difference , and uplift from below are exposed by their predictable effect on the slopes obtained from the depth versus t 1 /2 plots. UEDA TAISHI, YUZURU SUZUKI and RYOICHI NAKAMURA , 1975 One hundred years ago, when the Linnean Society of New South Wales began, geology in this country was a 'colonial' science-its base of authority was still in Europe. For almost a century, geology in Australia had been dominated by concepts which originated in Europe and were transported, more or less uncritically, to a land being explored . European precedent is seen as having exerted, in many cases, a counter-productive influence on geological understanding here in the years before 1875. VAN lEPEREN M. P., 1975 Estimates of the friction factor for a quadratic model were obtained by using the expression as given by Bretschneider and Reid (1954) and also by using the energy balance equation, with a source function for the spectral dissipation of energy, as given by Hasselmann and Collins (1968). In the latter case, the estimates were calculated from the flux changes of the integrated spectra and from the flux changes of the spectral components of the spectra, both for a quadratic and for a linear friction model. Differences in the decay rates of the spectral components have also been investigated. For a quadratic model, the mean values of the estimates ranged from 0.06 to 0.10. This is a factor 4 to 6 larger than normally accepted for comparative areas. The agreement between the results of the two methods used is satisfactory. For a linear model, the mean value of the estimates as obtained from the integrated spectra is 0.039 mIs, with a coefficient of variation of 33%. The mean value of the estimates as obtained from the spectral components of the spectra is 0.038 mis, with a coefficient of variation of 76%. The variability of the estimates from the linear model is less than observed for a quadratic model. VERGNAUD GRAZZINI C., 1975 18  Concentrations of seabirds will be most vulnerable to spills. Three major colonies along the coast of British Columbia are the Langara Region, the southeast coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the Scott Islands. Alcids and storm petrels are the most numerous seabirds along the British Columbia coast. Alcids are among the birds most vulnerable to oil pollution whereas storm petrels are less threatened by spills than alcids because they spend more time in the air and only dive occasionally. Waterfowl, especially diving ducks, will be vulnerable to spills during the winter as they concentrate in large numbers in estuaries and inlets along the British Columbia coast. The large wintering populations of ducks, geese, and grebes along the Fraser Delta foreshore and Boundary Bay will be endangered because of their nearness to tanker and shipping traffic. Approximately one million loons, shearwaters, phalaropes, ducks, gulls, and geese migrate north in the spring along west Vancouver Island. These migrants, because of their concentration in large numbers, may be very temporarily but critically vulnerable to oil pollution.
The birds most likely to be directly affected hy spills are breeding populations of a1cids and wintering diving ducks, whereas ducks, geese, and shorebirds, which feed in the intertidal zone, may be hardest hit indirectly through destruction of their feeding habitat. Of the ducks threatened by destruction of their feeding habitat, seaducks are most vulnerable of all ducks as they rely on most on the marine habitat for feeding purposes.
VEROSUB K. L., 1975. Paleomagnetic excursions as magnetostratigraphic horizons: A cautionary note. Science,190 (4209) Modification of the parameters of the formerly developed model describing the functioning of a pelagic ecosystem in the tropical ocean shows that essential changes of the initial conditions of the ecosystem affect only slightly its structure, especially so when system exists for a long time. The spatial and the trophic structure of the system is shown to differ considerably from the actually observed one under a sharp decrease of the vertical rate of watermotion, < 10-' cmlsec, at a stable low, < 0.5, or high> 3 -5 diurnal PIB coefficient of phytoplankton. Changes in the losses for metabolism and food assimilation at the lower trophic levels influence the behaviour of the system more strongly than these changes at the higher levels. An energy transport equation describes the evolution of the power spectrum of surface gravity waves. A slowly varying, prescribed ocean current and wind source are assumed to account for spatial inhomogeneities in the surface wave spectrum. These inhomogeneities lead to a new nonlinear wave-wave interaction mechanism. WEBB K. L. and W. J. WIEBE, 1975. Nitrification on a coral reef. Can. J. Microbial.. 21 (9): 1427-1431.
We report that the algal pavement just behind the reef crest at Enewetak Atoll produces nitrate at measurable rates. In situ and in vitro incubations with N-Serve® indicate that the autotrophic pathway involving two separate organisms is effective in this oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Significant nitrification is indicated throughout the reef environment: Nitrobacter agilis has specifically been identified as at least one of the organisms responsible for the terminal oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. WEICHART GUNTER, 1975. Untersuchungen tiber die Fe-Konzentration im Wasser der Deutschen Bucht im Zusarnmenhang mit dem Einbringen von Abwassern aus der Titandioxid-Produktion. Dt. hydrogr. Z., 28 (2): 49-61. Since May, 1969, 20 -30 km northwest of Helgoland, tankers have dumped about 1800 tons / day of waste from titanium dioxide production. Together with large amounts ofH 2SO.,about 93 t Fe,8 t Ti,500 kg Mn,25 kg V,70 kg Cr,etc., per day are dumped. Through reaction with the seawater, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, and AI precipitate as hydroxides which can scavenge even further (such as the Vanadium). Therefore it is possible to understand the behaviour of Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, and AI, and perhaps Vanadium by measuring one of these metals. We have chosen Fe as "tracer", because it is dumped in large quantities and is easy to analyse.
The highest total-Fe concentrations occur in the vicinity of the coasts as well as in the dumping area. The high total-Fe concentration off the coasts is due mostly to the inflow of Fe-rich river water from the Elbe and the Weser, but it can also be traced back to the shallow water depths and the nature of the sediments. In the vertical series, there is a heavy increase in the total-Fe concentration downward caused by the disturbance of fine sediment containing Fe, or Fe hydroxides. Under calm seas particulate Fe sinks to the bottom within a few hours. As the largest part of the Fe is particulate, only negligible Fe remains in the water. The smallest total-Fe concentration found was about 5J1g Fe/I. Under conditions of turbulence, particulate Fe is whirled up from the bottom and is distributed in the whole water column. The largest total-Fe concentration outside the visible wake of the tankers, was about 500 JIg Fe/I. In addition to this variability governed by wind conditions, there is a short term variability within the space of minutes due to uneven distribution during dumping. The highest Fe concentrations were found in the fresh screw water of the dump tanker. One hour after dumping, the total-Fe concentration was about 7,000 JIg Fe/I; after 2 hours, about 2,500JIg Fell In the dumping area a cloud of Fe hydroxide was found at all times. Fe contained in this cloud corresponds approximately to that dumped during a period of several weeks. A steady increase of the amount of Fe in the German Bight could not be established. Evidently, the Fe is transported by the residual currents out of the German Bight into the open North Sea. The area of final deposition of the Fe has not yet been found. It seems possible that the Fe hydroxide is transported as far as the Norwegian Sea, or the Atlantic. WEISS E. B., 1975. International responses to weather modification. Int. Orgn., 29 (3): 805-826.

A201
In the past few decades we have been improving our understanding of the weather system and exploring ways to modify it. Over sixty countries have experimented with modifying the weather. The new technology of weather and climate modification will raise important political problems which will demand new responses from the international community. Whether states will be able to establish the cooperative measures necessary to develop and manage new technology depends upon whether there are sufficient incentives to do so. This article analyzes the historical patterns of international cooperation in meteorology, and then plots against several time horizons projected developments and capabilities in weather modification technology and the potential problems emerging from using the technology. It derives a tentative picture of the responsibilities demanded, compares the likely responses with those needed, and assesses whether they will be adequate for the problems projected. WHITEHEAD J. A. Jr., 1975 Dissolved alomina can coprecipitate with dissolved silica from seawater enriched with both compounds. This coprecipitation is almost complete within 1 h and maintains the concentration of dissolved alumina near naturally occurring oceanicconcentrations, well below the alumina concentration of 0.50 ppm Al found to be stable in filtered Sargasso seawater at 2°C. Only 0.5 ppm Si is necessary to initiate this coprecipitation, which indicates that the concentrations of dissolved alumina that occur in seawater and in interstitial water are a function of the concentration of dissolved silica as well as of the alumina solubility.
Dissolved alumina is also quickly removed by solid amorphous silica from solutions of seawater enriched in dissolved alumina and also by several marine sediments in contact with the solution. This process may be an important factor in authigenic mineral formation in marine sediments. WILLEY J . D., 1975. Silica-alumina interactions in seawater. MIlT . Chem. , 3 (3) : 241 -251.
Amorphous silica can polymerize in distilled water , in 0 .6 N NaCi solution and in seawater to form a colloidal suspension that contains approximately 200 ppm Si. Solid amorphous alumina can prevent this polymerization in seawate r and in 0 .6 N NaCl, and can inhibit but not prevent it in distilled water . This prevention of polymerization may be an important factor in authigenic mineral for mation.
The presence of solid amorphous alumina with solid silica in the same solutions causes the final concent rations of dissolved silica to be lower than those attained by solid silica in the absence of solid alumina. The effects are similar whether the final levels are approached from above or below the saturation concentration for amorphous silica. This indicates that the observed concentration of dissolved silica will be a fun ct ion of available alumina as well as of the silica solubility. The presence of solid amorphous alumina with quartz in seawater , 0 .6 N NaCI solution and distilled water causes dissolved silica levels to remain below 0.7 ppm Si for at least 38 days . The same systems in the absence of alumina approach the solubility levels of quartz within that time period. WILLIAMS ELIZABETH , CHARLES SWITHINBANK and G. de Q. ROBIN , 1975 . A submarine sonar stud y of Arcti c pack ice. J. Glaciol.,15 (73): 349 ·362 .
A continuous profile of the Arctic Ocean ice canopy from Spitsbergen to the North Pole was made with 48 kHz echo sounders mounted on a nuclear submarine. A semi-automatic digitizer was used to measure coordinates from the records at a frequency of about 1,000 points per linear kilometre of track. Methods derived for the reconstruction of subglacial relief from 35 MHz radioecho sounding records were applied to eliminate part of the distortion due to the 20°beam width of the sounders. A corrected profile was used to obtain ice drafts at 2 m intervals . Data were analysed in 10 km sections and figures were summarized for each degree of latitude. The results include: mean ice draft, percentage of ice less than OJ m draft, and percentage of level ice. Histograms show the level ice drafts which occur most frequently, and these may indicate the ratio of first-year to older ice. The numb er of ice keels is listed together with their mean draft and draft distribution. Definitions are found to be of overriding importance in the comparison of data from different areas . WILLIAMS J. J. , D. C. CONNER and K. E. PETERSON, 1975. Piper oil field, North Sea : Fault-block  Isopachs o f Triassic through Cretaceous units suggest that the Piper structure grew intermittenLly before , dur ing. and afte r deposition of the reservoir sands. Post-Albian -pre-Turonian /Conia cian faulting and eros ion and rejuvenated faultingduring pre-Maestrichtian Late Cretace ous time formed a series of eroded and tilted fault blocks . The domal structure mappe d at the base of the Tertiary is not evident in the younger horizons because of the masking effect of middle Tertiary delta ic depsoits . Region al subsidence continued throughout the Tertiary and formed the present North Sea basin . WILSON T. R. S. and A. J. HARRJSON, 1975 . Submerged-pump systems for underway monitoring at the sea surface, using a conventional STD or CTD unit. 22 (8) : 571-574.
A low-cost system is described for circulating surface seawater rapidly through a deck rank while the ship is under way. The tank is designed to hold a Plessey 9040 sea unit ; the output from this device is recorded in analog and digital form continuously between stations, thus increasing the usefulness of this relatively expensive instrument. Over 4000 n mi of surface records have been obtained using this system . A simple assembly which permits single point calibration samples for shallow casts to be taken by sampling bottle attached directly to the sea unit is also described . year-round species were also noted. Fungal studies on S. muticum have isolated only saprophytic species, which are also common locally on other Phaeophyceae. Overall, these data suggest that S.muticum can support a considerable epibiota and, therefore, its introduction seems unlikely to result in a significant change in local epiphyte communites.
The time interval over which growth rates are measured modifies the observed growth rates in non-linear growth curves. Growth rates obtained from a sigmoid curve such as the logistic growth equation may appear to be derived from the non-sigmoid von Bertalanffy growth equation when the small stage is not represented in the hypothetical growth observation. The inflection point of a sigmoid curve may be underestimated in non-instantaneous growth rate data when they are plotted on a graph against the initial sizes. This problem is significant for marine macro-benthos, whose growth is likely to be sigmoid and initiates mostly at microscopic sizes, when the popular von Bertalanffy growth equation is fitted to the observed growth rate data. Even when the von Bertalanffy growth equation appears to represent the observed growth rates adequately,extrapolation of the equation toward the smaller stage may require an independen t investigation.
YOUNG P. C. and H. KIRKMAN, 1975 in five different distinct phanerogamic communities: two monospecific communities, one multispecific community, a community characterised by a single dominant species, and a community in which two species were of equal importance. The zonation of these was determined by depth, salinity, turbidity and substrate characteristics. It is postulated that the absence of POSidonia has enabled various species to co-exist and remain intact instead of being part of a series leading to aPosidonia meadow. The range and complexity of variation in the vertical distributions and diel migrations of oceaniceuphausiids from the central gyre in the eastern South Pacific have been examined. Five to nine depth intervals at six day-night stations were sampled during November· December J970. Several opening-closing Bongo nets were towed simultaneously through 50-to 100·m strata in the upper 700 m. Twenty-seven species from 5 genera were identified from 94 hauls. The vertical distribution patterns of 19 species were associated with environmental gradients and differed according to time of day, locality, and age structure of the population. The extent to which these patterns serve as a model for other groups of vertically migrating organisms is discussed.
ZENK WALTER and E. J. KATZ, 1975. On the stationarity of temperature spectra at high horizontal wave numbers. J. geophys. s«, 80 (27): 3885-3891. Two examples of high wave number (one cycle per 5 m to one cycle per kilometer) temperature spectra from constant depth tow segments are presented. The first is from observations in the center of the main thermocline of the northwest Atlantic at a depth of about 700 m. Four independent estimates of the spectrum are statistically similar to one another. The result is continuous with previous results at lower wave numbers and compares favorably with the 1975 Garrett and Munk internal wave model prediction. The second example is from a tow through a surface mixed layer, at a depth of 26 m, in a nearby area. In contrast to the above, it describes the lack of stationarity of the near-surface spectrum; a result reminiscent of the frequency spectra observed by Sabinin. ZIEMAN J. C., 1975. Seasonal variation of turtle grass,Thalassia testudinum Konig, with reference to temperature and salinity effects. Aquat. Bot., 1(2): 107·123.
Although turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Konig, is a tropical marine plant, studies show it undergoes seasonal fluctuation. Maximum values of productivity, standing crop, leaf length, blade density, and other biotic variables are reached in the warmer summer months. Thalassia has a temperature optimum near 30°C and a salinity optimum near 300/00' Significant deviations of these environmental parameters from their optima depress the biotic viability of the plant. Minimum values for the measured variables were encountered during periods of seasonally low temperatures or high temperatures coupled with lowered salinity. Thalassia is seen to have a slow response to environmental stress due to the stored starch reserves in the extensive robust rhizome system. ZIRINO ALBERTO, 1975. Measurement of the apparent pH of seawater with a combination microelectrode. Limnol. Oceanogr., 20 (4): 654-657.
A method for precisely measuring the apparent pH of seawater, using a microelectrode and a specially designed cell, is described. The cell requires a 25-ml sample, reaches equilibrium in 6 min or less, and its precision in routine use at sea was± 0.0026 pH units.