Recent ctcre_tcpmus items

The Association between E-cigarette Characteristics and Stopping Smoking and Vaping among Adult Dual Users of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes

Wed, 1 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Association between E-cigarette Characteristics and Stopping Smoking and Vaping among Adult Dual Users of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes

Appendix: Websites Homepages Snapshots to accompany “A Framework for Researching the Waterpipe Tobacco Business Sector in the United States”

Tue, 5 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Appendix: Websites Homepages Snapshots to accompany “A Framework for Researching the Waterpipe Tobacco Business Sector in the United States”

Appendix: Documents and Figures to accompany “Utilization of Waterpipe Tobacco Imagery in Cigarette Advertising: A Case Study of American Tobacco Company and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company”

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Appendix: Documents and Figures to accompany “Utilization of Waterpipe Tobacco Imagery in Cigarette Advertising: A Case Study of American Tobacco Company and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company”

Health Care Cost Savings Attributable to the California Tobacco Control Program, 1989 to 2018

Tue, 28 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Health Care Cost Savings Attributable to the California Tobacco Control Program, 1989 to 2018

Smoking in top-grossing US movies: 2019

Wed, 27 May 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies: 2019

Blowing Smoke Out of the Bayou: The Battle for Tobacco Control in Louisiana

Tue, 26 May 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Blowing Smoke Out of the Bayou: The Battle for Tobacco Control in Louisiana

What is Hollywood Hiding?

Wed, 15 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000

What is Hollywood Hiding?

Cannabis Legalization in State Legislatures: Public Health Opportunity and Risk

Wed, 16 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Forthcoming in the Marquette Law Review

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2018

Tue, 9 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2018

Smoking in top-grossing US movies: 2017

Tue, 22 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies: 2017

Public Health Language for Recreational Cannabis Laws

Thu, 10 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Public Health Language for Recreational Cannabis Laws

Lessons from Tobacco for Developing Marijuana Legalization Policy

Mon, 13 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Lessons from Tobacco for Developing Marijuana Legalization Policy

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2016

Thu, 1 Jun 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2016

United States Military Tobacco Policy Research: A White Paper

Thu, 25 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000

United States Military Tobacco Policy Research: A White Paper

Tobacco product placement and its reporting to the Federal Trade Commission

Thu, 14 Jul 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco product placement and its reporting to the Federal Trade Commission

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2015

Tue, 5 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2015

A Public Health Analysis of Two Proposed Marijuana Legalization Initiatives for the 2016 California Ballot: Creating the New Tobacco Industry

Tue, 2 Feb 2016 00:00:00 +0000

A Public Health Analysis of Two Proposed Marijuana Legalization Initiatives for the 2016 California Ballot: Creating the New Tobacco Industry

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2014

Mon, 1 Jun 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top-grossing US movies 2014

Smokeless Tobacco in Sport and Use Among Adolescents

Sun, 12 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Smokeless tobacco, which includes both oral moist snuff and chewing tobacco, imbues substantial health risks, not limited to increased chances of oral and pancreatic cancer, gum disease, nicotine addiction, and, among adolescents, increased likelihood of smoking initiation. There is little evidence that use of smokeless tobacco enhances athletic performance; yet, sporting events and athletic participation are consistently identified as key contexts associated with smokeless tobacco use. The tobacco industry has long marketed smokeless tobacco products at sporting events and targeted elite athletes for product endorsements in order to integrate smokeless tobacco into the sporting culture. Young males, whether striving to gain the acceptance of admired peers or to emulate respected athletes and coaches, often engage in smokeless tobacco experimentation and continued use during sports participation or attendance at sporting events. In the United States, male high school athletes...

Evaluation of the Implementation of the University of California Tobacco-free Policy

Wed, 4 Mar 2015 00:00:00 +0000

Evaluation of the Implementation of the University of California Tobacco-free Policy

Tobacco Control in California, 2007-2014: A Resurgent Tobacco Industry While Inflation Erodes the California Tobacco Control Program

Mon, 20 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco Control in California, 2007-2014: A Resurgent Tobacco Industry While Inflation Erodes the California Tobacco Control Program

Smoking in top‐grossing US movies 2013

Thu, 12 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in top‐grossing US movies 2013

Tobacco Policymaking in Illinois, 1965-2014: Gaining Ground in a Short Time

Tue, 3 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco Policymaking in Illinois, 1965-2014: Gaining Ground in a Short Time

“Create a Bigger Monster:” Tobacco industry actions to neutralize three landmark Surgeon Generals’ Reports

Mon, 24 Feb 2014 00:00:00 +0000

This paper was written for The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Using documents from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) it examines the tobacco industry’s response to three key Surgeon Generals’ reports that presented significant threats to its public image, sales and efficacy in litigation. The research shows a determined industry effort to undermine the scientific evidence making up the reports, the conclusions of the reports, and the implications of the conclusions. The primary strategy was to refute, trivialize, and discredit the scientific evidence used in the reports and the processes used to reach conclusions. The documents reviewed reveal additional tactics: an effort to claim that the Surgeon Generals’ reports are politically motivated, running paid ads that encourage people to doubt the Surgeon General’s conclusions, sending spokespersons...

Smoking in top-grossing US movies, 2012

Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 +0000

New data on the level of smoking in movies in the US in 2012, obtained by counting tobacco incidents in all 140 movies whose box office ranked in the top 10 for at least one week, show total tobacco incidents per movie rose 45% between 2011 and 2012, the second year of increase after five years of decline. Tobacco incidents rose 54% per G, PG or PG-13 rated movie and 13% per R rated movie. The continued growth in onscreen smoking in youth-rated movies underscores the need to R rate movies with tobacco imagery, establishing an industry-wide market incentive to keep youth-accessible movies tobacco-free.

Good Start Out of the Gate: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policymaking in Kentucky 1936-2012

Wed, 12 Sep 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Executive Summary

Kentucky, a leading tobacco producing state in the U.S. and home to Brown and Williamson and Commonwealth Brands tobacco companies, has a significant historic, economic, and social heritage tied to tobacco. Until 2004 tobacco was grown in all but one county in the state, mostly on small family farms. The significant tobacco industry presence created a historical resistance to tobacco control efforts.

To influence policymakers, between 1994 and 2010 the tobacco industry contributed $311,614 to Kentucky political parties and individual candidates running for state-level offices, focusing contributions around pivotal elections, with candidates for governor and key legislative leadership being the largest recipients. Additionally, between 1993 and 2012, the tobacco industry spent $9.7 million in lobbying expenditures.

In 1988, the first statewide tobacco control coalition focused their initial efforts on youth as a noncontroversial...

Tobacco Control in North Dakota, 2004-2012: Reaching for Higher Ground

Mon, 14 May 2012 00:00:00 +0000

In addition to passing a statewide clean indoor air law in 2005, from 2004 to 2012, North Dakota tobacco control advocates and program leaders used locally-based approaches to instituting stronger tobacco control programs and policies and secured funding for a comprehensive tobacco control program and a new tobacco control agency that existed outside of the state Department of Health but was subjected to amendment attempts in each Legislative Session. As of 2012, the maturing program – divided between two state agencies and other state partners – was showing signs of success and has the opportunity to continue to reduce tobacco use.

· From 1985 to 2012, despite coalition changes due to lack of funding and leadership, tobacco control advocates were committed to maintaining a statewide coalition.

· Tobacco Free North Dakota (TFND), the statewide tobacco control coalition created in 1985, varied in its level of activity from 1985 to 2012.

· Following the Master...

Tobacco Control in Florida 1999-2011: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly

Wed, 7 Mar 2012 00:00:00 +0000

· From the 1970s through 2011, tobacco control advocacy in Florida was led by the local divisions of the American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, and American Heart Association (tri-agencies), with the American Cancer Society as the dominant player.

· The tobacco industry used an extensive group of allies, campaign contributions and lobbying to try to block tobacco strong control policy in Florida through 2011. Between the 1987 and 2008 election cycles the tobacco industry spent $5.9 million in campaign contributions.

· From 2006 - 2010, the tobacco industry spent $6.3 - $11.7 million on legislative branch lobbying and $1.8 - $4.6 million on executive branch lobbying in Florida. In-state cigarette manufacturer Dosal was a significant political force, outspending its national counterparts.

· Florida was a tobacco control leader in the U.S. in the 1970s, with passage of local clean indoor air laws in 50 cities and 11 counties. The tobacco industry...

California film subsidies and on-screen smoking: Resolving the policy conflict

Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000

Cumulative exposure to on-screen smoking is a major recruiter of new young smokers. Policy solutions—including R-rating films with tobacco imagery and making productions with tobacco ineligible for public subsidies—are backed by health authorities in California and worldwide.

Exposure to on-screen smoking accounts for nearly 100,000 current smokers in California aged 12-17. Total costs of medical services for this group, through age 50, are estimated at $1.6 billion (discounted present value). Two-thirds of the cost will be borne by government.

Top-grossing films made in California accounted for one-third of United States audience exposure to on-screen tobacco imagery 2002-11.

From mid-2009 through 2011, California approved $374 million in film and television production subsidies, in the form of tax credits. $128 million was approved for 27 feature films, released widely 2010-11, that achieved top-grossing status. Sixteen of these films...

Predicted Effect of California Tobacco Control Funding on Smoking Prevalence, Cigarette Consumption, and Healthcare Costs, 2012-2016

Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000

This report contains the results of a new model of the effect of the California tobacco control program on smoking behavior and healthcare expenditure, and forecasts four alternative funding scenarios for the California tobacco control program.

We use time series regression analysis of aggregate data on tobacco control program funding, smoking behavior and health care expenditures in California compared to control states. The estimates measure the difference in smoking behavior and health care expenditures between California and the control states that can be attributed to differences in tobacco control funding. We use two different estimation methods to check the analysis and find that both produce almost identical results.

If the current funding levels are continued at 5 cents per pack (established by 1988’s Proposition 99), the baseline scenario, then California smoking prevalence will stop declining increase from 12.9% to 13.3% between 2012 and 2016 and cigarette...

Chipping Away at Tobacco Traditions in Tobacco Country: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in North Carolina 1969-2011

Thu, 16 Jun 2011 00:00:00 +0000

North Carolina, the top U.S. tobacco producing state and home to RJ Reynolds and Lorillard tobacco companies, has a historic, economic, and social legacy tied to tobacco, creating particular resistance to tobacco control efforts. The tobacco manufacturers historically relied on tobacco grower organizations, which had more influence on political and public opinion than tobacco manufacturers, to act on their behalf to shape policy in North Carolina. To influence policymakers, between 1996 and 2008, the tobacco industry contributed nearly $1.3 million to North Carolina political parties and individual candidates for state-level office, focusing contributions around pivotal elections, with candidates for governor and key legislative leadership being the largest recipients. There is a statistically significant relationship between the amount of tobacco industry campaign contributions a legislator received and his or her support for pro-tobacco policies. In 1969, North Carolina became...

A Few More Laps to Go: Tobacco Industry Political Influence, Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Indiana

Fri, 10 Jun 2011 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco policy has been an issue in Indiana since 1893, when the legislature passed a law prohibiting selling tobacco to people under 16. Beginning as early as 1969, Indiana General Assembly members and tobacco control advocates launched uncoordinated efforts to pass a law restricting smoking in government buildings. The tobacco industry responded with a well-financed and well-connected network of lobbyists, campaign contributions and third-party allies which's lobbyists that defeated every statewide clean indoor air proposal from 1969 to 1986. In 1986, tobacco control advocates formed the Indiana Campaign for a Tobacco-Free Society and, in 1987, successfully advocated for Indiana's first clean indoor air law that created nonsmoking areas in government-owned buildings. Participating in the National Cancer Institute's American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST; 1991 to 1999) provided Indiana with its first funded tobacco control local infrastructure, which laid the foundation...

Potential Health Effects of Menthol: A White Paper

Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this paper is to assess tobacco industry views and research on potential health effects of menthol and menthol cigarettes. A search was conducted among the documents included in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. An initial set of words was used, followed by snowball design search. Relevant documents addressed the following subject areas: (1) pharmacology of menthol; (2) menthol’s effect on nicotine metabolism; (3) short and long-term effects of menthol and menthol cigarette use, including carcinogenesis; (4) role of menthol on disease risk; and (5) menthol’s effects on biomarkers of smoking exposure. It is important to underscore that, regarding the health effects of menthol, most of the information tobacco companies used and based their decisions on came from the biomedical literature and not from studies carried out by the companies themselves, who seem to have conducted very little in-house research on the subject. Although menthol pharmacology is well...

Menthol’s Potential Effects on Nicotine Dependence: A White Paper

Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol’s role in nicotine dependence: 1) What are the addiction and exposure measures and what are their relationships to menthol cigarette use? 2) Do menthol smokers show different signs or levels of nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers? 3) Does menthol affect cigarette consumption (cigarettes per day) and do menthol smokers smoke more or fewer cigarettes per day compared to non-menthol smokers? 4) What is menthols’ effect on nicotine metabolism (i.e. glucuronide formation) and do menthol smokers experience different nicotine exposure and/or altered nicotine metabolism as compared to non-menthol smokers? (i.e. serum cotinine levels) 5) Does menthol have an effect on nicotine delivery? 6) Does menthol alter the addictiveness of smoking through sensory stimulation? Tobacco industry documents reveal at least two important reasons for menthol’s use in...

Menthol Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation Behavior: A White Paper

Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to explore questions regarding menthol cigarettes and cessation behavior, using the following as initial questions: 1) Compared to non-menthol smokers, do menthol smokers have a harder time quitting, report more or fewer quit attempts, and/or have higher or lower quit rates? 2) Compared to non-menthol smokers, are menthol smokers more or less likely to relapse or delay quitting, and/or to experience different odds of maintaining abstinence long-term? Tobacco companies largely considered reviews of the academic literature on these questions; therefore, documentary evidence was employed to refine research questions. More than 500 relevant documents were identified on 1) perceived sensory and taste rewards of menthol and potential relation to quitting; 2) motivation or desire to quit among menthol users; and 3) socio-demographic correlates of both menthol usage and cessation patterns.

Menthol’s cooling...

Marketing of Menthol Cigarettes and Consumer Perceptions: A White Paper

Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol cigarette marketing and consumer perception: 1) Are/were menthol cigarettes marketed with health reassurance messages? 2) What other messages come from menthol cigarette advertising? 3) How do smokers view menthol cigarettes? 4) Were menthol cigarettes marketed to specific populations? More than 800 relevant documents were identified on 1) marketing menthol with health assurance messages; 2) user imagery-focused marketing; 3) consumer perceptions of menthol products; and 4) targeting specific populations. Analyses indicated menthol cigarettes were marketed as, and are perceived by consumers to be, healthier than non-menthol cigarettes. Menthol cigarettes are also marketed to specific social and demographic groups, including African Americans, young people, and women, and are perceived by consumers to signal social group belonging. From analyses of...

Menthol Sensory Qualities and Possible Effects on Topography: A White Paper

Wed, 10 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding the sensory qualities of menthol and its possible effects on topography: 1) What properties does menthol contribute to the smoking experience? 2) Does menthol contribute to the sensory qualities of the smoke and affect smoking topography? 3) Do changes in smoking topography lead to greater exposure to toxic substances, increased nicotine dependence, or greater chance of tobacco-related disease? 4) What are the various ways menthol is measured and how are menthol yields determined? 5) Does the menthol content and/or yield have an effect on how the cigarette is smoked or cigarette preference? 6) What is the relationship between menthol and intensity in use of cigarettes (i.e., does menthol lead to a higher delivery of smoke per cigarette)? A final collection of 252 documents was analyzed for this report, of which 67 were deemed relevant to one or more of the research...

Menthol Cigarettes and the Initiation of Smoking: A White Paper

Tue, 9 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were analyzed to answer the following questions regarding menthol cigarettes and the uptake of smoking by youth: 1) Does menthol make it easier for young or new/inexperienced smokers to start smoking cigarettes? 2) Do menthol smokers start smoking earlier than non-menthol smokers? Is there a higher use among youth who have been smoking for less than one year? 3) Did current smokers start smoking menthol cigarettes before switching to non-menthol cigarettes? 4) Does menthol accelerate progression toward established smoking? 5) Did the tobacco industry market menthols to the youth market and what images did they use? 6) To what extent do non-menthol smokers use menthol cigarettes? Researchers reviewed 2,634 documents and 102 were deemed relevant to one or more of the research questions.

The internal business records of the tobacco industry make it clear that menthol flavoring is added to cigarettes in part because...

A Few More Laps to Go: Tobacco Industry Political Influence, Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Indiana 1893-2010

Mon, 11 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco policy has been an issue in Indiana since 1893, when the legislature passed a law prohibiting selling tobacco to people under 16.

Beginning as early as 1969, Indiana General Assembly members and tobacco control advocates launched uncoordinated efforts to pass a law restricting smoking in government buildings.

The tobacco industry responded with a well-financed and well-connected network of lobbyists, campaign contributions and third-party allies which defeated every statewide clean indoor air proposal from 1969 to 1986.

In 1986, tobacco control advocates formed the Indiana Campaign for a Tobacco-Free Society and, in 1987, successfully advocated for Indiana’s first clean indoor air law that created nonsmoking areas in government-owned buildings.

Participating in the National Cancer Institute’s American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST; 1991 to 1999) provided Indiana with its first funded tobacco control local infrastructure, which laid...

Film-Flam: How MPAA/NATO movie labels hide the biggest media risk to kids

Thu, 1 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Film-Flam: How MPAA/NATO movie labels hide the biggest media risk to kids

The High Cost of Compromise: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Control Policy in Virginia, 1977-2009

Mon, 12 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0000

• Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in Virginia, taking more than 9,200 lives each year. Tobacco-induced healthcare costs are $1.92 billion annually, including $369 million in Medicaid payments.

• The growth of tobacco, and its importance to the economy of Virginia, has declined significantly. In 2008, tobacco was only the fifth most harvested and valuable crop, behind hay, corn, soybeans, and wheat, and constituted only 2.3% of the value of all Virginia agricultural products sold.

• Virginia is becoming increasingly urban and its citizens are less concerned with Virginia’s tobacco heritage. Significant majorities of Virginians support stronger clean indoor air laws and higher cigarette taxes. In 2009, 75% polled supported strong clean indoor air laws.

• The tobacco industry has a significant presence in Virginia: Philip Morris has a large manufacturing and corporate presence in the Richmond area.

• The tobacco industry’s lobbying...

Taxpayer Subsidies for US Films with Tobacco Imagery

Tue, 10 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Forty‐one US states and several countries compete for big‐budget Hollywood film projects by offering valuable public subsidies. In 2008, states offered an estimated total of $1.3 billion to motion picture producers. On average, individual states now cover 24 percent of production costs for commercial feature films.

Because an estimated 1.1 million current adolescent smokers in the US were recruited to smoke by tobacco imagery in films about 350,000 of whom will ultimately die from tobacco‐induced diseases, this report estimates the size of recent public subsidies for youth‐rated (G/PG/PG‐13) films with tobacco imagery. It explores making tobacco imagery a determinant factor in eligibility for public film subsidies so that these awards no longer work in contradiction to public health.

A survey of the 147 films released to US theaters in 2008, each among the top ten box office earners in at least one week, finds two‐thirds of US‐developed, youth-rated film projects...

The Stars Aligned Over the Cornfields: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in Iowa 1897-2009

Tue, 1 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

- Iowa was a tobacco control leader in the 19th Century. In 1897 the General Assembly completely prohibited the use, sale, and possession of tobacco products in the state. When the law was repealed in 1921, the General Assembly enacted strong measures to prevent tobacco use by minors. In 1921 Iowa passed the first state cigarette excise tax (2 cents).

- Tobacco control reemerged in the 1970s, however a coalition of health groups were consistently outmaneuvered by tobacco industry lobbyists.

- In 1990 health groups attempted to strengthen Iowa’s Clean Indoor Air Act (passed in 1987), however the tobacco industry, represented primarily by Charles Wasker, co-opted the bill, stripping meaningful tobacco control provisions and using it to include ambiguous language to preempt localities from passing clean indoor air laws, which chilled local clean indoor air action for a decade.

- In 1993 the voluntary health organizations founded Tobacco...

Tobacco Control in Maine, 1979-2009: The Power of Strategic Collaboration

Fri, 31 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Maine has a small population, with a relatively high proportion of people living in the state’s major population centers, making Maine politics function more like a large city than a state, fostering bipartisan efforts to pass progressive tobacco control legislation despite the presence of tobacco industry lobbyist from the late 1970s throughout the 1980s.

Credit for Maine’s successes in tobacco prevention and control can be attributed to two major factors: A cohesive and collaborative partnerships among tobacco control advocates with effective lobbying strategies (individually tailored campaigns rather than a one-size-fits-all approach) and diversified funding strategies.

Since 1983, the Maine Coalition on Smoking or Health partnered with more than 100 state and municipal agencies, including the American Cancer Society, New England Division, the Maine Lung Association, Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, the American Heart Association, and the Maine Center for Public...

Two years later: Are MPAA’s tobacco labels protecting movie audiences?

Tue, 26 May 2009 00:00:00 +0000

In the two years (May 10, 2007-May 10, 2009) since the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) announced that “all smoking will [now] be considered” in movie ratings, the MPAA has not elevated the rating of a single motion picture released to theaters because of its tobacco content.

The MPAA has also failed to apply “tobacco descriptors” — in the explanatory labels associated with each MPAA rating — to most youth-rated movies with smoking rated by the MPAA and released to theaters nationwide. Since May 10, 2007 only 12 percent (10/84) of youth-rated, top box office films with tobacco imagery received MPAA tobacco descriptors. Only 7 percent (10/149) of all top box office films with tobacco content, including R-rated films, received descriptors.

Percentage of movies with smoking: Of the movies that achieved “Top Ten” box office ranking for at least a week, released in the two years after the MPAA’s May 10, 2007 announcement, 60 percent (181/301) have featured...

Shifting Attitudes Towards Tobacco Control in Tobacco Country: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in South Carolina

Tue, 3 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in South Carolina. Smoking-related medical costs amount to $1.1 billion each year, including $393 million for Medicaid.

Tobacco growing in South Carolina declined by over 50 percent from 1997 to 2008. Tobacco accounted for less than 10% of the state's cash receipts from all crops in 2007. Despite the low levels of actual tobacco growing and the small role tobacco played in the state's economy in 2008, the cultural construct of being a “tobacco growing state” continued to have a disproportionately large impact on tobacco control policy making.

Between 1997 and 2008, the tobacco industry lost its alliances with the Farm Bureau Federation and Commissioners of Agriculture, former staunch industry allies, because of negotiations over the Master Settlement Agreement, the buyout of the Tobacco Price Support system, and increasing purchase of foreign tobacco.

Tobacco control Policy Score rankings of 2007/2008 legislators...

Smoking Presentation Trends in U.S. Movies 1991-2008

Wed, 18 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco presentations in commercial motion pictures are of serious public health concern because cumulative exposure to this imagery causes large numbers of adolescents to start smoking. An estimated 52% of adolescent smoking initiation is attributed to this exposure.

To examine trends in the number of tobacco presentations over time, by Motion Picture Association of America age-classification and North American distributor, we surveyed a large sample of films released to U.S. theaters 1991-2008 to trace the proportion of smoking and smokefree films, incidence of tobacco imagery in films with smoking, tobacco impressions (incidents times paid admissions) delivered to theater audiences, and tobacco brand display.

Policy advocacy aimed at reducing adolescent exposure to tobacco in youth-rated (G, PG and PG13) films by modernizing the rating system to rate smoking movies R, with some specific exceptions, has been directed at the major studio distributors and their...

Tobacco industry targeting of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community: A white paper

Wed, 15 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking prevalence in the lesbian and gay community exceeds that in nearly all other demographic groups. In 2001, we undertook a four-year research project to study tobacco industry targeting of the lesbian and gay community. We researched formerly-secret tobacco industry documents, analyzed tobacco content in the gay press, interviewed leaders of LGBT organizations, and conducted focus groups with LGBT smokers and nonsmokers.

We found that tobacco companies began to advertise in the gay press in the early 1990s, initially wary of unfavorable publicity and quick to deny doing so when confronted. At the same time, the tobacco industry began to sponsor community organizations and events, especially those for AIDS-related causes, which helped burnish the industry's reputation. Many leaders and members of the community viewed this attention from major corporations as a sign that the community was becoming visible and more acceptable.

Our study found that most LGBT leaders...

Swimming Upstream: Tobacco Policy Making in Nevada

Wed, 6 Aug 2008 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political force in Nevada. The industry dominated state politics through a combination of strategic alliances with the hospitality and gaming industries and campaign contributions. From 1990-2006 the tobacco industry contributed $552,111 to the state political parties and individuals running for state office.

In 1975, health groups in Nevada attempted to pass a legislative proposal, AB 17, that would have required smoking and non-smoking sections in all indoor public places. Although weak by today’s standards, the proposed law was progressive for its time. The health group’s proposal was opposed by the Tobacco Institute, which organized the hospitality and gaming industries and law enforcement agencies into an alliance to oppose the law. The Tobacco Institute successfully weakened AB 17, which, as passed, only required smoking sections in state government workplaces and a limited number of indoor public places.

In 1991, preemption...

Tobacco Control in Hawai'i: Progress in Paradise

Mon, 14 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco industry money has not been successful in recent years in buying support from lawmakers in Hawai'i. Since 2001, major legislation on clean indoor air, tobacco tax increases and a tobacco tax stamp measure have passed by comfortable margins.

In 1994, the City Council of Honolulu passed smokefree workplaces ordinances that exempted bars and nightclubs. Mayor Jeremy Harris vetoed the bill because it covered restaurants. In 1997, Honolulu made all workplaces smokefree except restaurants and bars, which Mayor Harris signed because of the restaurant exemption. In December 2001, county government leaders of Honolulu, Kaua'i and Maui Counties announced they would be introducing legislation that would end restaurant smoking because of the state Legislature’s inaction.

Honolulu passed Hawai'i’s first smokefree restaurant law in 2002. The State Department of Health media campaign that started June 1, 2001 focusing on the health impact of secondhand smoke on restaurant...

The Defeat of Oregon's Tobacco Tax Initiative in 2007

Fri, 30 May 2008 00:00:00 +0000

In November 2007, Oregonians defeated Measure 50, an 84.5-cent cigarette tax increase to fund children’s health insurance, by a vote of 59% no to 41% yes. This ballot measure would have established the Healthy Kids Program for otherwise uninsured children. Measure 50 revenues would also expand the Oregon Health Plan (Oregon’s health care coverage for low-income residents) and provide additional funding for rural health and safety net clinics. Only 5% of the new revenues were dedicated to tobacco control.

Measure 50 was a legislative referral of a bill that failed to pass as a statute during the regular legislative session. The Governor’s Office and health and labor advocates tried several times to secure the three-fifths majority vote needed to pass a revenue-raising measure. Deprived of crucial votes with a Republican lockdown in the House, the Governor’s Office and local contract lobbyist for the American Cancer Society (ACS) decided to support a legislative referral...

One year later: Are MPAA's tobacco labels protecting audiences?

Thu, 29 May 2008 00:00:00 +0000

In the twelve months (May 10, 2007-May 9, 2008) since the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) announced that “all smoking will [now] be considered” in movie ratings, the MPAA has not elevated the rating of a single motion picture released to theaters because of its tobacco content.

The MPAA has also failed to apply “tobacco descriptors” — the explanatory labels associated with each MPAA rating — to most youth-rated movies with smoking released to theaters nationwide. Only 12 percent (4/34) of youth-rated, top box office films with tobacco imagery received tobacco descriptors.

Percentage of movies with smoking: Of the movies that achieved “Top Ten” box office ranking for at least a week, released in the twelve months after the MPAA’s May 10, 2007 announcement, 61 percent (95/155) featured tobacco including:

• 38 percent of G and PG movies (13/34)

• 58 percent of PG-13 movies (39/67)

• 80 percent of R-rated movies (43/54).

In all,...

Tobacco Control in Transition: Public Support and Governmental Disarray in Arizona 1997-2007

Tue, 29 Jan 2008 00:00:00 +0000

• Tobacco control in Arizona flourished from 1997-2007, thanks to public support at the ballot box and the hard work of Arizonan tobacco control activists.

• Arizona's state-run Tobacco Education and Prevention Program (TEPP), created by Proposition 200 in 1994 from 23% of a 40 cent tobacco tax increase, provided a key component in Arizona tobacco control, spending between $15 and $36 million annually.

• Tobacco control advocacy between 1997 and 2007 resulted in more than tripling tobacco excise taxes from 58 cents to $2.00, enacting comprehensive local clean indoor air ordinances, defeating tobacco industry counter-initiatives, and passing Smoke-Free Arizona, Arizona's statewide comprehensive clean indoor air law.

• Arizona tobacco control advocates instituted 18 local clean indoor air ordinances between 1997 and 2007. The tobacco industry has never won at the ballot box in Arizona, locally or statewide.

• On November 7, 2006, Arizona became the 16th...

Six months later: Are MPAA's tobacco ratings protecting movie audiences?

Mon, 17 Dec 2007 00:00:00 +0000

In the six months (May 10-November 10, 2007) since the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) announced that all smoking would be a factor in movie ratings, there has been no substantial change in the percentage of movies with smoking, across rating categories; in the number of tobacco incidents in these films; nor in the estimated tobacco impressions delivered to audiences in movie theaters, compared to the same period in four previous years.

Percentage of movies with smoking: Of the movies that achieved “Top Ten” box office ranking for at least a week, released in the six months after the MPAA’s announcement, 65 percent (51/78) featured tobacco including:

• 39 percent of G and PG movies (7/18)

• 65 percent of PG-13 movies (20/31)

• 83 percent of R-rated movies (24/29).

The majority (53%, 27/51) of top box office movies with smoking released May 10-November 10, 2007, were youth-rated.

Number of tobacco incidents

Content analysis...

Tobacco industry targeting of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community: a White Paper

Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking prevalence in the LGBT community exceeds that in nearly all other demographic groups. In 2001, we undertook a four-year research project to study tobacco industry targeting of the lesbian and gay community. We researched formerly-secret tobacco industry internal documents, analyzed tobacco content in the gay press, interviewed leaders of LGBT organizations, and conducted focus groups with LGBT smokers and nonsmokers.

We found that in the early 90s, tobacco companies began to advertise in the gay press and to sponsor community organizations. Many LGBTs viewed this attention as a sign that the community was becoming visible and more acceptable, and did not consider tobacco a "gay issue".

The queer press normalized smoking. Images of tobacco, most conveying positive or neutral messages, were common. We found that many ads for products other than cigarettes glamorized smoking, and many articles having nothing to do with smoking were illustrated with tobacco...

Tobacco Control in California 2003-2007: Missed Opportunities

Fri, 2 Nov 2007 00:00:00 +0000

While smoking prevalence in California continued its decline (reaching an historic low of 13.3% in 2006), this rate was slower than in earlier years, reflecting the fact that tobacco control efforts in California in the period 2003-2007 continued to drift, with no clear indications that California would regain its international leadership in tobacco control.

Neither the Schwarzenegger Administration nor the California Legislature sought to divert the Proposition 99 funding allocations, but continued the policy of the Davis administration to emphasize aspects of the California Tobacco Control Program that are not proven to be effective, such as school-based education programs, while moving slowly with those that are effective, particularly a strong media campaign.

The Administration has continued to shift increasing amounts of funds from the Proposition 99 Research Account away from the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program to the Department of Public Health Cancer...

The Cost of Caution: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in Oregon 1997-2007

Thu, 20 Sep 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Following the passage of Measure 44, which raised the cigarette tax by $0.30 in 1996, Oregon created its comprehensive Tobacco Prevention and Education Program (TPEP) in 1997 funded by 10% of Measure 44 revenues.

The Tobacco Free Coalition of Oregon (TOFCO) was a broad coalition of the voluntary health organizations and community partners that facilitated media advocacy and grassroots opportunities for clean indoor air policies and funding for TPEP.

Successful tobacco control efforts in Oregon at the state and local levels were instrumental in reducing per capita cigarette consumption by 11.3% in two years (1997-1999).

Local tobacco control coalitions were successful in passing (and defending) tobacco control policies from 1997 to 2001. The local ordinances in Corvallis (1998) and Eugene (2000) were regarded as model language for their 100% smokefree laws. In contrast, the Multnomah County smokefree workplace ordinance (1999) passed with a number of exemptions,...

Clean Air Now, But a Hazy Future: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in Ohio 1997-2007

Tue, 22 May 2007 00:00:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

From 1997-2006 the tobacco industry and tobacco trade organizations contributed $464,700 to Ohio state political candidates and political parties, including $88,400 during the 2005-6 election.

From 1997-2006 the tobacco industry and tobacco trade organizations made 77.2% of their total contributions to individuals and organizations affiliated with the Republican Party.

Starting in 2000, health advocates made attempts to introduce clean indoor air regulations to all public and work places in Lucas County through the regulatory authority of the County Board of Health. These attempts were opposed by forces allied with the tobacco industry, and included legal and legislative challenges. In 2002 the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that Boards of Health do not have the authority to regulate tobacco products.

In 1998, the state settled its lawsuit against the tobacco industry through the Master Settlement Agreement, which awarded the state about...

First-Run Smoking Presentations in U.S. Movies 1999-2006

Wed, 4 Apr 2007 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking among American adults fell by half between 1950 and 2002, yet smoking on U.S. movie screens reached historic heights in 2002, topping levels observed a half century earlier. Tobacco's comeback in movies has serious public health implications, because smoking on screen stimulates adolescents to start smoking, accounting for an estimated 52% of adolescent smoking initiation.

Equally important, researchers have observed a dose-response relationship between teens' exposure to on-screen smoking and smoking initiation: the greater teens' exposure to smoking in movies, the more likely they are to start smoking. Conversely, if their exposure to smoking in movies were reduced, proportionately fewer teens would likely start smoking.

To track smoking trends at the movies, previous analyses have studied the U.S. motion picture industry's top-grossing films with the heaviest advertising support, deepest audience penetration, and highest box office earnings. This report...

Tobacco Control Policy Making in Montana 1979-2005: Falling Off the Horse at the Finish Line

Fri, 2 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• Montana is the fourth largest state in the U.S. (147,138 sq. miles), with a population of 902,195. Smoking use is 21.2% among adults and 23% among high school students. In 1999, the health cost of smoking related illness in Montana was $216 million and the total number of smoking related deaths was 1,434.

• When the Montana Clean Indoor Act of 1979 was proposed, the tobacco industry coordinated state ally groups to weaken the mandatory smoke-free section law into a signage law that only required the posting of signs to indicate optional non-smoking areas.

• Though Montana did not have an organized tobacco control advocacy movement in the 1980s, the tobacco industry formed alliances with state organizations to oppose possible tobacco control legislation.

• In 1990, the first organized tobacco control effort was made with a state cigarette tax increase initiative (from 18 cents to 43 cents), which was defeated by a sophisticated tobacco...

Tobacco Control Policy Making in North Dakota: A Tradition of Activism

Mon, 14 Jun 2004 00:00:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY North Dakota has a long history of tobacco-related legislation dating back to the late 1800's, well before the formal organization of health advocates for tobacco control. Citizens of North Dakota recognized the negative health effects of tobacco smoke before most of the nation and made attempts to regulate the sale and use of tobacco products throughout the early 1900's. In 1913, the North Dakota legislature went as far as prohibiting the use of tobacco products in the state. However, all this early tobacco control legislation has since been repealed. From 1975-1983, clean indoor air legislation was introduced by legislators in North Dakota due to constituent requests and personal dislike of secondhand smoke exposure by some legislators. This legislation was consistently supported by GASP and the American Lung Association of North Dakota. These organizations were unable to pass strong clean indoor air legislation on their own.

The mobilization...

Three Steps Forward, Two Steps Back: Tobacco Policy Making in Nebraska

Fri, 28 May 2004 00:00:00 +0000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• In 2002, 22.7% of Nebraskans over the age of 18 were current smokers, accounting for approximately 389,000 smokers.

• Since 1995, the prevalence of adult tobacco use in Nebraska has remained about 1 percentage point below the national average, but per capita tobacco consumption in Nebraska has been falling more slowly than the Unites States as whole.

• The tobacco industry has directly been a major political force in Nebraska through lobbying and campaign contributions. The tobacco industry spent over $1,027,000 on lobbying from 1997-2002. The tobacco industry made direct campaign contributions to the members of the 2003- 2004 Nebraska Legislature totaling almost $93,000 over the course of their legislative careers.

• Only 20 of the 49 members of the 2003-2004 Legislature have never accepted money from the tobacco industry.

• The tobacco industry has also worked to increase its...

First-Run Smoking Presentations in U.S. Movies 1999-2003

Wed, 10 Mar 2004 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking among American adults fell by half between 1950 and 2002, yet smoking on U.S. movie screens reached historic heights in 2002, topping levels observed a half century earlier. Tobacco’s comeback in movies has serious public health implications, because smoking on screen stimulates adolescents to start smoking,2,3 accounting for an estimated 52% of adolescent smoking initiation.

Equally important, researchers have observed a dose-response relationship between teens’ exposure to on-screen smoking and smoking initiation: the greater teens’ exposure to smoking in movies, the more likely they are to start smoking. Conversely, if their exposure to smoking in movies were reduced, proportionately fewer teens would likely start smoking.

To track smoking trends at the movies, previous analyses have studied the U.S. motion picture industry’s top-grossing films with the heaviest advertising support, deepest audience penetration, and highest box office earnings.4,5 This...

Health and Economic Impacts of the Proposed Florida Smokefree for Health Initiative

Sat, 1 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000

Florida was an early and important battleground for local nonsmokers’ rights advocates vs. the tobacco industry. In the early 1980s, several cities in Florida passed what were at the time state-of-the art local clean indoor air ordinances. The tobacco industry responded by working through the state restaurant association and others to enact a weak statewide law that overturned these local ordinances and forbade passage of additional laws. While the state voluntary health agencies initially opposed this bill, in the end they supported it and claimed that it represented a reasonable compromise which represented a step forward. In fact, passage of the Florida Clean Indoor Air Act (FCIAA) effectively arrested progress on protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke in the state of Florida. As of 1999, Florida was twenty-fourth among the fifty states plus the District of Columbia in percentage of indoor workers protected from passive smoking in the workplace (68%).

The...

Shifting Tides: Minnesota Tobacco Politics

Thu, 2 Oct 2003 00:00:00 +0000

Minnesota was a pioneer in the tobacco control movement in the United States. Minnesota enjoyed early success with the passage of the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act in 1975 which created nonsmoking sections in public places, including workplaces and restaurants throughout the state. While modest by 2003 standards, this act represented a major step forward at the time. It was enacted without any overt opposition from the tobacco industry, something that would never happen again.

Between 1975 and 2003, there have been victories in tobacco control, particularly when political figures have shown leadership. Individuals and organizations outside government have often rallied to support this leadership that is necessary to sustain an effective tobacco control program in the long run in the face of strong opposition from the tobacco industry and its allies. These organizations, however, have not developed an independent leadership and agenda-setting capability. As a result,...

Cigarette Smuggling in California: Fact and Fiction

Wed, 30 Jul 2003 00:00:00 +0000

• The tobacco industry fights increases in cigarette excise taxes with inflated claims of smuggling and its associated crime.

• The tobacco industry makes public statements regarding its commitment to stopping smuggling and the negative effects it has on their business, despite their internal knowledge that smuggling does not have a negative impact on the cigarette companies.

• The tobacco industry acts cooperatively to create the impression that there is grassroots level opposition to increased tobacco taxes.

• Once tax increases are implemented, the tobacco industry, contrary to its rhetoric, uses the tax increase to mask wholesale price increases. On average, the tobacco industry increases wholesale prices by 150% of any tax increase. Additionally, the tobacco industry appears to have increased cigarette prices by 605% of the first year cost of the Master Settlement Agreement.

• Previously published studies that analyzed data from various time...

Tobacco Policy Making in California 2001-2003: No Longer Finishing First

Mon, 2 Jun 2003 00:00:00 +0000

* Tobacco control efforts in California during the 2001-2002 legislative session were hampered by the resurgence of the tobacco industry and a lack of commitment from the Davis Administration.

* During the 2001-2002 legislative session, the tobacco industry spent a total of $5.95 million in political expenditures, which is an increase of $1.3 million over the previous legislative session.

* Campaign contributions from the tobacco industry to legislators, legislative candidates, political parties and constitutional officers totaled $1.66 million, a 13% increase over the previous election cycle.

* Tobacco industry to campaign contributions continue to favor Republicans over Democrats, although the divide is not as great as in previous years. Thus, of the $1,153,466 that was contributed to an identifiable party (including candidates, constitutional officers, legislators and political parties) during the 2001-2002 legislative session, $706,150 went to Republicans...

Health and Economic Effects of Two Proposals to Increase the California State Cigarette Excise Tax

Wed, 26 Mar 2003 00:00:00 +0000

• Governor Gray Davis has proposed a $1.10 increase in the cigarette tax and Assembly Speaker Herb Wesson has proposed a $2.13 increase in the cigarette tax.

• The state's Tobacco Education and Research Oversight Committee has noted that the California Tobacco Control Program has ceased to be competitive with the tobacco industry and recommended that $200 million from any tobacco tax increase be used to reinvigorate the Program; doing so would require 20 cents per pack to be allocated to the Program. Previous experience from California (and elsewhere) indicates that doing so would substantially reduce tobacco consumption.

• There is strong public support for increasing the tobacco tax; with 74% approval, the highest of any option considered.

• Allocating a portion of any cigarette tax increase to the Tobacco Control Program so it could assist smokers in quitting and prevent young people from starting would address the "fairness issue," that the tobacco industry...

The Cost of Smoking in California, 1999

Mon, 10 Feb 2003 00:00:00 +0000

The Cost of Smoking in California, 1999

Analysis of Proposition 28: Repeal of Proposition 10 Tobacco Surtax Initiative Statute

Fri, 6 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

Proposition 28, titled the Repeal of Proposition 10 Tobacco Surtax Initiative Statute, would repeal the $.50 tax per pack of cigarettes (and commensurate tax on other tobacco products) enacted on by Proposition 10, passed on November 3, 1998. Proposition 28 would dismantle the California Children and Families First Program, a statewide trust to fund programs for early childhood education, also enacted through Proposition 10. It also prohibits the passage of additional taxes on tobacco products by voter mandate.

People are sensitive to the price of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Imposition of the 50 cent tax by Proposition 10 (combined with a wholesale price increase imposed by the tobacco industry to pay for the Master Settlement Agreement that ended state tobacco litigation) substantially reduced cigarette consumption.

Repealing the tax could substantially increase cigarette consumption and associated disease and medical costs if the price of cigarettes...

Question 1 Tobacco Education Outlays: From the 1994 Fiscal Year to the 1996 Fiscal Year

Tue, 3 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Over 420,000 people die each year from tobacco use, and 53,000 die each year from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In response and because of the lack of legislative action, public health professionals in Massachusetts used the

initiative process as a way to fund tobacco education and prevention programs.

In 1992, a coalition of over 200 organizations called the Massachusetts Coalition for a Healthy Future, led by the American Cancer Society, successfully qualified and passed Question 1, a state ballot initiative which raised the state tobacco tax by 25 cents per pack of cigarettes and on smokeless tobacco products by 25% of its wholesale price to provide funds for tobacco education and prevention programs.

In the campaign to pass Question 1, the Coalition promised voters that the new tobacco tax revenues would be used to reduce tobacco use in the state. However, the initiative...

Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures and Tobacco Policy Making in Oregon: 1985-1997

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

Oregon is one of four states in the country (California, Massachusetts, and Arizona are the others) which has increased the tobacco tax via an initiative and used a portion of the funds for a tobacco prevention and education program.

The initiative (Measure 44, enacted in 1996) raised cigarette prices in Oregon by 30 cents, from 38 cents per pack to 68 cents per pack, (and raised the tax on non-cigarette tobacco products from 35% to 65% of wholesale price) making Oregon the third highest tobacco taxing state in the country when the tax began on February 1, 1997. Ten percent of this money (approximately $17 million over two years) is dedicated to the tobacco use reduction program.

During the Measure 44 campaign, the tobacco industry used many of the same tactics it had used in other states to try to defeat the initiative. The industry outspent supporters 7 to 1; sponsored a competing initiative to dilute support for Measure 44; challenged the initiative's language...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Pennsylvania: 1979-1996

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in Pennsylvania through campaign contributions, lobbying and litigation.

The tobacco industry has become a major source of campaign contributions to legislative candidates, state constitutional office candidates, and political party committees. In the 1979-1980 election cycle, the tobacco industry contributed $3,600 to candidates and parties. In 1995-1996, the tobacco industry contributed $65,850 to candidates and parties.

A majority of tobacco industry contributions to legislative candidates and political parties have shifted from the Democratic party to the Republican party. During the 1991-92 and 1993-1994 electoral cycles, the tobacco industry contributed 40% and 38%, respectively, of their legislative and political party contributions to the Republican party. During the 1995-1996 electoral cycle, the tobacco industry contributed 53% of their legislative and political party contributions to the Republican...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Ohio: 1981-1998

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in Ohio through campaign contributions, lobbying and litigation.

The tobacco industry has become a major source of campaign contributions to legislative candidates and political party committees. In the 1981-1982 election cycle, the tobacco industry contributed $3,970 to candidates and parties. In 1995-1996, the tobacco industry contributed $55,440 to candidates and parties.

A majority of tobacco industry contributions to legislative candidates and political are contributed to the Republican party. During the 1991-92 and 1993-1994 electoral cycles, the tobacco industry contributed 54% and 53%, respectively, of their legislative and political party contributions to the Republican party. During the 1995-1996 electoral cycle, the tobacco industry contributed 77% of their legislative and political party contributions to the Republican party.

In contrast to other states, there is not a statistically significant...

Shifting Allegiances: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California January 1995 - March 1996

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

In the past few election cycles, there has been a significant shift in tobacco industry contributions away from the Democratic party and towards the Republican party in California. During the 1991-1992 election cycle, 41 percent of tobacco industry contributions to legislators, legislative candidates, political parties and party controlled committees went to the Republican party. In the 1993-1994 election cycle, contributions to Republicans increased to 45 percent. During the current 1995-1996 election cycle, tobacco industry contributions to the Republican party has increased to 56 percent.

The tobacco industry contributed a total of $553,673 to legislative officeholders and candidates between January 1, 1995 and March 26, 1996. $273,979 of this amount was contributed from January 1, 1996 through March 26, 1996, the date of the primary election.

In California, Republican state legislators are significantly more pro-tobacco industry than Democratic state legislators.

Comparing...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Washington: 1996-2000

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

• After making substantial progress on tobacco control in the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry has stifled tobacco control activities in Washington through a mixture of campaign contributions and legal challenges.

• Political campaign contributions have remained steadily high throughout the 1990s. Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, the Tobacco Institute, Lorillard, Brown & Williamson, and the Smokeless Tobacco Council contributed $362,298 to campaigns in 1996 through 2000 election cycles: $114,123 in the 1996 election cycle, $109,975 in 1998, and $138,200 in 2000.

• From 1996-2000, 92% of these campaign contributions by the tobacco industry were to Republican candidates, party contributions, and soft money.

• The largest lifetime recipients of campaign contributions were Clyde Ballard ($16,830, R-East Wenatchee), William Grant ($7,400, D-Franklin), Dan McDonald ($7,246, R-King), and Pat Scott ($5,490, D-Snohomish). Ballard and Grant are both powerful in the House...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Texas: 1980-2002

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry has been active in Texas politics for over 25 years. It spends money on lobbying, campaign contributions, legislative events and gifts in order to gain favor with the legislature and attempt to control the agenda set for tobacco control efforts.

Political campaign contributions–reported only by Philip Morris–have remained high throughout the 1990s. Philip Morris reported contributing $556,250 to legislative, judicial and statewide candidates between 1988 and 2001. In recent years, their contributions to statewide officeholders and judicial candidates have decreased as their legislative contributions have increased. In each election cycle, 1998-1999 and 2000- 2001, Philip Morris contributed $51,000 to legislative candidates.

The 3 largest lifetime recipients of campaign contributions in the legislature were all Senators: David Cain ($8,250, D-Mesquite), Ken Armbrister ($5,500, D-Victoria), and Chris Harris ($5,500, R-Arlington). The largest recipient...

Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in New York 1983-1999

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a potent force in Albany. Since 1983 (not including 1988-89, were data are not available) tobacco interests spent $1.3 million on campaign contributions to candidates and political party committees. Of this, $277,905 went to legislative candidates, $38,650 went to candidates for constitutional office, and the remaining $1 million went to party committees.

The members of the 1997-98 legislature who collected the most money from campaign contributions were Assemblymember Jeffrey Klein(D-Bronx)($16,275), Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver (D-Manhattan)($10,425), Assemblymember Michael Bragman (D-Onondaga)($8,420), Senator Ronald Stafford (R-Plattsburgh)($7,500), and Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno (R-Brunswick)($7,300).

The tobacco industry spent $5.9 million on lobbying expenditures between 1992 and 1998.

Of the $998,884 contributed to party committees between 1983 and 1998 (not including 1988-89), $815,840 (81.7%) was donated after...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Wisconsin: 1983-1998

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in Wisconsin through campaign contributions, lobbying and litigation.

The tobacco industry is a major source of campaign contributions to legislative candidates, state constitutional office candidates, and political party committees. In the 1987-88 election cycle, the tobacco industry directly contributed $9,079 to legislators and candidates. In the 1995-96 election cycle the tobacco industry directly contributed $41,125.

A majority of tobacco industry campaign contributions to legislative candidates and political parties have shifted from the Democratic party to the Republican party. In the 1987-1988, 1989-1990, and 1991-1992 elections cycles, the tobacco industry contributed 47%, 30% and 44%, respectively, of their legislative and political party contributions to the Republican party. During the 1993-1994 and 1995-1996 electoral cycle, the tobacco industry contributed 51% and 62%, respectively, of their...

Undermining Popular Government: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California 1993-1994

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry's total political expenditures in California increased during the 1994 election to $24,662,674 compared with $7,645,519 spent during the 1992 election.

Compared to the 1992 election, the tobacco industry contributions to the legislature and to political parties and committees decreased to $723,542 and $117,800 respectively, whereas lobbying expenditures increased to $4,198,077.

Thirty current members of the Legislature (7 veterans and 23 freshmen) have never received tobacco industry money.

The top recipient of tobacco industry money in California Legislature is Assembly Speaker Willie Brown (and committees he controls), who received $152,975 in 1994, for a total of $659,492 since 1980.

Tobacco industry contributions appeared to shift away from Democrats to Republicans; contributions to Democratic legislative officeholders and candidates decreased 37% between 1992 and 1994, while contributions to Republican officeholders and candidates...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Washington: 1983-1996

Mon, 2 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in the state of Washington through campaign contributions, lobbying, and filing lawsuits.

The tobacco industry has become a major source of campaign contributions to legislative candidates. In the 1985-86 legislative session, the tobacco industry contributed $31,100 to legislative candidates. Contributions reached a peak during the 1989-90 legislative session when the tobacco industry contributed $119,059 to legislative candidates. During the current 1995-1996 election cycle, the tobacco industry has contributed $69,573 to legislative candidates between January 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996. Tobacco industry contributions to legislative candidates is expected to exceed the 1993-1994 amount of $70,524.

During the 1993-1994 legislative session, the combined contributions of Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, and the Tobacco Institute ranked eighth among top contributors to legislative campaigns in Washington.

In...

The Public Health Undermined: The Tobacco Industry's Legacy in Missouri in the 1990's

Mon, 18 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political force in Missouri through lobbying, direct campaign contributions, indirect contributions to the two major political parties and legislative political caucuses, gifts and honoraria, and entertainment events. The tobacco industry has a centralized political organization in Missouri that promotes and defends its political and market interests at the local and state levels of government. Although the tobacco lobby has operated in the open in some political campaigns, it has often operated quietly behind the scenes, frequently working with various allied organizations on state and local political campaigns.

* Total tobacco industry contributions in the 1991-1992 election cycle more than doubled when compared to the 1989-1990 election cycle. Since the 1991-1992 election cycle, tobacco industry contributions have declined with contributions in the 1993-1994 election cycle being nearly half of what they were in 1991-1992. In the 1995-1996...

Holding Government Accountable: Tobacco Policy Making in California, 1995-1997

Mon, 18 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

January 1, 1996 through May 31, 1997 was an active period for tobacco policy making in California. The fight in Spring, 1996, over the allocation of Proposition 99 revenues was more public and aggressive than it had been in the past, an increased level of public scrutiny was brought to bear on the implementation of the media campaign, the state of California’s failure to sue the tobacco industry for recovery of medical costs became a political issue, and the tobacco industry continued to give generously to California legislators.

In 1996, the Legislature and the Governor in 1996 observed the voters’ mandate on the funding levels for the Proposition 99 Health Education programs. The Health Education Account was allocated 20% of the tax revenues, and these funds were appropriated to anti-tobacco education programs instead of to medical services. The Research Account was restored to receiving the 5% of the tax revenues, as the voters had mandated, after several years of...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in New Jersey: 1982-1995

Mon, 18 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in New Jersey through campaign contributions, lobbying and litigation.

The tobacco industry has become a major source of campaign contributions to legislative candidates, gubernatorial candidates, and political party committees. In the 1982-1983 election cycle, the tobacco industry contributed $17,249 to candidates and parties. In 1994-1995, the tobacco industry contributed $269,075 to candidates and parties.

The tobacco industry was the leading contributor to political parties and leadership PACs in New Jersey during the 1994-1995 election cycle. The combined contributions from Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, the Tobacco Institute, Smokeless Tobacco Council, US Tobacco, Coast Cigarettes and New Jersey Amusement Co., to political parties and leadership PACs totaled $233,100.

Although direct campaign contributions to legislative candidates has decreased slightly since 1990-1991, the tobacco industry has...

Political Reform and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Mississippi From 1990 to 2001

Mon, 18 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political force in Mississippi though lobbying, litigation, public relations, direct campaign contributions, indirect campaign contributions, gifts and honoraria, and entertainment events. The tobacco industry has a centralized political organization that defends and promotes its political market interests in state government. Although the tobacco industry has operated in the open in some instances, it generally works quietly behind the scenes by itself, with allied organizations, and through front groups on state political campaigns.

From 1996 to 1999, 23 legislators received tobacco industry contributions of $500 or more. Of these recipients, sixteen were Democrats and eight were Republicans. In contrast of the receipt of tobacco industry contributions, the mean tobacco score of 6.3, (standard deviation 2,2, n=20) for these legislators also indicated a mild pro-tobacco control bias.

From 1998 to 2000, Philip Morris paid its lobbyist...

Tobacco Industry Political Power and Influence in Florida From 1979 to 1999

Sat, 16 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major political and legal force in Florida through campaign contributions, public relations efforts, lobbying and litigation, which at least from the late 1970s, has had a centralized political organization in Florida that defends and promotes its political and economic interests at the local and state levels of government. Although the industry has operated in the open in some political campaigns, it has also operated quietly behind the scenes, often through front groups, in various other state and local political campaigns.

In Dade County in 1979, GASP of Miami ran a clean indoor air initiative without the active support of the local affiliates of the American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, and American Heart Association. Despite being outspent by the tobacco industry 90 to 1, GASP only lost by 820 votes. Had the health groups provided public and political support, the initiative may well have won, substantially increasing the momentum...

A Public Health Analysis of the Proposed Resolution of [the 1997 United States] Tobacco Litigation

Sat, 16 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The proposed tobacco settlement agreement, as negotiated by some state attorneys general and the tobacco industry that was made public on June 20, 1997 (Appendix F), raises a complex array of public health, public policy, legal and economic issues. It was intended to be a blueprint for national tobacco control legislation that would end the most important litigation current and potential against the tobacco industry. As with most complex legislation, the deal, after it was announced, underwent a great deal of scrutiny and criticism. Many public health and policy groups analyzed the deal in whole or in part in order to provide guidance for those who wished to distill the essential elements and implications of the deal. While many have pronounced the original deal 'dead' as a result of this criticism, it remains the fundamental framework around which most proposals for federal legislation on tobacco has been based. As a result, a careful analysis of the terms and implications...

Tobacco Policy Making in California 1999-2001: Stalled and Adrift

Sat, 16 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry remains a powerful force in California politics through lobbying, campaign contributions, public relations, and litigation tactics.

The tobacco industry spent $4.6 million on state level political activity in California during the 1999-2000 election cycle, including $2,234,707 on campaign contributions and $2,427,907 million on lobbying. This is an increased of about 6% ($300,000) compared to the previous election cycle.

Tobacco industry campaign contributions to legislators and legislative candidates, state constitutional officers, political parties, and party controlled committees totaled $1,470,611, a 173% increase compared to $848,635 in 1997-1998, and about the same as the $1,519,624 in 1995-1996, $1,489,904 in 1993-1994.

The tobacco industry continues to favor Republicans over Democrats in making campaign contributions, although the gap is narrowing. In 1999-2000, 58% of campaign contributions went to Republican candidates and committees,...

Turning the Tide: Tobacco Industry Political Influence and Tobacco Policy Making in California 1997-1999

Sat, 16 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry's trend of giving generously to California legislators continued in the 1997-1998 election cycle. Between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998, the tobacco industry contributed $615,145 to state legislators and legislative candidates.

Since 1991-1992, campaign contributions to legislative candidates and parties by the tobacco industry favored the party in power. However, in the 1997-1998 election cycle, reflecting increasingly partisan contributions by the tobacco industry, Republicans received 81 percent of tobacco industry campaign contributions even though the Democrats controlled both houses of the Legislature.

The tobacco industry contributed a total of $848,635 to state legislators and legislative candidates, state constitutional officers, political parties and party controlled committees for the 1997-1998 election cycle. This total is less than the three previous election cycles in the 1990s, and is in part most likely due to the passage...

Tobacco Industry Political Activity in Colorado 1979-1995

Sat, 16 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry is a major and increasing political force in Colorado through campaign contributions, lobbying, and initiative campaigns.

The tobacco industry has become a major source of campaign contributions to legislative and statewide candidates. In the 1979-1980 election cycle, the industry contributed only $725 to legislative candidates. In the 1993-1994 election cycle, contributions to legislative and statewide candidates increased to $60,800. In 1995 alone, the tobacco industry has contributed $37,350 to current legislators and state constitutional officers. This puts the industry at a pace to exceed its 1993-1994 election cycle donations.

In 1994, the combined contributions of Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds and the Tobacco and Candy PAC ranked sixth among top contributors to legislative and statewide candidates in Colorado.

In the 1993-1994 cycle, 89% of tobacco industry contributions went to incumbent legislators. Although the tobacco industry...

Tobacco Control in Arizona, 1973-1997

Wed, 13 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000

Arizona was the first state in the US to pass a state clean indoor air law (in 1973) and has a long tradition of grass roots nonsmokers' rights activity. 38 localities in Arizona have passed tobacco control ordinances dealing with clean indoor air (Flagstaff, Mesa, Tucson, among others) and youth access to tobacco products (Tucson, Scottsdale, Somerton, among others). In 1994, Arizona voters passed Proposition 200, which increased the tobacco tax by 40 cents per pack of cigarettes and allocated 23% of the revenues for tobacco control activities, yielding more than $27 million a year for anti-tobacco efforts. It was the third state to do so. The tobacco industry, working through Governor Symington and allies in the Legislature, has successfully limited the scope of the tobacco control program to youth and pregnant women. This limitation will probably limit program effectiveness. Although the coalition of health groups that enacted Proposition 200 has prevented funds from...

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