Recent lbnl_ps_atap items

Fabrication and test of a 6-tesla-class high-temperature superconducting dipole magnet at 4.2 K

Tue, 18 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Superconducting magnets enable energy-frontier accelerators by generating strong magnetic fields to steer and focus the particles. Although high-temperature superconductors such as REBa2Cu3Ox (rebco, RE = rare earth) hold a strong potential for generating a higher magnetic field than Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn, the associated magnet and conductor technology for accelerator applications is still in its infancy. The U.S. Magnet Development Program is developing rebco magnet technology in collaboration with industry. Here we report an experiment of making a dipole magnet called C3 using commercial high-temperature superconducting corc^® wires. The magnet, following a canted cos θ design, generated a dipole field of 5.99 T at 4.2 K in its clear aperture of 65 mm at 6.795 kA when a resistive voltage of 105 µV appeared across one of the coils in the magnet. The stored energy was 53 kJ at the peak field. The magnet showed no degradation in the current-carrying capability at 4.2 K after...

Fabrication of 8-Strand Rutherford Cables Using Roped Strands Made from Ultrafine Wires

Fri, 14 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Conventional Rutherford cables are typically made from solid round wire. While multi-stage cables have been made elsewhere, the purpose was usually to achieve a higher strand count and therefore a higher current carrying capability. In this work, we attempt to use two-stage roped strands made from ultrafine wires to fabricate Rutherford cables. The ultimate goal of this work is to obtain a very flexible cable that can wind accelerator magnet coils with a very tight bend radius in both the “easy way” (along the broad face of the cable) and the “hard way” (along the edge of the cable) in the wind-and-react manner, or wind coils with a radius typically used today but in the react and-wind manner with a much reduced degradation in critical current. We report our experience fabricating such Rutherford cables at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the initial findings from the analysis of the experimental cables made. We will discuss how the conventional wisdom and some rules...

Exact Spin and Orbit Maps in a Uniform Longitudinal Magnetic and Electric Field

Fri, 7 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this note, we develop in closed form the dynamical $SO(3)$ spin map determined by the Thomas-BMT equation for a charged particle with general gyromagnetic ratio in a uniform longitudinal magnetic and electric field. This field configuration provides an idealized model of uniform particle acceleration with transverse (solenoidal) confinement. The spin map is expressed in a factorized Lie-algebraic (axis-angle) form, making it straightforward to determine the corresponding $SU(2)$ or quaternion representation. To facilitate numerical implementation, the Lie generators are expressed as functions of the six phase space variables commonly used for charged particle transport in $s$-based tracking codes. The dynamical evolution of these phase space variables is also described. This allows exact transport of both phase space and spin variables over long distances in such a field region, without the need for numerical integration.

The Memory Scaling of Reverse-Mode Differentiation in Particle Accelerator Simulations with Space Charge

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The recent development of differentiable simulation codes for particle accelerators has enabled gradient-based workflows that promise finer control and more realistic modeling of accelerator facilities. However, when using reverse-mode automatic differentiation, the memory usage continuously increases during the simulation, and can potentially exceed the available hardware memory - especially when costly space charge computation is included. To study the memory requirements for differentiable simulations, we have implemented space charge in Cheetah, a PyTorch-based beam tracking code that supports reverse-mode differentiation. We find that the memory usage for reverse-mode differentiation grows linearly with the number of macroparticles and cells, and that it is proportional to the number of space charge kicks involved in the simulation. This general scaling can be used to evaluate whether a given differentiable simulation is feasible given hardware memory constraints.

A Community Effort Toward a Particle Accelerator Lattice Standard (PALS),

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A Community Effort Toward a Particle Accelerator Lattice Standard (PALS),

Mechanism and current balance of unipolar arcs and implications for vacuum arcs

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A unipolar arc is a form of an arc discharge that ignites and burns between the surface of a conducting, but floating, plasma-facing component and the plasma. Phenomenological similarities between unipolar arcs and vacuum arcs suggest that the spots are cathode spots, which, in the case of unipolar arcs, require a ring-like area around the spot that acts as an anode. All models of unipolar arcs seek to explain how a sufficiently high electron return current can be achieved. Building on elements of various existing models, it is shown that the combination of high density of expanding spot plasma and high electron temperature in the spot vicinity enables high return current. Taking the traveling double layer of an expanding plasma into account, it follows that the electron return current may be even larger than the net arc current in the case of the vacuum arc, while the ion current to the surface plays only a minor role. The similarity between vacuum arcs and unipolar arcs suggests...

Bayesian Optimization of Laser-Wakefield Acceleration via Spectral Pulse Shaping

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we investigate the effect of spectral pulse shaping of the laser driver on the performance of channel-guided, laser-plasma accelerators. The study was carried out with the assistance of Bayesian optimization using particle-in-cell simulations. We used a realistic plasma profile based on a novel optical-field-ionized channel technique with ionization injection and low, on-axis plasma densities to maximize the energy gain of the electron bunch trailing the laser. Spectral shaping allows us to modify the temporal profile of the laser driver while keeping the laser energy constant, affecting the acceleration and injection processes. In addition we consider how modifying the plasma channel parameters may affect the target outputs. Given the complexity and breadth of the parameter space in question, we used numerical optimization to identify high performers. In particular, we found laser profiles with additional spectral content that, when used with optimal plasma channel...

Photon accelerator in magnetized electron-ion plasma

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract Strong magnetic fields and plasmas are intrinsically linked in both terrestrial laboratory experiments and in space phenomena. One of the most profound consequences of that is the change in relationship between the frequency and the wave number of electromagnetic waves propagating in plasma in the presence of such magnetic fields when compared to the case without these fields. Furthermore, magnetic fields alter electromagnetic wave interaction with relativistic plasma waves, resulting in different outcomes for particle and radiation generation. For a relativistic plasma wave-based photon acceleration this leads to an increased frequency gain and, thus, potentially to higher efficiency. The influence of a magnetic field leads to quantitative and qualitative change in the properties of photon acceleration, amplifying the increase in the electromagnetic wave frequency.

Identifying predictive hematological biomarkers for radiation exposure by machine learning in mouse models

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

BackgroundPopulation-scale radiation exposure assessment during radiological emergencies is hindered by the slow and costly nature of current methods, creating a need for rapid, affordable screening tools. Radiation biodosimetry using peripheral blood counts is a promising approach, but estimating low-dose exposures and exposure at extended time points remains challenging, especially when accounting for inter-individual differences in radiation sensitivity.MethodsWe analyze complete blood count (CBC) profiles from a retrospective cohort of 1151 male and female BALB/cJ and C57BL/6 J mice exposed to total-body X-ray radiation at doses ranging from 0.05 to 4 Gy. CBCs are collected 1 to 150 days post exposure. We develop a predictive model of radiation exposure using a sparse representation learning strategy to identify the most informative CBC parameters. Model performance is evaluated through exhaustive cross-validation and validated in a double-blind prospective cohort of 431 animals....

Fabrication of a Nb-Ti Superconducting Closed-Loop Coil for the Next-Generation 45 GHz ECR Ion Source MARS-D

Wed, 1 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) that utilize Nb-Ti superconducting coils for 28 GHz frequencies have been operating effectively for over twenty years. However, transitioning to higher frequencies demands stronger magnetic fields, and the conventional racetrack-and-solenoid ECRIS structures have reached their maximum capability with Nb-Ti. To address this, a Mixed Axial and Radial field System Demonstrator (MARS-D) is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This system features an innovative Closed-Loop Coil (CLC) design that optimizes the use of the conductor fields, enabling the application of Nb-Ti in the next-generation 45 GHz ECRISs. The fabrication of the hexagonal CLC is particularly challenging due to its complex winding path and shape, the stiffness of the Nb-Ti superconducting wire, and the small bending radius. To address these challenges, a series of unique fixtures and tools, as well as a pre-over-bending method, were developed...

Fast chaos indicator from auto-differentiation for dynamic aperture optimization

Wed, 1 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Automatic differentiation provides an efficient means of computing derivatives of complex functions with machine precision, thereby enabling differentiable simulation. In this work, we propose the use of the norm of the tangent map, obtained from differentiable tracking of particle trajectories, as a computationally efficient indicator of chaotic behavior in phase space. In many cases, a one-turn or few-turn tangent map is sufficient for this purpose, significantly reducing the computational cost associated with dynamic aperture optimization. As an illustrative application, the proposed indicator is employed in the dynamic aperture optimization of an ALS-U lattice design.

Optical and spin properties of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond formed along high-energy heavy ion tracks

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Exposure of matter to high-energy heavy ions induces defects along the ion trajectories through electronic and nuclear energy loss processes. Defects, including color centers, can recombine or form along latent damage tracks in semiconductors. Latent tracks in diamond were only recently observed. Here we report on color center formation in nitrogen-doped diamond along the latent tracks of 1 GeV gold and uranium ions. We optically observe direct formation of single vacancy related color centers (GR1-centers) along the tracks. Mobile vacancies can form NV-centers with native nitrogen atoms during thermal annealing. Molecular dynamics simulations show that isolated vacancies and vacancy clusters form through electronic stopping processes along ion trajectories. Moreover, by using 1 GeV Au ions with a dilute fluence, we create individually isolated quasi-1D chains of NV-centers, which appear as isolated bright luminescence strings and present competitive electron spin properties compared...

TCF Base Technology-Specific: Real-time soil core scanner for carbon and other elements (Final Report)

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

TCF Base Technology-Specific: Real-time soil core scanner for carbon and other elements (Final Report)

Neutral beams for the burning plasma era: Simulations and modeling of deuterium ion beams for plasma heating (CRADA Final Report)

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Neutral beams for the burning plasma era: Simulations and modeling of deuterium ion beams for plasma heating (CRADA Final Report)

Strong-field QED limitations on TeV-class plasma wakefield accelerators

Thu, 25 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We demonstrate that quantum and classical radiation effects can become non-negligible for TeV-class beams propagating through plasma channels typical of staged plasma accelerators. Although the quantum nonlinearity parameter χe remains small under currently envisioned experimental conditions, the cumulative influence of radiation over long acceleration distances can lead to significant modifications to the beam’s energy spread, emittance, and polarization. Our analytic models, validated by particle-in-cell simulations, highlight that for standard Gaussian beams, the orbit-induced energy spread dominates over quantum stochastic effects but can be mitigated by tailoring the beam profile, for example, through ring-shaped transverse distributions. In regimes where the radiation reaction approaches the accelerating force, the emittance may be cooled, forming distinctive ring-shaped phase-space structures. Finally, we analyze the influence of the radiation effect on spin transport inside...

Exact Spin Map in a Uniform Magnetic Field with Application to Sector Bend Dipoles

Tue, 9 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this note, we develop in closed form the time-evolution $SO(3)$ spin map determined by the Thomas-BMT equation for a charged particle with general gyromagnetic ratio in a uniform magnetic field. This result is then applied to determine the corresponding $s$-evolution spin map in the curvilinear Frenet-Serret coordinate frame associated with the transport of a charged-particle beam through an ideal sector dipole (bending magnet). The map is expressed in a factorized Lie-algebraic (axis-angle) form, making it straightforward to determine the corresponding $SU(2)$ or quaternion representation. To facilitate numerical implementation, the Lie generators are expressed as functions of the six phase space variables commonly used for charged particle transport in $s$-based tracking codes. This capability allows exact transport of both phase space and spin variables over an entire ideal sector dipole, without the need for numerical integration. The results can also help to validate...

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report

Wed, 3 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision...

Design and commissioning of a new synchrotron beamline dedicated to X‐ray footprinting mass spectrometry

Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The structural biology method of X-ray footprinting mass spectrometry (XFMS) is available at two national synchrotron beamlines in the USA: one at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) on the West Coast and the other at the National Synchrotron Light Source II on the East Coast. XFMS is a solution-state technique that utilizes oxidative modifications of proteins at micromolar concentrations in aqueous buffer to extract structural information. X-rays are employed to generate hydroxyl radicals in situ, which covalently modify specific protein side chains. These modifications are subsequently quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Ratiometric changes in modification levels between two protein states (e.g. with and without ligand) generate a relative solvent accessibility map of the protein pairs, which serves to reveal structural features. Up until recently, the XFMS capability was available as part of a shared program at the ALS without a dedicated beamline. In...

A linear collider vision for the future of particle physics

Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear e+e−$$\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-} $$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under development and, for the first time, discuss how a facility first equipped with a technology that is mature today could be upgraded with technologies of tomorrow to reach much higher energies and/or luminosities. In addition, we discuss detectors, alternative collider modes, as well as opportunities for beyond-collider experiments and R&D facilities as part of a linear collider facility (LCF). The material of this paper supports all plans for e+e−$$\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-} $$ linear colliders and the additional opportunities they offer, independently of technology choice or proposed site, as well as R&D for advanced accelerator technologies. This joint perspective on the physics goals, early technologies and...

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium heating in plasma-based deposition of thin films and coatings

Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The involvement of plasmas in deposition processes opens the possibility for non-equilibrium processes including atomic scale heating by ions and electrons. This can be very beneficial from several points of view, including, but not limited to, a reduction of the requirements for conventional substrate heating, the possibility to deposit films on temperature-sensitive substrates, the formation of metastable or otherwise unattainable phases, and the combination of deposition and etching effects. Non-equilibrium heating implies transient (sub-picosecond to picoseconds) and highly localized (nanometer-squared) events associated with the arrival of energetic particles from the plasma. These particles carry kinetic and potential energies to the substrate or film surface. While conventional heating drives the system always toward equilibrium, non-equilibrium heating events involve competing effects of defect generation (affected by momentum transfer) and annealing (by localized heating)....

A critical analysis of electron-beam evaporation of arc-produced macroparticles using an analytical model

Sun, 26 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This work provides a quantitative analysis of what it would take to fully evaporate copper macroparticles embedded in a cathodic arc plasma flow. This analysis is important for the justification of efforts to develop an evaporation scheme based on adding an electron beam. We want to explore if this approach could be an alternative to conventional plasma filtering to obtain macroparticle-free plasma from a cathodic arc plasma source. If successful, cathodic arc plasma deposition could be extended from a popular technology for hard and decorative coatings to much more demanding coatings applications, for example in microelectronics. Here, we study the feasibility and economical implication of evaporating micrometer-sized macroparticles on length and time scales typical for cathodic arc deposition systems. We show by analytical modeling that macroparticles with a radius ⩽1 µm can be completely evaporated in a plasma of density 1016 m−3 when using an electron beam of at least 3 keV...

Characterization of Oxidative Modifications to Short Peptides Using Low Dose Rate X-Rays

Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The method of X-ray footprinting and mass spectrometry (XFMS) using high flux synchrotron X-ray sources has become an established method in structural biology and is based on the radiolytic production of hydroxyl radicals, which oxidatively modify protein sidechains. While other methods of producing hydroxyl radicals are available, one benefit of using high flux density sources is that hydroxyl radical scavenging reactions can be minimized, and exposure times kept short to minimize secondary reactions. Here we present an application of the XFMS method using low dose rate X-rays from a commercial instrument. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach using short peptides, characterizing the oxidative modifications +14, +16, and +32 Da under both aerobic and low oxygen conditions, and we additionally quantify the hydrogen peroxide production for various doses using the low dose rate source. These results provide fundamental information on the oxidative damage to peptides due...

Effects of Rolling Reduction on Critical Current Density and Microstructure of Bi-2212 Wires

Thu, 23 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bi-2212 Rutherford cables have been fabricated into flat racetrack coils and canted-cosine-theta dipole magnets. The performance gap between the magnets made with Rutherford cables and the short-sample-limit is about 30. To better understand the influence of Rutherford cable processing on the strand performance, we studied three Bi-2212 wires with filament architectures of 37 18 and 55 18 and diameters of 0.8 and 1.0 mm. To simulate the deformation caused by cabling process, the three wires were rolled with thickness reductions ranging from 10 to 30. The aspect ratios of rolled strands are between 1.29 and 2.05. The low aspect-ratio wire is also an interesting form for fabricating solenoid coils with higher packing density. The round and rolled strands were heat-treated under 50 bar and with maximum heat treatment temperatures of 885.5 C and 890.5 C. The rolling deformation reduced filament size uniformity, resulting in filament merging in fully heat-treated wires. It was found...

Over 8 hours of continuous operation of a free-electron laser driven by a laser-plasma accelerator

Wed, 22 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Since the emergence of laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs), substantial work has been dedicated to using LPAs to drive free-electron lasers (FELs) for a broad range of applications. Despite recent breakthroughs, which have proven the fundamental feasibility of operating FELs with an LPA source, stable FEL operation over multiple hours without operator input had yet to be achieved. In this work, we report significant improvements to the stability of a hundred terawatt laser system, resulting in successful demonstration of reliable, long-term operation of an LPA-driven FEL in the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) regime at 420 nm. The LPA source delivered 100 MeV electron beams at 1 Hz with high stability over more than 10 h, enabling over 8 h of continuous FEL operation without operator input. The acquired data were subsequently used to investigate correlations between the measured undulator radiation and parameters of the drive laser, plasma source,...

Investigation of residue-specific radiation damage of peptides under different radiation doses, dose rates, and oxygen availability

Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Investigation of residue-specific radiation damage of peptides under different radiation doses, dose rates, and oxygen availability

Lie Algebraic Spin Maps and the Dynamics of Beam Polarization

Mon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This note describes a Lie-algebraic map formalism to study the (semi-)classical transport of charged particle spin through regions of magnetic field typical of those encountered in the modeling of accelerator beamlines. The approach relies on perturbative expansion of the Thomas-BMT equation about the nominal phase space trajectory through the element, together with a Mangus expansion \cite{BMAD, Dragt}. The Lie-algebraic representation has the advantage that it exploits well-known results from the symplectic map formalism in the accelerator literature. While we represent spin maps as elements of $SO(3)$, knowledge of the Lie generators allows for direct, straightforward translation into $SU(2)$ or the group of unit quaternions. For a beam of charged particles, we explore the dynamics of the beam polarization vector under transport by such a Lie-algebraic spin map.

Study of fully coupled three-dimensional envelope instability using automatic differentiation

Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Automatic differentiation is a powerful tool for computing derivatives of simulation results with respect to given parameters. In this Letter, we have applied this tool to investigate the instability of a dynamical system governed by 21 ordinary differential equations. This second-order instability (named envelope instability) is driven by space-charge effects and has a significant impact on the operational regimes of particle accelerators. Our study delves into the three-dimensional envelope instability, incorporating both transverse and longitudinal coupling. Conventionally, analyzing this complex system would necessitate solving 441 ordinary differential equations, which is computationally intractable. However, by employing automatic differentiation, we were able to track only 21 equations. This approach allowed us to uncover an additional instability stopband, which arises from space-charge-induced coupling and has not been reported in previous studies. This research highlights...

Real-Time GPU-Accelerated OFDR With an Integrated Auxiliary Interferometer

Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A GPU-accelerated optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) system with an improved integrated auxiliary interferometer is proposed. Unlike conventional approaches that require separate auxiliary interferometers and multiple detection channels, the proposed OFDR system embeds this functionality directly into the signal via an intentional beat component. This enables self-calibration of laser nonlinearity while maintaining a cost-effective hardware configuration. Building on this simplified configuration, the system leverages GPU acceleration with an NVIDIA RTX 4070 Ti to achieve real-time performance, delivering high-throughput signal processing for continuous OFDR interrogation. The signal processing pipeline comprises signal capture, resampling for nonlinearity compensation, and frequency shift computation, all optimized for parallel execution. Hardware benchmarking demonstrates substantial acceleration over CPU implementations, achieving up to a $45\times $ speedup for...

Elliptic Aperture CCT Coils for HTS Dipole Magnets

Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

High-temperature REBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ (REBCO) superconductors are a route to increase the field of accelerator magnets beyond the 15-16T practical limit of Nb$_{3}$Sn. REBCO cabled in a CORC geometry is a promising fit for this application, enabling the design of low inductance magnets with conductor transposition. However, the use of CORC in coils with the tight conductor bending radii typical of accelerator magnets remains a key challenge, with on-going research both on the conductor development and coil design fronts seeking to address this issue. In this work we explore the tradeoffs between circular and elliptic aperture canted-cosine-theta (CCT) coils when the conductor minimum bending radius is a key consideration, concluding that aperture ellipticity is an important free parameter in the optimization of magnetically efficient CORC dipole magnets. In particular, we show that elliptic bore designs enable a regime of smaller aperture HTS coils, an important result...

Improved laser-plasma accelerator stability via high-bandwidth longitudinal focal position stabilization of a 100 TW-class laser system

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) offer an attractive alternative to conventional accelerators for the development of compact electron sources and next-generation light sources. Due to orders-of-magnitude larger accelerating gradients, LPAs enable the acceleration of high-brightness electron beams to ultrarelativistic energies in millimeter- to centimeter-scale distances. However, LPA stability is limited by shot-to-shot fluctuations of the driving laser system. Specifically, fluctuations in the final-focus longitudinal position result in correlated instability in LPA electron beam qualities, including total beam charge, average beam energy, and energy spread. We demonstrate active stabilization of the longitudinal focal position for a 100 TW-class laser system. This repetition-rate scalable stabilization system leverages noninvasive wave front monitoring of a copropagating, unamplified kHz pulse train to guide corrective adjustments to the focal position of a 1 Hz amplified...

Symplectic machine learning model for fast simulation of space-charge effects

Mon, 16 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Symplectic simulation of space-charge effects is crucial for the design and operation of high-intensity particle accelerators. Traditional methods for simulating these effects are often computationally expensive, resulting in significant overhead. In this work, we introduce a generative model based on a U-Net architecture within a generative adversarial network framework to efficiently simulate space-charge effects. The model is trained to predict the transverse multiparticle space-charge Hamiltonian, which can be physically computed using a gridless spectral method. The one-step symplectic transverse transfer map for the particles is then obtained by differentiating the predicted Hamiltonian. Benchmarking results demonstrate that this generative model achieves an order of magnitude higher computational efficiency compared to the spectral method, providing a highly efficient alternative for simulating space-charge effects with a large number of particles. By maintaining symplecticity,...

A Beamdump facility at Jefferson Lab