http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 https://escholarship.org/uc/lbnl_es_mf/rss Recent eScholarship items from Molecular Foundry Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:09:15 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30q587c0 X-ray footprinting/mass spectrometry provides a new, detailed view of intrinsically disordered protein structural ensembles https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30q587c0 Tue, 23 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kahan, Darren N https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-3489 Gupta, Sayan Udupa, Aditya Bjarnason, Sveinn Heidarsson, Petur O V. Staller, Max Ralston, Corie Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0951 Marqusee, Susan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fw047pw Abstract Lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs) possess a high theoretical energy density, making them potential candidates for next‐generation energy storage. However, challenges such as reactive oxygen species‐induced component degradation hinder their practical use. Inorganic solid‐state electrolytes offer an alternative to degradation‐prone aprotic electrolytes, while also protecting lithium anodes from potential atmospheric reactants. This study explores the cathode electrochemistry of solid‐state LOBs using humidified oxygen, which forms an aqueous catholyte during initial cycling, thereby improving cathode‐electrolyte contact. To quantitatively analyze the cathode electrochemistry, a ‘Humidity‐Incorporated’ Differential Electrochemical Gas Monitoring System (HiDEMS) is developed to control humidity and monitor gas consumption and evolution in real time. When studying a Li‐O 2 cell that employs a NASICON‐type Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) solid electrolyte and a porous... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fw047pw Thu, 18 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, Jaeheon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-0728 Matte, Livia P Tronstad, Zachary C Holstun, Tucker Mishra, Tara P https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3000-2555 Kim, Mokwon Park, Jung O Kim, Jeong Won Ceder, Gerbrand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-3605 Scott, Mary C McCloskey, Bryan D https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-2336 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kb8z7w8 The rational design of porous frameworks with tunable pore dimensions and chemical functionalities is a critical step toward their implementation in diverse applications. While traditional porous materials are typically constructed from abiotic components, there is increasing interest in employing biologically derived building blocks (e.g., peptides and proteins) that offer unmatched structural and functional diversity. Here, we report the construction of crystalline mesoporous frameworks that are self-assembled from amphiphilic collagen-mimetic peptides. Comprehensive structural characterization via microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational techniques provides insights into the assembly packing model, in which hexagonally packed channels are interconnected by antiparallel-aligned collagen triple helices via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Lastly, we demonstrate the functional potential of aCMP frameworks through the&nbsp;encapsulation of various molecular guests,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kb8z7w8 Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Perez, Anthony R Liu, Jianfang Sikder, SM Mobin Maity, Anjan Adewole, Adekunle Oakden, Jacob Ren, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-2321 Dutagaci, Bercem Merg, Andrea D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7st7q7dt Altered extracellular proteolysis has been exploited to selectively activate therapeutics in diseases such as cancer; however, once activated, extracellular drugs can diffuse away, limiting efficacy. We address this challenge by coupling proteolytic activation with membrane tethering to retain drugs within diseased tissue. To accomplish this, we developed “restricted interaction peptides” (RIPs), a delivery platform that leverages elevated proteolytic activity to activate membrane-interacting peptides, localizing cargos near the site of proteolysis. We demonstrate that RIPs can deliver diverse therapeutic cargos, including cytotoxins and radioisotopes. As proof of concept, we engineered “FRIP,” a RIP designed for cleavage by fibroblast activation protein (FAP), an endoprotease upregulated in solid tumors and fibrosis. Efficient P4–P4’ substrate sequences were identified and incorporated into FRIPs. Cell-based studies showed that, upon activation, the peptide adhered to membranes... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7st7q7dt Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kang, Deokhee Pandey, Apurva Kumar, Garima Mehta, Abijeet Singh Detomasi, Tyler C Anderson, Dashiell Bardine, Conner Asper, Garrison Qi, Junyang Nadig, Isha Cui, Yifan Quimby, Fiona M Ling, Jesse Seo, Youngho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5908-6636 Cohen, Bruce E Anwar, Mekhail Evans, Michael J Craik, Charles S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-9185 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v08s8pv A reliable supply of lithium is required to meet the increased demand for batteries over the coming decades. In this work, we demonstrated the potential to effectively extract lithium from brines by coupling solar-powered evaporation, adsorption, and membrane technologies together. We first synthesized a three-dimensional adsorptive evaporator by coating a lithium manganese oxide material onto a cotton stick using an easily scalable, one-step method. An osmotic membrane was then installed at the root of the evaporator to enhance the lithium to magnesium selectivity, prevent scaling caused by divalent cations, and thus further increase the water evaporation flux. The operation of the dual membrane-adsorption evaporator is entirely driven by osmosis and capillary force, demanding no extra energy input. The integration of the osmotic membrane was found to increase the lithium to magnesium selectivity over 10-fold to higher than 40. The dual process also produced high lithium to calcium... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v08s8pv Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Eskafi, Aydin F Jiang, Wenli Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 Mi, Baoxia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zn3n3nc Point defects in semiconductors are both a curse and a blessing in microelectronics: they enable the control of electrical conductivity through doping, yet can also act as trapping and recombination centers that degrade device performance. In quantum information science, defects play a similarly dual role. They can be harnessed as spin–photon interfaces enabling the coupling of electronic and nuclear spins to light and the creation of distributed entanglement for quantum networks or used as atomistic scale sensors for quantum sensing. At the same time, defects are a major source of decoherence for superconducting qubits, one of the leading quantum computing platforms. This article discusses how a deeper materials-level understanding of defects can guide the design of improved quantum devices for communication, sensing, and computation.Graphic Abstract https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zn3n3nc Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhu, Yizhi Zhang, Zi-Huai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-9790 Chen, Weiru Sakib, Mashnoon Alam Weber-Bargioni, Alexander Griffin, Sinéad Raja, Archana Sipahigil, Alp https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-5272 Hautier, Geoffroy https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qf5g968 Continuum-buried defect states in semiconductors are generally expected to be optically inactive because of their strong coupling to continuum bands. Here, we show that such defects can instead host radiative electronic bound states in the continuum (BICs) using the silicon G center as a prototypical example. Hybrid functional first-principles calculations with a Hubbard <i>U</i> correction reveal that a localized defect state, initially buried below the valence band maximum (VBM) in the ground state, undergoes exchange-driven energy-level reordering under optical excitation and shifts above the VBM. This exchange-induced transition suppresses nonradiative decay and enables a robust radiative emission. By computing temperature-dependent nonradiative lifetimes and comparing them to experimental photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes, we quantitatively reproduce the observed temperature dependence of the emission. These results uncover a stabilization mechanism for continuum-embedded... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qf5g968 Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Hong, SeongYun Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Lee, Ki Hoon Kang, Youngho Lee, Yeonghun https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77q4h5nq Pathways and structural dynamics of phase transformations impact performance of materials in energy and information storage technologies. Palladium hydride (PdH_<i>x</i>) nanocrystals are an ideal model system for studying solute-induced phase transformations, where elastic energy from lattice mismatch between α-PdH_<i>x</i> and β-PdH_<i>x</i> phases is often considered a key to determining the transformation pathways. α/β-PdH_<i>x</i> interfacial elastic energy is affected by the confined geometry of a nanocrystal. However, how nanocrystal geometry influences phase transformation pathways is largely unknown. Using <i>in situ</i> liquid phase transmission electron microscopy, we directly visualize hydrogenation in Pd nanocrystals with two geometries, a nanocube and a hexagonal nanoplate. Both follow similar sequences of an initially curved nucleus, interface flattening, and reverse-stage nucleation; however, their evolving α/β-PdH_<i>x</i>... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/77q4h5nq Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, Daewon Oaks-Leaf, Sam Ma, Hyeonjong He, Jianlong Wang, Zhiqi Shi, Yifeng Ahn, Eonhyoung Bustillo, Karen C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-6078 Song, Chengyu Ribet, Stephanie M Dhall, Rohan Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Asta, Mark Yang, Jiwoong Xia, Younan Limmer, David T https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-0688 Zheng, Haimei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-4170 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fg5c4nb Blending polymers produces brittle materials due to macrophase separation and poor interfacial adhesion, which is exemplified by mixtures of polyolefins. This presents a formidable challenge for the mechanical recycling of mixed plastic waste. Here, we demonstrate that dynamic covalent crosslinking of immiscible polyolefin blends creates macrophase separated co-continuous architectures, yet they display excellent mechanical properties, which challenges the conventional wisdom regarding morphology-property relationships in polymer blend compatibilization. We find that the position and orientation of dynamic crosslinks and their influence on crystallinity are key to understanding the structure-morphology-property relationships. In particular, high-resolution microscopy imaging reveals alignment of crystallite planes with strong orientational preference, particularly at polymer-polymer interfaces, which contribute to material performance. We further demonstrate that changes in crosslinker... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fg5c4nb Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Neidhart, Eliza K Ribet, Stephanie M Lee, Taehyun A Kearney, Logan Bustillo, Karen C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-6078 Dailing, Eric A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2299-7783 Hua, Mutian Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Fricke, Sophia N Song, Ah-Young https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7931-0148 Reimer, Jeffrey A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-3725 Alexanian, Erik J Atkin, Joanna M Helms, Brett A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-4174 Leibfarth, Frank A https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ch5f062 Although pure cobalt is generally known to have a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure at room temperature, we show that its high-temperature face-centered cubic (FCC) phase can be strongly stabilized through grain refinement, resulting in FCC pure cobalt at room temperature. Ultrafine-grained (UFG) FCC cobalt exhibits a hierarchical microstructure consisting of dense stacking fault (SF) networks in the dominant FCC grains and numerous SFs and thin FCC layers within a few HCP plates. This unique microstructure leads to a high tensile strength exceeding 1 GPa, together with a tensile elongation of over 35%, thereby surpassing the well-known strength–ductility trade-off of pure metals. In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the UFG FCC cobalt exhibited a markedly enhanced deformation-induced FCC→HCP martensitic transformation, which provided sustained strain hardening through the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. Furthermore, ultra-grain refinement... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ch5f062 Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Suzumura, Takumi Gao, Si Yoshida, Shuhei Dhall, Rohan Minor, Andrew M Tsuji, Nobuhiro https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hc6q0hr Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation sensing technologies due to their atomic thickness, tunable magnetic properties, and compatibility with van der Waals heterostructures. Rapid progress in material discovery, synthesis, and device integration has expanded opportunities for compact, low-power, and highly sensitive sensor platforms. This review examines selected sensing mechanisms enabled by 2D magnetic materials, highlighting recent experimental advances and emerging device concepts. Current limitations and challenges such as environmental stability, scalability, and room-temperature operation are considered in the context of ongoing research efforts. By examining these approaches, this review aims to provide insight into the current development and potential of 2D magnetic materials for sensing technologies. This review is organized to first introduce the fundamental properties and challenges of 2D magnetic materials,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hc6q0hr Wed, 3 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Metcalf, Matthew Onipede, Bamidele Martinez, Jesse Cai, Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-3097 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56k4g743 Nitride‐Based Memristive Devices In their Research Article (10.1002/adfm.202517173), Di Zhang, Aiping Chen, and co‐workers use in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) techniques to probe the ionic migration process: A large number of oxygen vacancies (V_O˙˙) migrate under the electric field through grain boundaries of the TiOx phase. The study presents a new perspective of the interface‐dominated resistive switching process for novel energy‐efficient microelectronic device applications. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56k4g743 Wed, 3 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhang, Di Dhall, Rohan Schneider, Matthew M Li, Cun Song, Chengyu Kunwar, Sundar Dou, Hongyi Yazzie, Natanii R Tran, Henry Appuing, Daniel Ciston, Jim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-5747 Cucciniello, Nicholas G Roy, Pinku Pettes, Michael T https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6862-6841 Watt, John Kuo, Winson Wang, Haiyan Cao, Ye McCabe, Rodney J Chen, Aiping https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08f0495k Effective water and thermal management are crucial for maximizing the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study presents a robust non-isothermal model that integrates two-phase flow, species transport, and heat and mass transfer phenomena to investigate water generation, accumulation, and permeation mechanisms within the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of PEMFCs. Utilizing X-ray computed tomography (XCT) reconstruction, a 2D structure of the Freudenberg GDL is generated. The model incorporates anisotropic thermal conductivity, distinguishes between in-plane and through-plane K IP K TP ratios, and demonstrates its importance to temperature distribution and subsequent condensation rate within the GDL. Additionally, our parametric analysis evaluates the effects of GDL thermal conductivity, current density, operating temperature, and pressure on water condensation and transport processes in PEMFCs. Key findings include the identification of distinct phases... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08f0495k Wed, 3 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Najafianashrafi, Zabihollah Chuang, Po-Ya Abel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dw486gq Balancing moisture and oxygen replicates inert crystallization dynamics in antisolvent-free halide perovskite processing under ambient conditions. Understanding crystallization in ambient environments is essential for scaling the fabrication of halide perovskite solar cells. Antisolvent-free perovskite deposition offers improved compatibility with high-throughput processing but introduces distinct crystallization dynamics relative to the more ubiquitous use of antisolvents in lab-scale perovskite fabrication. These dynamics are driven by interactions between solutes, solvent and the deposition environment. Using in situ wide-angle X-ray scattering during spin-coating and annealing, we demonstrate how relative humidity (RH) and oxygen, can be tuned to drive polytype evolution during ambient crystallization of formamidinium lead iodide to match that of inert synthesis and achieve comparable film and device quality. In an inert (N 2 ) environment, we find that perovskite films follow... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dw486gq Thu, 28 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Hossain, Maimur Dolan, Connor J Oberholtz, Eric Kamiyama, Darya Palmer, Jack R Marchezi, Paulo E Kodalle, Tim Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Fenning, David P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f61q0gf The structural biology method of X-ray footprinting mass spectrometry (XFMS) is available at two national synchrotron beamlines in the USA: one at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) on the West Coast and the other at the National Synchrotron Light Source II on the East Coast. XFMS is a solution-state technique that utilizes oxidative modifications of proteins at micromolar concentrations in aqueous buffer to extract structural information. X-rays are employed to generate hydroxyl radicals in situ, which covalently modify specific protein side chains. These modifications are subsequently quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Ratiometric changes in modification levels between two protein states (e.g. with and without ligand) generate a relative solvent accessibility map of the protein pairs, which serves to reveal structural features. Up until recently, the XFMS capability was available as part of a shared program at the ALS without a dedicated beamline. In... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f61q0gf Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Gupta, Sayan Russell, Brandon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-2432 Kristensen, Line G https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-2861 de Chant, Jared Lu, Anthony Obst-Huebl, Lieselotte https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-8037 Rad, Behzad Tyler, James Subramanian, Simruthi Kidd, Savannah Paul, Sathi Chen, Yan Petzold, Christopher J https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-5228 Kahan, Darren N https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-3489 Costello, Shawn M Nakamura, Kei Inman, Jamie L MacDowell, Alastair A Spucces, Adrian Ralston, Corie Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0951 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c8813tq The out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC) has emerged as a central tool for quantifying decoherence across wide-ranging physical platforms. Here, we demonstrate its direct measurement in a classical ensemble using nuclear magnetic resonance with a modulated gradient spin echo sequence and extend the method into a multidimensional correlation to track exchange phenomena. Position is encoded through magnetic field gradients and momentum through the velocity autocorrelation function, enabling experimental access to OTOCs for proton motion confined within the self-similar lattice of the metal-organic framework MOF-808. Here, water confined to specified geometries within the MOF pores gives rise to spatially distinct diffusive eigenmodes with characteristic relative entropies. We demonstrate that periodic radio frequency driving combined with gradient modulation yields entropy evolution through the selection of distinct diffusion modes. Frequency-resolved diffusion spectra connect these... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2c8813tq Thu, 14 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Fricke, Sophia N Mao, Haiyan Sajjan, Manas Demarteau, Jeremy Helms, Brett A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-4174 Ajoy, Ashok Witherspoon, Velencia Kais, Sabre Reimer, Jeffrey A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-3725 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cg4b399 Using modeling and structural studies, we show that chloride incorporation in formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) perovskites alters the energetics of both the formation and degradation pathways. We fabricated films with two coadditives [15 mole % FA chloride (FACl) and 0.5 mole % BA₂PbI₄, where BA is butylammonium)], in which FACl ensures chloride incorporation and both additives collectively create a compressive lattice strain that stabilizes the FAPI black phase and bypasses the formation of a yellow phase during degradation. The coadditive strategy revealed a favorable transition from face-sharing 2H, 4H, 6H, and 8H phases to the corner-sharing 3C black phase. Photovoltaic devices with a p-i-n architecture had an average power conversion efficiency (40 devices) of 24.1% and lost only 2% of their efficiency after 1200 hours at 85° ± 5°C, 1-sun illumination, and open-circuit conditions. Upon stressing at 15-sun illumination at 90°C for &gt;400 hours, the stabilized... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cg4b399 Thu, 7 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Garai, Rabindranath Metcalf, Isaac Nandi, Nilanjana Ahlawat, Paramvir Reyes-Suárez, Braulio Mandani, Faiz Zhang, Hao Kodalle, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-9669 Irwin, Michael D Katan, Claudine Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Reddy, GN Manjunatha Even, Jacky Mohite, Aditya D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5071k5nq Chiral 2D metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are promising for spin-optoelectronic applications, yet their absorption dissymmetry factor (g abs ) exhibits significant variability due to complex, co-dependent structural and experimental factors. We established a data-driven framework using Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA, and Gaussian process regression to identify and model key synthesis “knobs” governing these properties. The analysis revealed that solvent choice is the primary factor driving variability. For acetonitrile-based films, g abs was maximized by optimizing annealing temperature and film thickness. Conversely, films from higher boiling point solvents showed complex dependencies on annealing temperature, excitonic integral intensity, and film texture. These statistical correlations provide a roadmap for the rational design of high-performance chiral MHPs and establish a foundation for future machine learning-driven material exploration. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5071k5nq Thu, 7 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Moral, Raphael F https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-4035 Alghalayini, Maher B Nurdillayeva, Raushan N Lee, Do-Kyoung Kodalle, Tim Marchezi, Paulo E Fenning, David P Noack, Marcus M https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2750-6565 Schwartz, Craig P Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xq1q9nt Disruption of membrane potential (V_mem) can activate pathways associated with cancer proliferation. Manipulating ion channels may therefore present an effective strategy for treating cancers that fail to respond to conventional therapies. One approach to target these channels is to manipulate the membrane charge, which involves the use of wireless bipolar electrodes such as carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs) inserted into cell membranes to&nbsp;modulate membrane charge and ionic flux. By utilizing membrane dyes, we observed alterations in V_mem induced by CNTPs and externally applied voltages. Analyses of cellular behaviors and processes indicated that V_mem is more receptive to stimuli in invasive cancers, while it leads to increased metabolism in less invasive cancers, with notable changes in the cell cycle occurring at approximately 48 h post-treatment in Glioblastoma (GB) cell lines. This work shows that CNTPs, in combination&nbsp;and with externally... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xq1q9nt Tue, 5 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Groualle, Fleur Onion, David Watts, Julie A Rance, Graham A Noy, Aleksandr Coyle, Beth Rawson, Frankie J https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nk9r6fn Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers are promising channel materials for next-generation electronic devices. A challenge is the high contact resistance between monolayer TMDs and metal contacts, especially for holes. In this regard, raised source/drain contacts are promising. However, the direct, patterned growth of raised contacts at CMOS-compatible temperatures remains largely unresolved. We present plasma-free selenization and sulfurization of metal oxides at substrate temperatures down to 400 °C, compatible with back-end-of-line thermal budgets. To achieve growth at such temperatures, gas-phase chalcogen precursors are first thermally activated at 950 °C. Films grown on single-crystal monolayer TMDs exhibit high crystal quality, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Raised contacts on WSe2 monolayers fabricated using this approach yield a low hole contact resistance of 0.3 kΩ·μm after chemical doping. This process is shown to be applicable to growing... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nk9r6fn Tue, 5 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kim, Inha Urmossy, Dorottya Lee, Kyuho Higashitarumizu, Naoki Kuykendall, Tevye R https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-3285 Zhang, Dehui Jamal, Moniruzzaman Wang, Shu Kim, Taehoon Ager, Joel W https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-9751 Scott, Mary C Javey, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7214-7931 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jn39540 Hyper-Numerical Aperture (Hyper-NA) Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is gathering growing support as the technology of choice to sustain the dimensional scaling trajectory of Moore's Law. This transition, which targets resolution down to 5 nm, necessitates several research advances across several key lithography areas, such as patterning materials, imaging with polarization control, and the optimization of the mask structure. In this paper, we briefly review the historical role of the government-industrial partnerships enabling Center for X-Ray Optics (CXRO) pathfinding research for prior EUV lithography generations. We also highlight the role of the Department of Energy's Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) on High-Precision Patterning Science (CHiPPS) as a critical initiative to fundamentally address the pervasive stochastic challenges in materials science that limit the RLS (Resolution, Sensitivity, Line Edge Roughness) tradeoff, charting a path toward the Angstrom... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jn39540 Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 La Fontaine, Bruno Rekawa, Senajith Miyakawa, Ryan Holcomb, Warren Benk, Markus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9508-1189 Kostko, Oleg Wang, Cheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-5471 Zhang, Qi Gullikson, Eric Chao, Weilun Im, Mi-Young Zaytsev, Dmytro Houle, Frances https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-2548 Helms, Brett https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-4174 Nealey, Paul Ober, Chris Ruiz, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-4281 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bf6f37z ABSTRACT Low‐dimensional organic–inorganic metal halide hybrids (OMHHs) exhibit remarkable optical properties and enhanced environmental stability. We investigate a 1D OMHH with formula C 4 N 2 H 14 PbBr 4 , consisting of Pb–Br chains separated by organic cations, which shows a large Stokes shift (0.83 eV) and broadband emission. Through first‐principles calculations and polarized Raman spectroscopy, we characterize the material's vibrational properties and identify the specific phonon modes that drive exciton self‐trapping. Our novel GW/Bethe‐Salpeter equation&nbsp;force formalism reveals that low‐frequency phonons (100100 cm − 1 , primarily involving Pb–Br motions) couple strongly with excitons, with a remarkably high Huang‐Rhys factor of 137 ± 4, and gives a pathway for ultrafast structural analysis during the absorption process. This phonon‐exciton coupling mechanism explains the material's broadband emission and provides a pathway for controlling optical properties through... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5bf6f37z Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Karkee, Rijan Del Grande, Rafael R Lee, Yeonjoo Yoo, Jinkyoung Ben‐Akacha, Azza Ma, Biwu Pettes, Michael T https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6862-6841 Strubbe, David A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-5532 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rj5z96z The method of X-ray footprinting and mass spectrometry (XFMS) using high flux synchrotron X-ray sources has become an established method in structural biology and is based on the radiolytic production of hydroxyl radicals, which oxidatively modify protein sidechains. While other methods of producing hydroxyl radicals are available, one benefit of using high flux density sources is that hydroxyl radical scavenging reactions can be minimized, and exposure times kept short to minimize secondary reactions. Here we present an application of the XFMS method using low dose rate X-rays from a commercial instrument. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach using short peptides, characterizing the oxidative modifications +14, +16, and +32 Da under both aerobic and low oxygen conditions, and we additionally quantify the hydrogen peroxide production for various doses using the low dose rate source. These results provide fundamental information on the oxidative damage to peptides due... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rj5z96z Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kidd, Savannah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7162-3358 McCarthy, Thomas Subramanian, Simruthi Obst-Huebl, Lieselotte https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-8037 Inman, Jamie L Gupta, Sayan Ralston, Corie Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0951 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3065s8jx ABSTRACT Vapor‐assisted hybrid two‐step deposition, which combines thermally evaporated inorganic layers with solution‐processed organic halides to form halide perovskites, has emerged as a scalable and industry‐compatible route for textured tandem photovoltaics. However, this process is often hindered by reaction‐limited phase formation, particularly when compact, non‐porous, and highly crystalline inorganic layers formed by thermal evaporation restrict subsequent conversion, resulting in incomplete reaction and pronounced depth‐dependent heterogeneity. In this study, we introduce a strategy to regulate the inorganic precursor layer by incorporating localized heterogeneous nucleation sites. Sparsely distributed hydrophilic metal oxide species serve as effective nucleation centers during vapor deposition, enabling effective control over film morphology and crystal orientation from the early stages of growth. This tailored inorganic framework facilitates the subsequent incorporation... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3065s8jx Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kim, Sung‐Eun Choi, Seung‐Gu Lee, Seo‐Ryoung Lee, Do‐Kyoung Kodalle, Tim Kim, Byung Soon Kim, Jae‐Hwan Park, Keonwoo Lee, Jaehyeong Sutter‐Fella, Carolin M Lee, Jin‐Wook https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vj8h7w5 Bone serves as an example of nature's architectured material with its characteristic blend of strength and toughness, all at a lightweight design. Given the hierarchical nature of these materials, it is essential to understand the governing mechanisms and organization of their constituents across length scales for bioinspired structural design. Despite recent advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that have allowed us to witness the hierarchical arrangement of bone at micro-down to the nanoscale, we are still missing the details about the structural organization and mechanical properties of the main building blocks of bone─mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs). Here, we present a method to extract individual MCFs from nature's model material, mineralized turkey leg tendon, using a dropcasting procedure. By isolating the MCFs onto TEM supporting grids, we visualized the arrangement of organic and mineral phases within individual MCFs at the nanoscale. Using a four-dimensional... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vj8h7w5 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kochetkova, Tatiana Ribet, Stephanie M Vogl, Lilian M Casari, Daniele Dhall, Rohan Zysset, Philippe K Minor, Andrew M Schweizer, Peter https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rs0v219 First-principles real-time time-dependent density-functional theory (rt-TDDFT) calculations reveal the existence of ballistic photocurrents generated by Coulomb scattering, which has not previously been considered as a mechanism for the bulk photovoltaic effect. With monolayer GeS as an example, it is predicted that ballistic currents can be comparable to shift currents under experimentally accessible conditions. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rs0v219 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Andrade, Xavier Rajpurohit, Sangeeta Correa, Alfredo A Ogitsu, Tadashi https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jc5j67p Investigation of residue-specific radiation damage of peptides under different radiation doses, dose rates, and oxygen availability https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jc5j67p Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kidd, Savannah Subramanian, Simruthi Molchanova, Natalia Gupta, Sayan Kristensen, Line Inman, Jamie de Chant, Jared Obst-Huebl, Lieselotte Nakamura, Kei McIlvenny, Aodhan Gonsalves, Anthony van Tilborg, Jeroen Geddes, Cameron Schroeder, Carl Esarey, Eric Kahan, Darren N https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-3489 Stassel, Brendan Ralston, Corie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0951 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73f416r1 Standardisation of data collection and analysis is essential to enable commercialisation of 2D materials in a wide range of technologies. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the key methods for distinguishing monolayer from bilayer and few-layer graphene by comparing the 1st and 2nd order diffraction spot intensities. Yet there are many factors that can affect the reliability of data collection and interpretation, causing the measurement of monolayer samples to deviate from the literature boundary condition of I{2¯110}/I{11¯00}&lt; 1 for monolayer graphene (1LG). Here we present the results of a large interlaboratory SAED comparison study, where 15 international laboratories measured and analysed nominally identical samples of chemical vapour deposited graphene. Large variations were observed in the measured ratios of diffraction spot intensities, with the largest variance associated with poor quality SAED data resulting... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73f416r1 Mon, 20 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Tillotson, Evan Thornley, William Talbott, William Eggeman, Alexander S Kriuchkova, Daria Sullivan-Allsop, Sam Smith, Matt Liu, Xuzhao Slattery, Ashley Yap, Pei Lay Losic, Dusan Xu, Zhun Wang, Huan Ciston, Jim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-5747 Rakowski, Alexander Ribet, Stephanie M Savitzky, Benjamin H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4258-4529 Schuster, Manfred E Allen, Christopher S Douglas-Henry, Danielle Nicolosi, Valeria Herzing, Andrew O’Connell, Jacques Olivier, Ezra J Neethling, Jan Zou, Yi-Chao Duran, Ercin Cai, Rongsheng Ngo, Duc-The Gorbachev, Roman Haas, Jonas Schlegel, Michael Meyer, Jannik Centeno, Alba Pesquera, Amaia Zurutuza, Amaia Kang, Sungsu Park, Jungwon Erofeev, Ivan Mirsaidov, Utkur Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Rentenberger, Christian Waitz, Thomas Kotakoski, Jani Roy, Abhijit Arenal, Raul Pollard, Andrew J Haigh, Sarah J https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5nj3j1s6 Photosynthetic organelles in eukaryotes originated through primary endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium, an event that profoundly shaped the evolutionary landscape of the eukaryotic tree of life. Primary plastids in Archaeplastida, especially in cultivable plants and algae, contribute most to known plastid diversity. Secondary and higher-order endosymbiosis, involving eukaryotic hosts and algal endosymbionts, further spread photosynthesis among protists within the CASH lineages (Cryptophyta, Alveolata, Stramenopila, and Haptophyta). Despite various hypotheses explaining secondary plastid evolution and distribution, empirical support remains limited. Here, we employ cultivation-independent global metagenomics to expand plastid diversity and investigate plastid origins. We capture 1,027 plastid sequences, including 300 novel sequences belonging to previously unsequenced plastids and representing yet-to-be described microeukaryotes. This includes a new lineage that offers insights... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5nj3j1s6 Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Shrestha, Bikash https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-3007 Romero, Miguel F Villada, Juan C https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-4279 Blaby-Haas, Crysten E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-1291 Schulz, Frederik https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kd1z89x We present the high-throughput automated screening techniques that are being used to develop bacteriophage-based therapeutic products currently under investigation in human clinical trials to combat urinary tract infections1. By integrating modern liquid handling robotics, standardized phenotypic assays, and computer vision-based enumeration, we established a platform capable of reproducibly screening large collections of phages against clinically derived bacterial strain panels. This approach enabled systematic assessment of phage-bacteria interactions at scale, facilitating the identification and optimization of phage cocktails with broad in vitro activity. Although bacteriophage therapy has long been investigated as a strategy for treating bacterial infections, few frameworks exist for developing phage combinations in a reproducible and scalable manner. The methods outlined here address this gap and aim to support the broader development of therapeutic assets available to combat... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kd1z89x Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Penke, Taylor JR Hammack, Aeron Tynes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-5978 McMillan, Lana J Baker, Ethan Wilcock, Pearl Healy, Nick Wall, Morgan KY Chavez, Naomi Wright, Iain Tuson, Hannah H Woessner, Sara Trama, Ashley Prybol, Cameron J Dordi, Eyra Ghobadian, Ava Ousterout, David G Conley, Nicholas R Garofolo, Paul https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84p9d729 Strain plays a crucial role in tuning materials' properties, influencing their optical, electrical, and chemical performances. In two-dimensional (2D) materials, applied stress often induces out-of-plane deformation, resulting in a more intricate three-dimensional (3D) topography, where mapping the strain remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional characterization techniques. In this work, we introduce BRIGHT (Bragg-Rod Informed, Gradient-based Height-mapping Technique), an integrated method for reconstructing both the topography and planar strain profile of 3D-structured 2D materials using nanobeam four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). We apply BRIGHT to a MoS₂-MoSe₂ transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) lateral heterojunctions exhibiting built-in strain and out-of-plane ripples and show that varying heterojunction widths lead to distinct surface morphologies and corresponding changes in the planar strain distribution.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84p9d729 Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Mireles, Adan Park, Jeongwon Sung, Suk Hyun Shi, Chuqiao Shin, Bongki Lou, Jun Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Hovden, Robert Kang, Kibum Han, Yimo https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k82t8tp The formation of stable protein complexes enables much of biotechnology, but even high-affinity complexes can dissociate, limiting potential applications in biomaterials, bioimaging, nanomedicine, and other protein-based technologies. Here, we describe lock coupling, a simple and selective one-step reaction between interfacial lysine and glutamate or aspartate side chains to form stable isopeptide bonds and be used for the precise labeling of native antibodies. We identify conditions in which short-lived activated esters formed by the aqueous carbodiimide EDC promote isopeptide bond formation specifically at preassociated amine-acid pairs. Indiscriminate cross-linking is minimized by formation of protein complexes before addition of catalyst, use of acidic pH to suppress exposed Lys reactivity, and limiting the aqueous stability of activated esters. For native antibody (Ab) labeling, we show that the small IgG-binding protein GB1 can be covalently attached to the Ab Fc domain... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k82t8tp Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yazhi Nadig, Isha Mehta, Abijeet Singh Chuo, Shih-Wei Ho, Yen H Tyler, James Craik, Charles S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-9185 Anwar, Mekhail Cohen, Bruce E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49x9784j ABSTRACT The focused ion beam (FIB) microscope is well established as a high‐resolution machining instrument capable of site‐selectively removing material down to the nanoscale. Beyond subtractive processing, however, the FIB can also add material via a technique known as focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). Using FIBID, the FIB can thus be employed for the direct‐write of complex nanostructures. This work explores new directions in three‐dimensional FIBID nanoprinting, harnessing unique features of helium and neon FIBs. In particular, the superior spatial resolution of these novel FIBs is leveraged to fabricate precise multimaterial architectures, an isotope effect is used to create satellite deposits, and dose‐controlled implantation of the gaseous ions is used to engineer internal voids. In the context of voids, the fabrication of hollow nanopillars by helium‐FIBID due to concurrent milling (as shown previously by others) is revisited. Insight into the chemical and... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49x9784j Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Allen, Frances Isabel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tr5953v Understanding ion adsorption at electrified metal-electrolyte interfaces is essential for accurate modeling of electrochemical systems. Here, we systematically investigate the free energy profiles of Na+, Cl-, and F- ions at the Au(111)-water interface using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics with both classical force fields and machine-learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs). Our classical metadynamics results reveal a strong dependence of predicted ion adsorption on the Lennard-Jones parameters, highlighting that-without due care-standard mixing rules can lead to qualitatively incorrect descriptions of ion-metal interactions. We present a systematic methodology for tuning the cross term LJ parameters to control adsorption energetics in agreement with more accurate models. As a surrogate for an ab&nbsp;initio model, we employed the recently released Universal Models for Atoms MLIP, which validates classical trends and displays strong specific adsorption for chloride, weak adsorption... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0tr5953v Wed, 15 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Roncoroni, Fabrice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6402-3752 Faiyad, Abrar Li, Yichen Ye, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-3275 Martini, Ashlie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2017-6081 Prendergast, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0598-1453 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b50s05d ConspectusAvalanches within nanoparticles seem like science fiction, but if they are avalanches of photons, they open up real-world innovations in imaging, sensing, optical computing, and other unexplored light-driven technologies. Avalanches are outsized events arising from the integration of many smaller inputs, and photon avalanching (PA) was first reported in bulk crystals in 1979 as an unexpectedly large jump in luminescence as excitation intensity was slowly increased. It would be 41 years before PA would be observed at the nanoscale in photon avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs), Tm³⁺-doped upconverting nanoparticles that show excited-to-ground state absorption inversion greater than 10,000:1 and emission that scales nonlinearly up to the 32nd power of the pump intensity. This extreme nonlinearity enables a real-time 5-fold improvement in the 150-year-old Abbe limit of spatial resolution, achieving 70 nm resolution using only simple scanning confocal microscopy.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b50s05d Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Passini, Luan N Chan, Emory M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-0146 Cohen, Bruce E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pf4m75b Medium-entropy semiconductors represent a unique category of entropy-engineered materials. They possess a considerable level of randomness in atomic mixing, although this is not sufficient to conclusively achieve single-phase structure stabilization, in contrast to high-entropy materials. This introduces strong competition between the formation of different phases, which can potentially lead to structural heterogeneity. In this work, we uncover endotaxial nanoprecipitates in the microscopically identified homogeneous medium-entropy semiconductor AgMnSbPbTe₄. These nanoprecipitates initially crystallize in a cubic phase (<i>Fm</i>3̅<i>m</i>) within kinetically stabilized AgMnSbPbTe₄, subsequently evolving into a thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase (<i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>) during thermal annealing while maintaining an endotaxial relationship with the matrix lattice. This nanophase segregation and the resultant lattice mismatch at interfaces introduce... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pf4m75b Thu, 9 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Li, Zhi Sarkar, Debattam Ribet, Stephanie M Zhao, Hengdi Xie, Hongyao Yanda, Premakumar Li, Juncen Dong, Jinfeng Yan, Alfred Shekhar, Chandra Yan, Qingyu Snyder, G Jeffrey Grayson, Matthew A Felser, Claudia dos Reis, Roberto Wolverton, Christopher Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Dravid, Vinayak P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cz0t0z4 Calcium and silicon are critical components of cement. While ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used in cement science, ⁴³Ca NMR has received comparatively less attention given the experimental challenges associated with it. To investigate the potential of ⁴³Ca NMR in cement research, a density functional theory study was carried out. The study focused on distinct calcium sites within the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) structure. Four unique calcium sites were identified, each predicted to display distinct ⁴³Ca chemical shifts due to differences in their local environments. These findings were used to generate theoretical ⁴³Ca NMR spectra for C-S-H. Furthermore, theoretical ⁴³Ca NMR spectra for the hydration reaction of triclinic tricalcium silicate were developed, illustrating the potential of ⁴³Ca NMR for tracking the hydration process in multiphase systems. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cz0t0z4 Thu, 2 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Casar, Ziga Tisi, Davide Page, Samuel J Greenwell, H Chris Zunino, Franco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-2742 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p55g1hs With the ongoing sustainability movement, the incorporation of limestone powder in cementitious binders for concrete in the U.S. has become a subject of renewed interest. In addition to accelerating the early age hydration reactions of cementitious systems by providing additional surfaces for nucleation and growth of products, limestone powder is also intriguing based on its influence on low-temperature curing. For example, previous results have indicated that the utilization of limestone powder to replace one quarter of the fly ash in a high volume fly ash mixture (40–60% cement replacement) produces a reduction in the apparent activation energy for setting for temperatures below 25&nbsp;°C. In the present study, the relationship between heat release and compressive strength of mortars at batching/curing temperatures of 10 and 23&nbsp;°C is investigated. For Portland-limestone cements (PLC) with limestone additions on the order of 10%, a higher strength per unit heat release... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p55g1hs Thu, 2 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bentz, Dale P Stutzman, Paul E Zunino, Franco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-2742 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dc0n7pv In the face of two apparently irreconcilable global challenges - housing a growing world population and reducing CO2 emissions - we analyse the current, historic and forecast data on the use of construction materials. Today, cement-based materials make up around three quarters of materials used by mass. Historically, we see that cement-based materials use goes through a peak as Gross Domestic Product per capita increases and then falls. This peak of cement use has been particularly pronounced in China, but is now on a downwards path. From now to 2050, three quarters of construction materials demand will be in low- and middle-income countries. We estimate that adopting the best available construction technologies could reduce CO2 emissions by about 73% compared to business as usual by 2050. In low- and middle-income countries, the housing and infrastructure needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals could be supplied while simultaneously reducing their per capita CO2 emissions... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dc0n7pv Thu, 2 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Dunant, Cyrille Hafez, Hisham Marsh, Alastair TM Miller, Sabbie A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6888-7312 Röck, Martin Schmidt, Wolfram Scrivener, Karen L Zunino, Franco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-2742 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89c116h3 We report the emergence of adsorption-induced magnetism from heterohelicene molecules on a nonmagnetic Cu(100) surface. Spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy measurements reveal spin-dependent electron reflectivity for enantiopure 7,12,17-trioxa[11]helicene (TO[11]H) monolayers, indicating the formation of a spin-polarized state localized in the topmost copper layer. Control experiments on clean Cu(100) and TO[11]H on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite show no such effect, excluding artifacts and chirality-induced spin selectivity as origins. Spin-polarized density functional theory calculations with hybrid functionals attribute the magnetism to strong chemisorption, which induces hybridization between the molecular HOMO and copper s- and d-states, driving asymmetric spin-polarized charge redistribution at the interface. An extended Newns-Anderson-Grimley model incorporating on-site Coulomb repulsion in Cu d-orbitals reproduces the emergence of interfacial spin polarization... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89c116h3 Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Baljozović, Miloš Karmakar, Shiladitya Cauduro, André L Fernandes Sundar, Mothuku Shyam Lozano, Marco Kumar, Manish Soler-Polo, Diego Schmid, Andreas K Bedekar, Ashutosh V Jelinek, Pavel Ernst, Karl-Heinz https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nv0975s Amidation of polyethylenes creates a range of amide-containing materials with enhanced properties, but the effect of these functional groups on the microstructure of these new materials is not known. Here we employ solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to analyze the microstructure of amide-modified polyethylenes. While a decrease in crystallinity was observed with increasing amounts of functionalization, we found by measuring the chain mobility of the crystalline, amorphous, and interphasial regions of the polyethylenes with NMR relaxation techniques that the grafted amidyl groups partition into the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) between the crystalline and amorphous regions. The chemical specificity of these NMR experiments creates precise assessments of the location of functional groups within the materials. Together, these insights into the microstructure and morphology of amide-containing polyethylenes lay a foundation for a deeper understanding of the structure... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0nv0975s Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Haber, Shira Ciccia, Nicodemo R Peng, Zhengxing Yang, Feipeng Im, Julia Hua, Mutian Fricke, Sophia N Giovine, Raynald https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7208-6929 Helms, Brett A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-4174 Wang, Cheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7192-5471 Hartwig, John F Reimer, Jeffrey A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-3725 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ts50403 We introduce a generative modeling framework for thermodynamic computing, in which structured data are synthesized from noise by the natural time evolution of a physical system governed by Langevin dynamics. While conventional diffusion models use neural networks to perform denoising, here the information needed to generate structure from noise is encoded by the dynamics of a thermodynamic system. Training proceeds by maximizing the probability with which the computer generates the reverse of a noising trajectory, which ensures that the computer generates data with minimal heat emission. We demonstrate this framework within a digital simulation of a thermodynamic computer. If realized in analog hardware, such a system would function as a generative model that produces structured samples without the need for artificially injected noise or active control of denoising. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ts50403 Mon, 30 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Whitelam, Stephen https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jn4n0t0 The sulfur K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectra of the common conjugated polymers P3HT and PBTTT are studied from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Experimental angle-resolved spectra are measured to characterize both the dominant peaks and the dichroism of the polymers. First-principles calculations using the density functional theory-based many-body X-ray absorption spectroscopy (MBXAS) method are performed for the two polymers as well as for the thiophene and thienothiophene units that make up the conjugated backbones of these polymers. Through this combined approach, we are able to confidently assign the observed peaks to specific molecular orbitals and identify the orientation of their transition dipole moments (TDMs) with respect to the coordinate frame of the polymer backbone. In particular, we are able to establish the character and orthogonal nature of the three main low-energy peaks at: (i) 2473.5 eV, 1s → (S–C)­π* with TDM... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jn4n0t0 Mon, 30 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chantler, Paul Alexander Thomsen, Lars Roychoudhury, Subhayan Zhu, Wenjin Gebert, Matthew Fei, Zhuping Heeney, Martin Sirringhaus, Henning Prendergast, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0598-1453 McNeill, Christopher R https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g99x0jq Zn Lewis acid centers were grafted onto the silanol nest created by dealumination of H-BEA zeolite (DeAlBEA). The resulting material was characterized and investigated for propane dehydrogenation to propene and n-butane dehydrogenation to 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD). For Zn/Al molar ratios (Al is the molar amount in H-BEA) below 0.12, Zn sites are present as isolated (SiOZn–OH) species, but for Zn/Al ratios between 0.12 and 0.60, the SiOZn–OH species form nests in which enhanced electron transfer between Zn and O atoms of the neighboring SiOZn–OH group and H-bonding interaction between adjacent Zn–OH groups occur. The turnover frequency (TOF) for both propane and n-butane dehydrogenation is virtually identical for Zn-DeAlBEA for Zn/Al &lt; 0.12 and then increases almost linearly with increasing Zn/Al ratio from 0.12 to 0.36, indicating the superior activity of Zn atoms in SiOZn–OH nests. In the case of 1-butene dehydrogenation, identical activity is observed for both isolated and... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g99x0jq Fri, 27 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhang, Yanfei Qi, Liang Nozik, Danna Dun, Chaochao Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 Bell, Alexis T https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-4645 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5np0h4r7 Controlling coassembly of synthetic oligomers into binary superlattices at the atomic level is challenging. We report a strategy for programming polar-π interactions in oligomeric peptoids, a class of sequence-defined peptidomimetics, facilitating the formation of homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) superlattices. <i>N</i>-2-phenylethyl and <i>N</i>-(2-perfluorophenyl)ethyl side chains, similar in size, but with contrasting electrostatic characteristics, were introduced at defined sequence positions to generate favorable dipolar aromatic interactions. The resulting nanosheets exhibit different crystal motifs depending on the side chain interactions: systems containing only one type of aromatic side chain form a parallel V-shaped motif driven by π-π interactions, whereas a combination of both types of aromatic side chains, either within one backbone or through the coassembly of two distinct peptoids, adopt an antiparallel V-shaped superlattice with higher thermal stability, driven... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5np0h4r7 Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, Yen Jea https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-8676 Butterfoss, Glenn L Luo, Xubo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-7466 Prendergast, David https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0598-1453 Balsara, Nitash P https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0106-5565 Zuckermann, Ronald N Abel, Brooks A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2288-1975 Jiang, Xi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-7513 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fh823w6 We present the design for a thermodynamic computer that can perform arbitrary nonlinear calculations in or out of equilibrium. Simple thermodynamic circuits, fluctuating degrees of freedom in contact with a thermal bath and confined by a quartic potential, display an activity that is a nonlinear function of their input. Such circuits can therefore be regarded as thermodynamic neurons, and can serve as the building blocks of networked structures that act as thermodynamic neural networks, universal function approximators whose operation is powered by thermal fluctuations. We simulate a digital model of a thermodynamic neural network, and show that its parameters can be adjusted by genetic algorithm to perform nonlinear calculations at specified observation times, regardless of whether the system has attained thermal equilibrium. This work expands the field of thermodynamic computing beyond the regime of thermal equilibrium, enabling fully nonlinear computations, analogous to those... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fh823w6 Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Whitelam, Stephen Casert, Corneel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23j2n1h3 Surface structure affects the growth, shape and properties of nanoparticles. In wet chemical syntheses, metal additives and surfactants are used to modify surfaces and guide nanocrystal growth. To understand this process, it is critical to understand how the surface structure, and hence its energy, is modified. However, measuring the type and arrangement of atoms at hard-soft interfaces on nanoscale surfaces, especially in the presence of surfactants, is extremely challenging. Here, we determine the atomic structure of the hard-soft interface in a metallic nanoparticle by developing low-dose imaging conditions in four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy that are preferentially sensitive to surface adatoms. By revealing experimentally the copper additives and bromide surfactant counterion at the surface of a gold nanocuboid and quantifying their interatomic distances, our direct, low-dose imaging method provides atomic-level understanding of chemically sophisticated... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23j2n1h3 Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Li, Weilun Esser, Bryan D Tong, Wenming Chen, Zifei Liew, Zhi Tong Varnavides, Georgios Yadav, Anchal Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Mulvaney, Paul Zheng, Changlin Findlay, Scott D Petersen, Timothy Funston, Alison M Etheridge, Joanne https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xm5q32h Kinetically trapping the high-temperature states through rapid cooling solidification is widely used for the synthesis of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), especially those with intrinsically immiscible elemental combinations1, 2, 3–4. However, strategies need to be developed to overcome the fundamental limitations of rapid cooling solidification in controlling the crystallinity, structure and morphology of HEAs. Here we introduce an isothermal solidification strategy for the synthesis of HEAs by rapidly altering the metal alloy composition through liquid–liquid interface reactions at low temperatures, for example, from 25 °C to 80 °C. We use gallium (Ga)-based metal as the sacrificial reagent and mixing medium. By directing the reactions to the interfaces between the Ga-based liquid metal and an aqueous metal ion solution, the foreign metal ions can be reduced at the interfaces and incorporated into the liquid metal quickly. HEAs with various crystallinity (single crystal, mesocrystal,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xm5q32h Mon, 23 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhang, Qiubo Gallant, Max C Chen, Yi Song, Zhigang Liu, Yang Zheng, Qi Chen, Linfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-3197 Bustillo, Karen C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-6078 Huang, Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1793-0741 Persson, Kristin A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-5509 Zheng, Haimei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-4170 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sb7q3rr Block copolymers (BCPs) of an A-block-(B-random-C) architecture have been explored as materials for nanolithography because the composition and chemistry of the random block enables modification of thermodynamic and wetting properties to meet manufacturing criteria. Here, A-b-(B-r-C) BCPs created by an amidation reaction of polystyrene-block-poly(pentafluorophenyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PPFMA) with controlled amounts of Si add insight to previous conclusions about the dual contributions of BCP chemistry and reactive ion etch (RIE) gas chemistry on etch properties. We focus on two RIE etch characteristics: organosilicon etch resistance in H2/N2 plasma etching and enhanced removal of non-styrenic structures in an Ar/O2 etch. Consistent with previous studies, higher amounts of Si result in greater etch resistance under H2/N2 RIE, where at least ∼10 wt. % Si is necessary to exhibit sufficient etch resistance. By contrast, Ar/O2 etching resulted in etch rates independent of Si content.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sb7q3rr Fri, 20 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Eom, Christopher J Lee, Kyunghyeon Craig, Gordon SW Ruiz, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-4281 Nealey, Paul F https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8051d65j Solution-processed light-emitting diodes based on non-toxic copper–iodide hybrids1 are a compelling solution for efficient and stable deep-blue lighting, owing to their tunability, high photoluminescence efficiency and environmental sustainability2. Here we present a hybrid copper–iodide that shows near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (99.6%) with an emission wavelength of 449 nm and colour coordinates (0.147, 0.087), alongside its emission mechanism and charge transport characteristics. We use the thin film of this hybrid as the sole active emissive layer to fabricate deep-blue light-emitting diodes and subsequently enhance the device performance through a dual interfacial hydrogen-bond passivation strategy. This synergetic surface modification approach, integrating a hydrogen-bond-acceptor self-assembled monolayer with an ultrathin polymethyl methacrylate capping layer, effectively passivates both heterojunctions of the copper–iodide hybrid emissive layer and optimizes... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8051d65j Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhu, Kun Reid, Obadiah Rangan, Sylvie Wang, Li Li, Jingbai Antony Jesu Durai, Kevin Zhou, Kang Javed, Nasir Kasaei, Leila Yang, Chongqing Li, Mingxing Sun, Yue Tan, Kui Cotlet, Mircea Liu, Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-6102 Feldman, Leonard C O’Carroll, Deirdre M Zhu, Kai Li, Jing https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4k9766q9 The assembly of cluster or superatom building-blocks into extended solids has revolutionized materials design, enabling the synthesis of modular semiconductors with well-defined structures and tunable electronic, magnetic or optical properties. This strategy has recently advanced the synthesis of complex metal oxides with multifunctional or emergent behaviors, but precise atom placement of multiple elements with similar chemistries or preferred coordination environments remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a strategy for synthesizing polyoxometalate (POM)-based coordination networks with up to three different cations in precisely defined positions. Our approach leverages a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation in which the spatial placement of cations is governed by their availability at distinct stages of crystallization and transformation. Specifically, [ZP₅W₃₀O₁₁₀]^{(15-<i>n</i>)-} (Z = Na⁺, K⁺,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4k9766q9 Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chen, Linfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-3197 Samolova, Erika Xu, Mingjie Yin, Hang Zhang, Hengchuan Gembicky, Milan Schimpf, Alina M https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-7426 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11s067m8 Electron ptychography is a powerful and versatile tool for high-resolution and dose-efficient imaging. Iterative reconstruction algorithms are powerful but also computationally expensive due to their relative complexity and the many hyperparameters that must be optimised. Gradient descent-based iterative ptychography is a popular method, but it may converge slowly when reconstructing low spatial frequencies. In this work, we present a method for accelerating a gradient descent-based iterative reconstruction algorithm by training a neural network (NN) that is applied in the reconstruction loop. The NN works in Fourier space and selectively boosts low spatial frequencies, thus enabling faster convergence in a manner similar to accelerated gradient descent algorithms. We discuss the difficulties that arise when incorporating a NN into an iterative reconstruction algorithm and show how they can be overcome with iterative training. We apply our method to simulated and experimental... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11s067m8 Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 McCray, Arthur RC https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-4698 Ribet, Stephanie M Varnavides, Georgios Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14m597ww ABSTRACT The performance and stability of perovskite solar cells are strongly governed by the crystallization behavior of their active layer. In two‐step sequential deposition, early‐stage film formation plays a decisive role in determining final phase purity and device quality. Guided by a data‐driven analysis of nearly 39&nbsp;000 devices in the FAIR perovskite database, we identified solvent‐mediated quenching and thermal processing as key variables affecting power conversion efficiency (PCE), particularly in two‐step fabrication. To investigate these effects in real time, we designed and implemented a custom‐built, temperature‐controlled spin‐coating system, enabling precise thermal modulation during precursor deposition. Using this platform, we performed in situ GIWAXS measurements to study the crystallization dynamics of FA 0.5 MA 0.5 PbI 3 films over a temperature range of 30°C–90°C. Our results reveal a non‐monotonic relationship between spin‐coating temperature and α‐phase... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14m597ww Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Saadawy, Ahmed Hassanein, Shaimaa Hassan, Yasser Kodalle, Tim Musa, Ahmed F Gashi, Arian Khattab, Tamer Kandiel, Tarek A Sutter‐Fella, Carolin M Abdelsamie, Maged https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98d8q3vv Medium-entropy semiconductors represent a unique category of entropy-engineered materials. They possess a considerable level of randomness in atomic mixing, although this is not sufficient to conclusively achieve single-phase structure stabilization, in contrast to high-entropy materials. This introduces strong competition between the formation of different phases, which can potentially lead to structural heterogeneity. In this work, we uncover endotaxial nanoprecipitates in the microscopically identified homogeneous medium-entropy semiconductor AgMnSbPbTe₄. These nanoprecipitates initially crystallize in a cubic phase (<i>Fm</i>3̅<i>m</i>) within kinetically stabilized AgMnSbPbTe₄, subsequently evolving into a thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase (<i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>) during thermal annealing while maintaining an endotaxial relationship with the matrix lattice. This nanophase segregation and the resultant lattice mismatch at interfaces introduce... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98d8q3vv Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Li, Zhi Sarkar, Debattam Ribet, Stephanie M Zhao, Hengdi Xie, Hongyao Yanda, Premakumar Li, Juncen Dong, Jinfeng Yan, Alfred Shekhar, Chandra Yan, Qingyu Snyder, G Jeffrey Grayson, Matthew A Felser, Claudia dos Reis, Roberto Wolverton, Christopher Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Dravid, Vinayak P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8128g0j0 Medium-entropy semiconductors represent a unique category of entropy-engineered materials. They possess a considerable level of randomness in atomic mixing, although this is not sufficient to conclusively achieve single-phase structure stabilization, in contrast to high-entropy materials. This introduces strong competition between the formation of different phases, which can potentially lead to structural heterogeneity. In this work, we uncover endotaxial nanoprecipitates in the microscopically identified homogeneous medium-entropy semiconductor AgMnSbPbTe₄. These nanoprecipitates initially crystallize in a cubic phase (<i>Fm</i>3̅<i>m</i>) within kinetically stabilized AgMnSbPbTe₄, subsequently evolving into a thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase (<i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>) during thermal annealing while maintaining an endotaxial relationship with the matrix lattice. This nanophase segregation and the resultant lattice mismatch at interfaces introduce... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8128g0j0 Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Li, Zhi Sarkar, Debattam Ribet, Stephanie M Zhao, Hengdi Xie, Hongyao Yanda, Premakumar Li, Juncen Dong, Jinfeng Yan, Alfred Shekhar, Chandra Yan, Qingyu Snyder, G Jeffrey Grayson, Matthew A Felser, Claudia dos Reis, Roberto Wolverton, Christopher Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Dravid, Vinayak P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68x6v6dv Medium-entropy semiconductors represent a unique category of entropy-engineered materials. They possess a considerable level of randomness in atomic mixing, although this is not sufficient to conclusively achieve single-phase structure stabilization, in contrast to high-entropy materials. This introduces strong competition between the formation of different phases, which can potentially lead to structural heterogeneity. In this work, we uncover endotaxial nanoprecipitates in the microscopically identified homogeneous medium-entropy semiconductor AgMnSbPbTe₄. These nanoprecipitates initially crystallize in a cubic phase (<i>Fm</i>3̅<i>m</i>) within kinetically stabilized AgMnSbPbTe₄, subsequently evolving into a thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase (<i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>) during thermal annealing while maintaining an endotaxial relationship with the matrix lattice. This nanophase segregation and the resultant lattice mismatch at interfaces introduce... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68x6v6dv Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Li, Zhi Sarkar, Debattam Ribet, Stephanie M Zhao, Hengdi Xie, Hongyao Yanda, Premakumar Li, Juncen Dong, Jinfeng Yan, Alfred Shekhar, Chandra Yan, Qingyu Snyder, G Jeffrey Grayson, Matthew A Felser, Claudia dos Reis, Roberto Wolverton, Christopher Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Dravid, Vinayak P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tr8s8jb Medium-entropy semiconductors represent a unique category of entropy-engineered materials. They possess a considerable level of randomness in atomic mixing, although this is not sufficient to conclusively achieve single-phase structure stabilization, in contrast to high-entropy materials. This introduces strong competition between the formation of different phases, which can potentially lead to structural heterogeneity. In this work, we uncover endotaxial nanoprecipitates in the microscopically identified homogeneous medium-entropy semiconductor AgMnSbPbTe₄. These nanoprecipitates initially crystallize in a cubic phase (<i>Fm</i>3̅<i>m</i>) within kinetically stabilized AgMnSbPbTe₄, subsequently evolving into a thermodynamically stable monoclinic phase (<i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i>) during thermal annealing while maintaining an endotaxial relationship with the matrix lattice. This nanophase segregation and the resultant lattice mismatch at interfaces introduce... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tr8s8jb Tue, 17 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Li, Zhi Sarkar, Debattam Ribet, Stephanie M Zhao, Hengdi Xie, Hongyao Yanda, Premakumar Li, Juncen Dong, Jinfeng Yan, Alfred Shekhar, Chandra Yan, Qingyu Snyder, G Jeffrey Grayson, Matthew A Felser, Claudia dos Reis, Roberto Wolverton, Christopher Kanatzidis, Mercouri G Dravid, Vinayak P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/405251j9 Despite their adaptability and mechanical stability, Pickering emulsions based on the interfacial assembly of colloidal particles have not found use in iontronics, since the dense interfacial packing of micron-sized particles precludes functional connectivity between two droplets. Here, we introduce a chemically reconfigurable droplet interface bilayer (DIB) platform based on the interfacial assembly of nanoparticle-surfactants (NPSs) that enables spontaneous or field-induced formation of ion-conducting nanochannels, eliminating the need of ionophores or nanochannel-forming proteins. These nanoscopic channels emerge from packing defects in the jammed interfacial assemblies of the charged NPSs and support size and charge selective, hysteretic ion transport governed by interfacial electrostatics and dimensional constraints. The NPS-DIBs show short-term and long-term plasticity, hallmarks of neuromorphic behavior, that are mediated by the structural and chemical design of the bilayer.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/405251j9 Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Wu, Xuefei Xue, Han Fink, Zachary Xia, Zhiqin Sarma, Nivedina A Gan, Xuchen Katsaras, John Ercius, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-9976 Rad, Behzad Helms, Brett A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-4174 Ashby, Paul D Omar, Ahmad K https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-7612 Collier, C Patrick Russell, Thomas P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-5826 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c53c9m6 Unraveling the Origin of Glassy Thermal Transport in Medium-Entropy Semiconductors: From Nanoscale Phase Segregation to Atomic-Scale Lattice Distortion https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9c53c9m6 Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Yukun Ribet, Stephanie Kanatzidis, Mercouri dos Reis, Roberto Dravid, Vinayak https://escholarship.org/uc/item/85v6k9x8 This perspective highlights the evolution of techniques for automating the synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals. Over the past 25 years, microfluidic reactors and robotic workflows have been developed to enhance the reproducibility of nanocrystal synthesis, facilitate rapid screening of reaction conditions, optimize material properties, and perform multistep syntheses of high-quality nanoparticles with complex heterostructures. Modern automated systems are now valued for their ability to generate robust data sets for validating physical models, supporting chemical mechanisms, training machine learning models, and for directing autonomous experimentation. We discuss the early challenges and limitations of these technologies and present key lessons for effectively utilizing automated and ML-guided tools to accelerate nanocrystal discovery for the next 25 years. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/85v6k9x8 Wed, 11 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chan, Emory M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-0146 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71f2t0ch We present an experimental and theoretical study of the interplay between ultrafast electron dynamics and librational dynamics in liquid nitrobenzene. A femtosecond ultraviolet pulse and two femtosecond near-infrared pulses interact with nitrobenzene molecules, generating a four-wave mixing nonlinear signal measured in the Optical Kerr Effect geometry. The signal is measured to be nonzero only at negative time delays, corresponding to the near-infrared pulses arriving before the ultraviolet pulse. We perform time-dependent Quantum Master Equation calculations with classical libration to simulate the experiment. The simulations support the conclusion that the near-infrared pulses launch librational motion while creating electronic coherences resulting in a libration-modulated electronic nonlinear response. The analysis of the phase-matched four-wave mixing signals suggests a nonparametric process leaving the molecules in an excited electronic state, providing new insight into ultrafast... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71f2t0ch Wed, 11 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Shivaram, Niranjan Thurston, Richard Belkacem, Ali Weber, Thorsten https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-2704 Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Slaughter, Daniel S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-4552 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2930c6kw Applications of deep learning (DL) to design nanomaterials are hampered by a lack of suitable data representations and training data. Here we report efforts to overcome these limitations and leverage DL to optimize the nonlinear optical properties of core–shell upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). UCNPs, which have applications in fields such as biosensing, super-resolution microscopy and three-dimensional printing, can emit visible and ultraviolet light from near-infrared excitations. We report a large-scale dataset of UCNP emission spectra based on accurate but expensive kinetic Monte Carlo simulations (N &gt; 6,000) and use these data to train a heterogeneous graph neural network using a physically motivated representation of UCNP nanostructure. Applying gradient-based optimization on the trained graph neural network, we identify structures with 6.5× higher predicted emission under 800-nm illumination than any UCNP in our training set. Our work reveals design principles for... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2930c6kw Wed, 11 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Sivonxay, Eric Attia, Lucas Spotte-Smith, Evan Walter Clark Sanchez-Lengeling, Benjamin Xia, Xiaojing Barter, Daniel Chan, Emory M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-0146 Blau, Samuel M https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74w4w3hf Catalysis research has witnessed remarkable progress with the advent of in situ and operando techniques. These methods enable the study of catalysts under actual operating conditions, providing unprecedented insights into catalytic mechanisms and dynamic catalyst behavior. This review discusses key in situ techniques and their applications in catalysis research. Advances in in situ electron microscopy allow direct visualization of catalysts at the atomic scale under reaction conditions. In situ spectroscopy techniques like X-ray absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can track chemical states and reveal transient intermediates. Synchrotron-based techniques offer enhanced capabilities for in situ studies. The integration of in situ methods with machine learning and computational modeling provides a powerful approach to accelerate catalyst optimization. However, challenges remain regarding radiation damage, instrumentation limitations, and data interpretation.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74w4w3hf Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chen, Linfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-3197 Ding, Xinzhi Wang, Zheren Xu, Shutao Jiang, Qike Dun, Chaochao Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xp0v1mx In ultrafast time-resolved experiments with gas phase molecules, the alignment of the molecular axis relative to the polarization of the interacting laser pulses plays a crucial role in determining the dynamics following this light-matter interaction. The molecular axis distribution is influenced by the interacting pulses and is intrinsically linked to the electronic coherences of the excited molecules. However, in typical theoretical calculations of such interactions, the signal is either calculated for a single molecule in the molecular frame or averaged over all possible molecular orientations to compare with the experiment. Such averaging removes information about anisotropy in the molecular-axis distribution, even though anisotropic contributions can play a significant role in the measured experimental signal. Here, we calculate the laboratory frame transient electronic first-order polarization [P(1)] spectra in terms of separated molecular frame and laboratory frame quantities.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xp0v1mx Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kumar, Shashank Liu, Eric Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Makhija, Varun Shivaram, Niranjan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kg7h2sf Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations present a data-mining challenge, given that they can generate a considerable amount of data but often rely on limited or biased human interpretation to examine their information content. By not asking the right questions of MD data we may miss critical information hidden within it. We combine dimensionality reduction (UMAP) and unsupervised hierarchical clustering (HDBSCAN) to quantitatively characterize the coordination environment of chemical species within MD data. By focusing on local coordination, we significantly reduce the amount of data to be analyzed by extracting all distinct molecular formulas within a given coordination sphere. We then efficiently combine UMAP and HDBSCAN with alignment or shape-matching algorithms to classify these formulas into distinct structural isomer families. The outcome is a quantitative mapping of the multiple coordination environments present in the MD data. The method was employed to reveal details of... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kg7h2sf Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Roncoroni, Fabrice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6402-3752 Sanz-Matias, Ana Sundararaman, Siddharth Prendergast, David https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s14x7d0 Plant roots release a wide array of metabolites into the rhizosphere, shaping microbial communities and their functions. While metagenomics has expanded our understanding of these communities, little is known about the physiology of their members in host environments. Transcriptome analysis via RNA sequencing is a common approach to learning more, but its use has been challenging because of low bacterial biomass and interference from plant RNA. To overcome this, we developed a randomly-barcoded promoter-library insertion sequencing (RB-PI-seq) combined with chassis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE). Using Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 as a model rhizobacterium, this method enabled targeted amplification of barcoded transcripts, bypassing plant RNA interference and allowing measurement of thousands of promoter activities during Arabidopsis root colonization. Our analysis revealed temporally resolved transcriptional regulation, including those associated with... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3s14x7d0 Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Honda, Tomoya Yu, Sora Mai, Dung Baumgart, Leo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-5897 Chan, Emory M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-0146 Babnigg, Gyorgy Yoshikuni, Yasuo https://escholarship.org/uc/item/165239d1 Reversible H2 Storage In article 2300310, Vitalie Stavila, Jeffrey J. Urban, and co‐workers unleashed the full potential of hydrogen storage with rGO: This innovative material catalyzes hydrogen bond breakage at the Mg‐amide/Li hydride interface, leading to faster dehydrogenation. The nanosizing effect of rGO shortens hydrogen diffusion paths, boosting the speed of dehydrogenation compared to conventional methods. This discovery offers a cutting‐edge solution for designing metal imide composites that achieve optimal, efficient hydrogen storage performance. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/165239d1 Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Dun, Chaochao Li, Sichi Chen, Linfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-3197 Horton, Robert D Allendorf, Mark D Wood, Brandon C Stavila, Vitalie Urban, Jeffrey J https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vm8829f Power generation through the anomalous Nernst effect in topological Weyl materials has several advantages over conventional thermoelectrics due to the transverse geometry. However, the magnitude of the anomalous Nernst conductivity (ANC) in most known materials is too small to be of practical use, and there exist few guiding principles for finding materials with optimal thermoelectric properties. This work shows that the ANC is maximal when there is a “coactive-staggered” feature in the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC). It is shown that a minimal arrangement of two Weyl pairs leads to such a feature, and tuning the separations between the pairs controls the temperature at which the ANC is maximal. Several methods are proposed for creating such arrangements of Weyl points starting from Dirac semimetal materials. It is also demonstrated how an existing coactive-staggered AHC in a Heusler material can be exploited, by collectively tuning the positions of the Weyl points through... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vm8829f Fri, 6 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Ivanov, Vsevolod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-2603 Banyas, Ella Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jp5v7dt Halide perovskites are known for their rich phase diagram and superior performance in diverse optoelectronics applications. The latter property is often attributed to the long electron-hole recombination time, whose underlying physical mechanism has been a long-standing controversy. In this Letter, we investigate the transport and localization properties of electron and hole carriers in a prototypical halide perovskite (CsPbBr_{3}), through ab&nbsp;initio tight-binding nonadiabatic dynamics approach for large-scale (tens of nm size) supercell calculations, to simulate electron and ion dynamics on the same footing. We found distinct structural, lattice polarization, and electron-phonon coupling properties at low (below 100&nbsp;K) and high temperatures, consistent with experimental observations. In particular, at low temperature we find spontaneous formation of polar grain boundaries in the nonpolar bulk systems, which result in two-dimensional polarization patterns that serve... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jp5v7dt Fri, 6 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Grieder, Andrew Andrade, Marcos Calegari Takenaka, Hiroyuki Ogitsu, Tadashi Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Ping, Yuan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z97d8wn Transition metal nitrides are reactive intermediates in biological and industrial processes. Chemists have synthesized molecular model complexes of such reactive species to understand their function and electronic requirements for new applications. However, molecular chemistry can suffer from intra- and intermolecular decomposition pathways, which preclude further discovery of unknown reactive species. Metal-organic frameworks offer an opportunity for creating long-lived forms of such species with the vacuum of the pore suppressing degradation while simultaneously enabling substrate access for controlled reactivity studies. Here, we report the characterization of an elusive terminal cobalt nitride species generated through photolysis or thermolysis of a site-isolated cobalt azide within the evacuated metal-organic framework CoN₃-MFU-4<i>l</i>. The first crystal structure of such a species is presented, with vibrational, X-ray absorption, and electron paramagnetic resonance... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z97d8wn Thu, 5 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Börgel, Jonas Removski, Nicole Taylor, Jordan W Hasanbasri, Zikri Chakarawet, Khetpakorn Heyer, Alexander J Smith, Patrick W Zakaria, N Isaac Ngo, Danh X Klein, Ryan A Paley, Maria V Allen, Vincent R Dun, Chaochao Jiang, Henry ZH Rustad, Nykita Z Chang, Tieyan Chen, Ying-Pin Luna, Mauricio Lopez Yang, Wanli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0666-8063 Barnett, Brandon R Reimer, Jeffrey A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-3725 Chen, Yu-Sheng Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 Blum, Monika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2918-9092 Minasian, Stefan G https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1346-7497 Solomon, Edward I Britt, R David Harris, T David Long, Jeffrey R https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-1321 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zq5b4ww Unraveling nanoscale corrosion pathways is essential for understanding materials degradation mechanisms and designing corrosion-resistant metal alloys. Here, we directly visualize the corrosion of Pt-Ni nanododecahedra in 0.1 M HCl using liquid cell TEM. Each nanoparticle features a Ni-rich core and a Pt-rich frame. Our observation reveals that corrosion proceeds in two distinct stages: first the Ni-rich core dissolves without forming porosity, yielding small Pt nanocrystals and transient NiCl₂·6H₂O at the retreating interfaces; then the Pt-rich frame fragments into ∼5 nm Pt₃Ni nanocrystals that subsequently dissolve uniformly, accompanied by fleeting Pt chlorides. A percolation-based theory explains the observed behaviors: The core's ∼8% Pt lies below the Pt connectivity threshold, preventing Pt scaffold formation, whereas the frame's 48% Ni exceeds the Ni percolation threshold and collapses. Ordered Pt₃Ni suppresses Ni percolation,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zq5b4ww Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zheng, Jiana Zhang, Qiubo Lee, Daewon Chen, Yi Bustillo, Karen C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2096-6078 Zheng, Haimei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-4170 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ts2g2gw Transition metal dichalcogenides possess valley pseudospin, enabling coupling between photon spin and electron spin for classical and quantum information processing. However, rapid valley-dephasing processes have impeded the development of scalable, high-performance valleytronic devices operating at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that a chiral resonant metasurface can enable room-temperature valley-selective emission in MoSe2 monolayers independent of excitation polarization. This platform provides circular eigen-polarization states with a high quality factor (Q-factor) and strong chiral near-field enhancement. The fabricated Si chiral metasurfaces exhibit chiroptical resonances with Q-factors up to 450 at visible wavelengths. We reveal degrees of circular polarization (DOP) reaching a record high of 0.5 at room temperature. Our measurements show that the high DOP can be attributed to the significantly increased chiroptical local density of states, which enhances valley-specific... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ts2g2gw Mon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Pan, Feng Li, Xin Johnson, Amalya C Dhuey, Scott Saunders, Ashley Hu, Meng-Xia Dixon, Jefferson P Dagli, Sahil Lau, Sze-Cheung Weng, Tingting Chen, Chih-Yi Zeng, Jun-Hao Apte, Rajas Heinz, Tony F Liu, Fang Deng, Zi-Lan Dionne, Jennifer A https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18m805ds The microscopic structure of water’s surface is crucial to many natural and industrial processes, but studying its hydrogen bond (H-bond) network directly remains challenging due to the required interfacial sensitivity of experimental techniques. By leveraging advances in flat liquid sheet microjets and terawatt-scale attosecond soft X-ray pulses from the LCLS X-ray free electron laser, we employed soft X-ray second harmonic generation (SXSHG) spectroscopy to examine the liquid water/vapor interface. SXSHG combines the elemental selectivity of X-ray spectroscopies with the surface selectivity of SHG and gives access to the electronic structure of interfacial species. Here, we show the SXSHG spectrum differs from bulk water’s X-ray absorption, with its peak shifted several eV, indicating a vastly different electronic environment at the interface as compared to the bulk. First-principles electronic structure calculations show the signal is highly sensitive to H-bond interactions,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18m805ds Mon, 23 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Hoffman, David J Devlin, Shane W Garratt, Douglas Jamnuch, Sasawat Spies, Jacob A Nebgen, Bailey R Schacher, Daniel Do, Alexandria Bernal, Franky Riffe, Erika J Kunnus, Kristjan Hampton, Christina Y Duris, Joseph Cesar, David Sudar, Nicholas Dakovski, Georgi L Drisdell, Walter S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-4562 Lawler, Keith V Marinelli, Agostino Zuerch, Michael W Saykally, Richard J https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8942-3656 Schwartz, Craig P Pascal, Tod A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-1143 Koralek, Jake D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dq7s3n4 Nonlinear optical phenomena are generally governed by geometry in matter systems, as they depend on the spatial arrangement of atoms within materials or molecules. Metasurfaces, through precisely designed geometries on a subwavelength scale, allow the optical response of a material to be tailored far beyond its natural properties. Therefore, metasurfaces are highly appealing for enabling the engineering of nonlinear optical interactions. Current studies of nonlinear metasurfaces predominantly focus on the phase control of the generated light. Nonetheless, investigating the tensorial nature of the nonlinearity of metasurfaces and its effect on the polarization of the generated light is critical to fully unlocking a range of applications, such as nonlinear vector beam generation and nonlinear polarization imaging. Here, we study the artificial optical nonlinearity of a dielectric metasurface originating from its meta-atom symmetry and describe the third-order nonlinear behavior... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dq7s3n4 Tue, 17 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Yue, Fuyong Balistreri, Giacomo Montaut, Nicola Riminucci, Fabrizio Toma, Andrea Piccoli, Riccardo Cabrini, Stefano Morandotti, Roberto Razzari, Luca https://escholarship.org/uc/item/194732rx Stabilizing multiple elements within a single phase enables the creation of advanced materials with exceptional properties arising from their complex composition. However, under equilibrium conditions, the Hume-Rothery rules impose strict limitations on solid-state miscibility, restricting combinations of elements with mismatched crystal structures, atomic radii, valence states, or electronegativities. This severely narrows the accessible compositional space for creating new inorganic materials. In this review, we highlight how non-equilibrium synthesis methods, featuring ultrafast heating and quenching, can overcome these thermodynamic barriers, enabling integration of immiscible elements into metastable and high-entropy nanostructures. The resulting materials benefit from both kinetic trapping and stabilization by high configurational entropy, leading to enhanced phase stability. These materials can exhibit unique structural and functional properties that are needed for advancing... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/194732rx Tue, 17 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Liu, Shuo Dun, Chaochao Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 Swihart, Mark T https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9550v339 Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) enables 3D imaging of complex, radiation-sensitive structures with molecular detail. However, image contrast from the interference of scattered electrons is nonlinear with atomic density and multiple scattering further complicates interpretation. These effects degrade resolution, particularly in conventional reconstruction algorithms, which assume linearity. Particle averaging can reduce such issues but is unsuitable for heterogeneous or dynamic samples ubiquitous in biology, chemistry, and materials sciences. Here, we develop a phase retrieval-based cryo-ET method, PhaseT3M. We experimentally demonstrate its application to an approximately 7 nm Co3O4 nanoparticle on an approximately 30 nm carbon substrate, achieving a maximum resolution of 1.6 Å, surpassing conventional limits using standard cryo-TEM equipment. PhaseT3M uses a multislice model for multiple scattering and Bayesian optimization for alignment and computational aberration correction,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9550v339 Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, Juhyeok https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-5728 Song, Samuel W https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2493-1861 Cho, Min Gee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4490-7352 Varnavides, Georgios Ribet, Stephanie M Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Scott, Mary C Whittaker, Michael L https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-3409 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6x86q1jc True plastic strain-controlled low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were performed on the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy in two conditions: thermally precharged with hydrogen (H-precharged) and non-charged. Serrated flow was observed during the first cycle in the H-precharged condition, likely due to hydrogen pinning mobile dislocations. This behavior is suppressed with further straining, most likely by the increase in dislocation density. Internal hydrogen increases the cyclic strength of this alloy at all plastic strain amplitudes by enhancing the effective component of the flow stresses. Furthermore, the evolution of back stresses during LCF testing at different strain amplitudes is not influenced by the presence of hydrogen, suggesting that the strengths of the dislocation structures evolve similarly in both conditions. However, transmission electron microscopy reveals that dislocation cell formation is similar in specimens with and without hydrogen at high amplitudes but is limited... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6x86q1jc Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Oliveira, Dayane M San Marchi, Christopher W George, Easo P Nahin, Ayeman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-9098 Zhang, Mingwei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-8357 Gibeling, Jeffery C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0061-2838 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/79x3p521 Over the recent few years, extensive research efforts have shifted from normal (n-i-p) to inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), owing to their promising efficiency and operational stability, enabled by low-temperature processing. Despite a fundamentally identical operation principle (only structurally inverted), the optimized perovskite compositions for normal and inverted PSCs differ significantly across the literature, suggesting an underlying design principle for perovskite composition. Here, we unveil the role of cesium cation in enhancing interfacial contact between the perovskite layer and the underlying hole-transporting layer (HTL) in inverted PSCs. Comprehensive in situ and device characterization reveal that cesium incorporation promotes the formation of initial nucleation seeds for heterogeneous nucleation at the perovskite/hydrophobic HTL interface, thereby improving their contact. The resulting compositional heterogeneity explains the focus of recent studies... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/79x3p521 Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Park, Keonwoo Zhang, Dongbo Lee, Do-Kyoung Kodalle, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-9669 Lee, Dong-Jun Lee, Joo-Hong Choi, Seung-Gu Kim, Ga-Yeong Kim, Jae-Hwan Lee, Gwanghee Park, Ji-Sang Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Lee, Jin-Wook https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j90w9ns Tetravacancies in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with consistent edge termination (boron or nitrogen) form triangular nanopores with electrostatic potentials that can be leveraged for applications such as selective ion transport and neuromorphic computing. In order to quantitatively predict the properties of these structures, an atomic-level understanding of their local electronic and chemical environments is required. Moreover, robust methods for their precision manufacture are needed. Here we use electron irradiation in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) at a high dose rate to drive the formation of boron-terminated tetravacancies in monolayer hBN. Characterization of the defects is achieved using aberration-corrected STEM, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and electron ptychography. Z-contrast in STEM and chemical fingerprinting by core-loss EELS enable identification of the edge terminations, while electron ptychography gives... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j90w9ns Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Byrne, Dana O Ribet, Stephanie M Kepaptsoglou, Demie Ramasse, Quentin M Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Allen, Frances I https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0942k4dm Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography enables unprecedented resolution in semiconductor patterning but faces critical challenges in developing resist materials that achieve high-precision at economically viable throughput. Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) offers a promising solution for pattern rectification by leveraging thermodynamically determined domain structures to decouple BCP pattern quality from the imperfect original lithographic pattern. This prospective presents an overview of recent progress on the EUV + DSA strategy, covering advances in BCP material design, processing, metrology, and pattern transfer. We highlight recent advances in high-χ BCPs with perpendicular orientation and domain spacings compatible with EUV dimensions, leveraging A-b-(B-r-C) architectures. We also discuss progress in chemical pre-pattern fabrication using both positive- and negative tone resists, along with processing strategies to minimize defects and roughness based... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0942k4dm Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, Kyunghyeon Kim, Ki Hyun Vargo, Emma Craig, Gordon SW Ruiz, Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-4281 Nealey, Paul F https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0176259c In the quest to accelerate scientific discovery, the materials science field is rapidly moving toward the implementation of robotics and artificial intelligence driven workflows. Our recent summer school “Future Labs: Robotic Synthesis Coupled with Machine Learning for Energy Materials” provided learning opportunities for students, researchers, and educators in the materials science community. We describe this experience and provide our perspective on which new directions could be pursued to enable the future workforce to acquire cross-disciplinary skills. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0176259c Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Sun, Shijing https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7189404g 2D layered double perovskites of (S-MPA)4AgBiI8 (MPA-AgBiI8) and (S-MPA)4CuBiI8 (MPA-CuBiI8) (S-MPA, S-β-methylphenethylammonium) were synthesized with a hydrothermal method. The crystal structure of MPA-AgBiI8 was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD). Powder XRD (pXRD) data suggest that the crystal structure of MPA-CuBiI8 is more complex than that of MPA-AgBiI8. UV–vis electronic absorption spectra of these perovskites reveal a bandgap of 2.03 eV for both. Short exciton lifetime from time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) results and low PL intensity of the Cu-based perovskite suggest a high density of trap states within the bandgap. Low frequency Raman spectra of both materials show distinct peaks and a slightly higher frequency for the Cu-based perovskite than the Ag-based perovskite. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to simulate the low frequency Raman spectra and help explain the different phonon modes, which are collective vibrations... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7189404g Sat, 7 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhang, Heng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-5403 Leano, Remi J Xie, Geng Todd, Celia Liu, Jieping Johnstone, Timothy C https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-4530 Lederman, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-5138 Pang, Qi Sang, Lingzi Strubbe, David A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-5532 Zhang, Jin Z https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54p578d0 A series of iridium-cobalt (Ir-Co) oxide catalysts were synthesized using a modified surfactant-assisted Adams fusion method and evaluated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in both acidic and alkaline media. The effect of varying the Ir/Co ratio was systematically studied and compared with commercial Ir black and pure IrO2 samples. The actual elemental ratios were quantified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Among the synthesized samples, the Ir6Co4 catalyst exhibited the best performance in acidic media, achieving an iR-corrected overpotential of 292 mV. In alkaline conditions, it demonstrated comparable activity to Ir black, with an iR-corrected overpotential of 263 mV. XPS and electron energy loss spectroscopy analyses revealed that increasing Co content led to a higher fraction of metallic Ir (Ir0) in the catalyst. In addition, the role of Ir3+ in enhancing... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54p578d0 Wed, 28 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Labata, Marc Francis Mora, Joy Marie Li, Guangfu Ciston, Jim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-5747 Chuang, Po-Ya Abel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86z4v0dg Many members of the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) family of oxides display an incommensurate periodic lattice distortion, the nature of which has been the subject of some controversy. Here we present a study of this structural modulation in the relaxor ferroelectric Ba5SmSn3Nb7O30 (BSSN) by quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). We characterize the modulation in BSSN by employing a fast, pixelated direct electron detector to perform high resolution phase contrast STEM imaging of the crystalline lattice. By quantitatively analyzing the images, we visualize the atomic structural correlations present in the material on both the cation and anion sublattices. This analysis reveals the incommensurate structure to have an octahedral tilting pattern and cooperative A2 site cation displacements, analogous to an Ama2 commensurate cell. Finally, we show that the modulation is composed of a structural motif with a period of 3 x d 1 1 ¯ 0 and modified by discommensurations,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86z4v0dg Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Funni, Stephen D Ercius, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-9976 Calderon, Sebastian Dickey, Elizabeth C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xv6s730 Colour centres provide an optical interface to quantum registers based on electron and nuclear spin qubits in solids. The T centre in silicon is an emerging spin–photon interface that combines telecom O-band optical transitions and an electron spin in a scalable photonics platform. Here we integrate T centres into single-mode photonic waveguides in a silicon-on-insulator platform. We demonstrate the initialization, coherent control and state read-out of a three-qubit register based on the electron spin of a T centre coupled to a hydrogen and a silicon nuclear spin. The spin register exhibits spin echo coherence times of 0.41(2) ms for the electron spin, 112(12) ms for the hydrogen nuclear spin and 67(7) ms for the silicon nuclear spin. We use nuclear–nuclear two-qubit gates to generate entanglement between the two nuclear spins with a fidelity of F = 0.77(3) and a coherence time of T2*=2.60(8)$${T}_{2}^{* }=2.60(8)$$ ms. Our results show that a T centre in silicon photonics can... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xv6s730 Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Song, Hanbin Zhang, Xueyue Komza, Lukasz Fiaschi, Niccolo Xiong, Yihuang Zhi, Yiyang Dhuey, Scott Schwartzberg, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6335-0719 Schenkel, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-9252 Hautier, Geoffroy Zhang, Zi-Huai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-9790 Sipahigil, Alp https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-5272 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jj8d6kj The multiple crystalline terminations in magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2 display distinct topological and trivial surface states, which have successfully been distinguished experimentally. However, a model of pure terminations is known to be inadequate because these surfaces exhibit a high degree of spatial heterogeneity and point disorder. Here, we perform a spectromicroscopy study of the surface chemistry and surface electronic structure using photoemission measurements in combination with first-principles calculations of core levels. We identify an intermediate region with properties distinct from both the sulfur and tin terminations, and demonstrate that the spectral features in this region can be associated with a disordered termination with a varying density of surface tin vacancies. This work establishes heuristics for identifying variable surface disorder using photoemission, an important prerequisite to experimentally establishing the behavior of momentum-space topological... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jj8d6kj Tue, 27 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Sreedhar, Sudheer Anand Staab, Matthew Chen, Mingkun Prater, Robert Shen, Zihao Conti, Giuseppina Sidilkover, Ittai Wu, Zhenghong Rotenberg, Eli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3979-8844 Bostwick, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9008-2980 Jozwiak, Chris Soifer, Hadas Nemsak, Slavomir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-2925 Savrasov, Sergey Y Ivanov, Vsevolod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-2603 Taufour, Valentin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-9960 Vishik, Inna M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8534-9329 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71g8589v Mn-rich disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathode materials exhibit a phase transformation from a disordered to a partially disordered spinel-like structure (δ-phase) during electrochemical cycling. In this computational study, we use charge-informed molecular dynamics with a fine-tuned CHGNet foundation potential to investigate the phase transformation in LixMn0.8Ti0.1O1.9F0.1. Our results indicate that transition metal migration occurs and reorders to form the spinel-like ordering in an FCC anion framework. The transformed structure contains a higher concentration of nontransition metal (0-TM) face-sharing channels, which are known to improve Li transport kinetics. Analysis of the Mn valence distribution suggests that the appearance of tetrahedral Mn2+ is a consequence of spinel-like ordering, rather than the trigger for cation migration as previously suggested. Calculated equilibrium intercalation voltage profiles demonstrate that the δ-phase, unlike the ordered spinel, exhibits solid-solution... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71g8589v Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Zhong, Peichen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-1628 Deng, Bowen Anand, Shashwat Mishra, Tara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3000-2555 Ceder, Gerbrand https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-3605 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d85m77n Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles are attractive single-molecule imaging probes due to their high photostability and anti-Stokes luminescence. However, achieving both small particle size and strong brightness has remained a major challenge, as reducing size often leads to dimmer emission. Herein, we fabricate a sub-10 nm cascade actively protected upconversion nanoparticles, which shows a 33-fold enhanced upconversion efficiency at the single-particle level compared to larger ~19 nm conventional&nbsp;nanoparticles. Theoretical modeling and time-resolved measurements show that emission loss mainly comes from energy leakage of Er3+ ions to surface defects. By introducing a NaYbF4 layer as photon-harvesting and protective intermediate layer, we minimize this energy loss and significantly boost brightness. A monolayer of inert NaLuF4 can effectively suppress the surface quenching to Yb3+. Using these ultra-small bright probes, we successfully tracked single epidermal growth... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d85m77n Thu, 22 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Qiu, Xiaochen Guan, Daoming Xia, Xiaojing Ling, Huan Hu, Jialing Zhang, Yunxiang Chan, Emory https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-0146 Li, Fuyou Liu, Qian https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sj7r429 Photosynthesis is the foundation of the vast majority of life systems, and is therefore the most important bioenergetic process on earth. The greatest diversity of photosynthetic systems is found in microorganisms. However, our understanding of the biophysical and biochemical processes that transduce light into chemical energy is derived from a relatively small subset of proteins from microbes that are amenable to cultivation, in contrast to the huge number of predicted proteins that catalyze the initial photochemical reactions deposited in databases, such as from metagenomics. We describe the use of a <i>Rhodobacter sphaeroides</i> laboratory strain for the expression of heterologous photosynthesis genes to demonstrate the feasibility of mining this resource, focusing on hot spring <i>Chloroflexota</i> gene sequences. Using a synthetic operon of genes, we produced a photochemically active complex of reaction center proteins in our biological system. We also present bioinformatic... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sj7r429 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Rehman, Yasir Kim, Younghoon Tong, Michelle Blaby, Ian K https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1631-3154 Blaby-Haas, Crysten E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-1291 Beatty, J Thomas https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x92q6xn The development of thin-film transistors (TFTs) using 2D materials is crucial for enabling scalable, low-cost, and flexible electronics. Currently, 2D TFTs with the highest performance have been achieved by using ionic-liquid gating (ILG), a technique suited for proof-of-concept studies. However, ILG suffers from slow switching speeds, temperature sensitivity, poor long-term stability, and integration challenges, making it unsuitable for practical use. Moreover, typical fabrication methods for 2D TFTs involve harsh conditions such as strong acids or high temperatures (&gt;300&nbsp;°C), limiting integration with flexible substrates. This work provides the first demonstration of an ILG-free, all-2D-material TFT fabricated onto a flexible substrate. Water-based graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) inks are printed to deposit the electrodes and dielectric layers, respectively. The MoS₂ channel is produced via supramolecular interfacial self-assembly, yielding uniform,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x92q6xn Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chen, Liming Parvez, Khaled Nepa, Francesco Dimaggio, Elisabetta Dun, Chaochao Read, Oliver Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 Fiori, Gianluca Casiraghi, Cinzia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bq581m7 We observe blockade of microwave photons in a Tavis-Cummings system comprising a superconducting cavity and up to transmon qubits. The effect is characterized with photon-number-resolving spectroscopy using an additional dispersively coupled transmon “witness” qubit to directly probe the cavity’s photon-number distribution. We first observe polariton formation with splitting proportional to , confirming the Tavis-Cummings coupling, and subsequently obtain sub-Poissonian cavity photon statistics when the cavity is driven at polariton frequencies. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2bq581m7 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Marinelli, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5421-0829 Rubin, Alex H https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2829-6057 Norman, Victoria A Yang, Santai Naik, Ravi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-7321 Niedzielski, Bethany M Kim, David K Das, Rabindra Schwartz, Mollie Santiago, David I Spitzer, Christopher Siddiqi, Irfan Radulaski, Marina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-3716 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6585f4nb Considerable inroads have recently been made on algorithms to determine the sample potential from four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy data from thick samples where multiple scattering cannot be neglected. This paper further develops the scattering matrix approach to such structure determination. Through simulation, we demonstrate how this approach can be modified to better handle partial spatial coherence, unknown probe defocus, and information from the dark field region. By combining these developments we reconstruct the electrostatic potential of a monolithic SrTiO3 crystal showing good quantitative agreement with the expected structure. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6585f4nb Thu, 15 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Terzoudis-Lumsden, Emmanuel WC Sadri, Alireza Weyland, Matthew Bourgeois, Laure Ribet, Stephanie M Varnavides, Georgios Ophus, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558 Petersen, Timothy C Findlay, Scott D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1md47456 Quantum sensors’ responsiveness to their physical environment enables detection of variables such as temperature (T), pressure (P), and strain. We present a molecular platform for PT sensing using para-terphenyl crystals doped with pentacene (PDP), leveraging optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of photoexcited triplet electron spins. We observe maximal frequency variations of df/dP=1.8 MHz/bar from 0-8 bar and df/dT=247 kHz/K from 79–330 K, over 1200 times and threefold greater, respectively, than those seen with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and &gt; 85-fold greater pressure sensitivity over the previous record. Density functional theory calculations indicate picometer-level PT-induced molecular orbital shifts are measurable via ODMR. PDP offers additional advantages including high sensor doping levels, narrow ODMR linewidths, high contrast, and low-cost single crystal growth. Overall, this work reports low-cost, optically-interrogated PT sensors and lays the foundation... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1md47456 Thu, 15 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Singh, Harpreet D’Souza, Noella Garrett, Joseph Singh, Angad Blankenship, Brian Druga, Emanuel Montis, Riccardo Tan, Liang Z https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6369 Ajoy, Ashok https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7th7524x Carbon capture is essential for mitigating climate change, yet most sorbents struggle to combine high capacity with chemical stability. Here we report core-shell-shell (CSS) nanocomposites that integrate adsorption efficiency with exceptional robustness. The design couples a metal-organic framework (MOF) core, which enriches local CO2 concentration, with a polyamine shell that is reorganized into a porous, ordered network through entanglement with an outer covalent organic framework (COF) shell. This hierarchical architecture enables dual amine functionalization via sequential “click” and Schiff-base reactions, achieving a CO2 uptake of 3.4 mmol g−1 at 1 bar. The COF outer layer also acts as a protective barrier, suppressing humidity interference and doubling cycling stability under simulated flue gas. Remarkably, the nanocomposites maintain structural integrity after one week in strongly acidic (3 M HNO3) or basic (NaOH, pH=14) environments, underscoring their chemical resilience.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7th7524x Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Yang, Sizhuo Mao, Haiyan Dun, Chaochao Liu, Jianfang Hou, Kaipeng Cai, Angela Wang, Jing Lee, Jane KJ Li, Donglin Lyu, Hao Chen, Zhouyi Lv, Xudong Zhuang, Hao Xu, Xueer Zheng, Xueli Ren, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-2321 Reimer, Jeffrey A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-3725 Cui, Yi Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rf2z660 Understanding the crystallization kinetics of Br–I mixed-halide WBG perovskite films, and their correlation to the crystallographic structure and charge transfer dynamics, is critical for advancing WBG perovskite devices. Despite many efforts to increase the photovoltaic performances of wide-bandgap (WBG, with a Br content above 20%) perovskite solar cells based on bromine–iodine (Br–I) mixed-halide perovskites, understanding the crystallization kinetics of WBG perovskite films, as well as the role of Br mixing in the crystallization kinetics, is still lacking. Furthermore, an overlooked aspect is the correlation of the halide compositions, crystallization kinetics, crystallographic structure, and charge transfer dynamics. Here, we unveil that Br–I mixed-halide WBG perovskite films undergo two intrinsically different crystallization kinetic processes. One is the intermediate solvent-complex phase-assisted growth (I-rich), and the other is top-to-bottom downward growth (Br-rich).... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rf2z660 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Li, Nian Pratap, Shambhavi Guo, Renjun He, Zirui Liang, Suzhe Jia, Xiangkun Gholipoor, Mohammad Babbe, Finn Barchi, Nicola S Slack, Jonathan L Tamura, Nobumichi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3698-2611 Qiao, Liang Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Müller-Buschbaum, Peter https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23j98801 Halide perovskites (HPs) have remarkable optoelectronic properties, and in the last decade their photovoltaic power conversion efficiency and light-emitting diode efficiency have skyrocketed. Despite the surge in research on these burgeoning materials, two key challenges in the field remain: material irreproducibility and instability. Their behavior is especially dynamic in response to environmental stressors, due to complex interactions with the perovskite crystal lattice. In this review, we survey the latest achievements in HP materials research accomplished with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI), through the implementation of automated experimentation and machine learning (ML) data analysis. Automated synthesis and characterization tackle problems with material irreproducibility by systematically controlling parameters with very high precision, creating massive datasets, and allowing methodical comparisons from which unbiased conclusions can be drawn. AI can reveal... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23j98801 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Hering, Abigail R Sutter-Fella, Carolin M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-0869 Leite, Marina S https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4888-8195 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4680q22g Lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg) are designated as critical mineral materials (CMM) due to their essential roles in clean energy technologies. However, extracting high-purity Li⁺ from brine remains a formidable challenge owing to the presence of Mg²⁺, a physicochemical similar ion that often exists in excess. Here, we introduce a polyoxoniobate-based "Mg-PONb sponge" that enables ultraselective and rapid Li⁺/Mg²⁺ separation across an exceptionally broad range of Mg/Li ratios (0.02 to 200.63). This framework achieves &gt;99.9% Mg²⁺ removal with negligible Li⁺ loss in under 1 min, yielding Li⁺/Mg²⁺ selectivity values exceeding 5000. The sponge demonstrates excellent recyclability, maintaining &gt;99% Mg²⁺ rejection and Li⁺ permeability across five regeneration cycles without structural degradation. Mechanistic investigations reveal that selective Mg²⁺ capture originates... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4680q22g Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Chen, Linfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0436-3197 Li, Chenyang Adibnia, Sahand Yang, Sizhuo Li, Jialu Samolova, Erika Dopilka, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3474-2187 Huang, Zhiyuan Giovine, Raynald https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7208-6929 Fleming, Xander B https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0102-5375 Guo, Jinghua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8576-2172 Haddad, Andrew Z https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9206-3505 Kostecki, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-8232 Chen, Wei Dun, Chaochao Urban, Jeffrey J https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kb3j78t Chemiresistive gas sensors based on semiconductor metal oxides, such as tin dioxide (SnO₂), are indispensable for detecting and monitoring toxic gases and pollutants, making them critical components in industrial and environmental applications. To enhance their performance, the metal oxides are loaded with noble metals such as palladium (Pd). However, ambient humidity poses a significant challenge to their performance. The presence of adsorbed water molecules on the oxide surface can considerably impair sensor sensitivity and overall performance. To address this issue, in this paper, we report on the application of an ultrathin, hydrophobic layer of hexamethyldisilazane to the surface of a Pd/SnO2 sensor. This study investigates the influence of hydrophobic surface modifications on the metal oxide interface, focusing on their impact on sensor sensitivity and selectivity. The resulting sensor exhibits superior hydrogen sensing capabilities, operating effectively at low temperatures... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kb3j78t Thu, 8 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Wei, Tzu-Chiao Ozbakir, Yaprak Min, Hyo Jun Chen, Yi Zheng, Haimei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-4170 Goel, Nishit Gurin, Ilya Bart, Stephen Carraro, Carlo Maboudian, Roya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5121-6560 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9006414q Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is critical in cell-matrix interactions and tissue remodeling. It influences tumor progression through its affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) - the most abundant plasma protein, which also plays a crucial role in drug delivery. Strong molecular binding leads to a dissociation constant K_D in the nanomolar range. Thus, determining K_D requires detecting sub-nanomolar concentrations with ultrasensitive methods. This may be crucial for elucidating the nature of SPARC-HSA binding, as their interaction remains a subject of debate. Capturing these interactions accurately requires a platform capable of resolving rapid binding kinetics at extremely low analyte concentrations. In this work, we report on a microfluidics-integrated photonic nanostructure that supports bound states in the continuum (BICs) and is optimized for studying the fast kinetics of high-affinity protein-protein interactions. The unprecedented... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9006414q Wed, 7 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Miranda, Bruno Mele, Vincenza Seifalinezhad, Aida Zito, Gianluigi Schwartzberg, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6335-0719 Mocella, Vito Rendina, Ivo Lamberti, Annalisa Sanità, Gennaro Romano, Silvia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d13j658 The corrosion dealloying behavior of cold-worked (CW) Ni20Cr alloy (wt%) was studied in molten LiF-NaF-KF (or FLiNaK) salts at 600 °C, equal to a homologous temperature (TH) of 0.52. Alloys were cold-rolled to achieve reductions of thickness of 10%, 30%, and 50% introducing plastic deformation and a high density of dislocations. Potentiostatic holds (Eapplied) were applied in two different electrode potential regimes. At 1.75VK+/K$${\text{V}}_{{\text{K}}^{+}/{\text{K}}}$$, Cr dealloying to Cr(II) and Cr(III) is predominant, while at 1.90 VK+/K$${\text{V}}_{{\text{K}}^{+}/{\text{K}}}$$, both Ni and Cr are oxidized in molten FLiNaK at 600 °C. In these potential regimes, dealloyed Ni20Cr displayed bicontinuous porosity within the grain interior and at grain boundaries, driven by the high driving force for Cr dissolution and sustained by defect mediated outward solid state diffusion of Cr in parallel with surface diffusion of Ni. The bicontinuous porous structure developed was observed... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d13j658 Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Chan, Ho Lun Romanovskaia, Elena Mills, Sean H Romanovski, Valentin Wang, Xikai Marrujo, Iliana Singh, Harjot Minor, Andrew M Hosemann, Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-2213 Scully, John R