http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 https://escholarship.org/uc/tc_reports/rss Recent eScholarship items from Reports on Industry Activity from Outside UCSF Thu, 3 Sep 2026 04:22:54 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qs8m106 “Unlawful Bribes?”: A documentary analysis showing British American Tobacco’s use of payments to secure policy and competitive advantage in Africa https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qs8m106 Mon, 13 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Jackson, Rachel R Rowell, Andrew Gilmore, Anna B, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7f2057rx THE 2016 CALIFORNIA MARIJUANA INITIATIVE AND YOUTH: Lessons from Alcohol Policy https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7f2057rx Wed, 3 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000 Mosher, James F, JD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cq84675 Vaporized - E-Cigarettes, Advertising, and Youth https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7cq84675 Tue, 20 May 2014 00:00:00 +0000 Legacy, for Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z38c04x <p>In 2007, although Tennessee was (and still is) the third largest tobacco¬producing state, it enacted the Non¬Smoker Protection Act (NSPA), making most enclosed public and workplaces, and restaurants 100% smoke-free. This study triangulates archival documents with interviews, legislative debates and quantitative data for a stakeholder analysis of why and how the diverse interests in the state collaborated to develop the policy and identifies areas and opportunities for improvement. The study utilizes the policy cycle and stages of policy development approach and three public policy models – garbage can or multiple streams, policy networks, and socio¬economic influences – to give us understanding of the phases of the development of the NSPA – agenda-setting, legislative development, and implementation. While the dominant thesis for the origin of this smoke¬free policy (SFP) was government¬centered, the activities of non¬governmental actors, such as efforts by students of University... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z38c04x Wed, 19 Oct 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Mamudu, Hadii M. Dadkar, Sumati Veeranki, Sreenivas P. He, Yi https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22x3w044 <p>Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Over 420,000 people die each year from tobacco use, and 53,000 die each year from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In response and because of the lack of legislative action, public health professionals in Massachusetts used the initiative process as a way to fund tobacco education and prevention programs.</p><p>In 1992, a coalition of over 200 organizations called the Massachusetts Coalition for a Healthy Future, led by the American Cancer Society, successfully qualified and passed Question 1, a state ballot initiative which raised the state tobacco tax by 2.5 cents per pack of cigarettes and on smokeless tobacco products to 25% of its wholesale price to provide funds for tobacco education and prevention programs.</p><p>In the campaign to pass Question 1, the Coalition promised voters that the new tobacco tax revenues would be used to reduce tobacco use in the state. However, the initiative... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22x3w044 Mon, 27 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Begay, Michael E., PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x79f22t Canadian Expert Panel on Tobacco Smoke and Breast Cancer Risk https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x79f22t Fri, 22 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92h9j7cf The tobacco industry's activities to undermine tobacco control efforts in Egypt and North Africa, Arabic version https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92h9j7cf Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q19w5x1 Tobacco Free Mecca and Medina ARABIC https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8q19w5x1 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Saloojee, Dr. Yussuf Chaouki, Dr. Noureddine World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fr8g66d Tobacco: Deadly in any form or disguise ARABIC https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6fr8g66d Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63g8f6k2 Fact Sheets on tobacco products https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63g8f6k2 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46p7t7g8 <p>Introduction</p><p>Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and other factors can all favour health or be harmful to ‘good health’. The aim of health advocates is to modify these factors to promote health. Religion too provides opportunities to improve health. It can offer motivation, encouragement and support for healthy lifestyles and behavioural choices.</p><p>The tobacco industry views religionbased tobacco control activities as a real threat. As far back as 1987, the industry had recognized the need “to develop a system by which Philip Morris can measure trends on the issue of Smoking and Islam”. Their plan was to identify “Islamic religious leaders who oppose interpretations of the Qur’an which would ban the use of tobacco and encourage support for these leaders.”</p><p>In 2002, the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia adopted a new and radical policy approach to strengthening tobacco control through religion. It launched an initiative to make the two holiest... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46p7t7g8 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Saloojee, Dr. Yussuf Chaouki, Dr. Noureddine World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pr9j398 Keep closed environments smoke-free ARABIC https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pr9j398 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t8317zb Trust Us: We are the tobacco industry ARABIC https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t8317zb Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zz0w7rs The tobacco Health Toll, Arabic version https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zz0w7rs Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0kk3c5c6 <p>Introduction</p><p>With the increasing realization of the devastating effects tobacco use has, and the heavy toll it exacts on the health of individuals, the health of the young, the wellbeing of families and societies, and the economies of countries, the need for a clear, comprehensive document covering the full range of the negative effects tobacco and its use has on human health was apparent. This publication sums up and simplifies the answers to the questions that the public, individuals and special groups have, and is intended to fill the wide but often underestimated gap in the public’s knowledge concerning the vast spectrum of tobacco-related health hazards. It is expected therefore, that this publication will be of interest to people from all walks of life, including school and university students, physicians and nurses, as well as the public in general.</p><p>Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain thousands of chemicals. Many of these chemicals are well known to be toxic,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0kk3c5c6 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r3400cd <p>Between 1997 and 1998, the percentage of smoking-attributable deaths compared with all deaths by all causes in Florida remained steady. During 1997 an estimated 18.90% of all deaths in Florida were attributable to cigarette smoking, and 18.74% were smoking-attributable in 1998. Using the Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Costs (SAMMEC 3.0) software program, developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as a model, Florida’s smoking-attributable deaths were determined by analyzing the available smoking and mortality data by county. This county by county analysis required data from several different sources: the 1997 and 1998 Florida population estimates provided by the Executive Office of the Governor, Office of Policy and Budgeting; mortality data from the Office of Vital Statistics; and smoking prevalence calculated from data obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.</p><p>In 1997, there were 153,830 deaths from all causes.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r3400cd Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Bryant, Jennifer, B.S. Thompson, Dan, M.P.H. Hopkins, Richard, M.D., M.S.P.H. Florida Department of Health, Brueau of Epidemiology https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93s4h9n6 <p>Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93s4h9n6 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jh4z4xn <p>Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jh4z4xn Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hr8f0xt <p>The Florida Department of Health (FDOH) initiated a tobacco prevention program in 1989 when it received federal funding to implement tobacco prevention and control activities. By 1997, the State of Florida successfully settled with the tobacco industry for $11.3 billion to recoup Medicaid costs incurred by smokers. As part of the settlement agreement, the FDOH launched the Tobacco Pilot Program targeting tobacco use among underage youth.</p><p>The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS), which was originally part of the Tobacco Pilot Program, is a statewide, school-based anonymous survey that has been conducted annually since 1998. The FYTS collects information regarding the prevalence of tobacco use, attitudes, and related behaviors among middle and high school students throughout Florida and tracks those behaviors over time. The FYTS has been administered to a state-level sample annually since 1998, with county-level surveys being conducted in 2000, 2002, 2006, and 2008.</p><p>In... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hr8f0xt Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health, Brueau of Epidemiology Crist, Charlie Viamonte Ros, Ana M, M.D., M.P.H. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5104v7b8 <p>Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5104v7b8 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j767084 <p>An Occasional Paper of the Bureau of Epidemiology, Florida Department of Health</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j767084 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Hopkins, Richard Bauer, Ursula E. Thompson, Daniel R. Johnson, Tammie M. Brooks, Robert R., M.D. Bush, Jeb Florida Department of Health, Brueau of Epidemiology https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30b232fx <p>Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30b232fx Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tj1j9md <p>Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1tj1j9md Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11249479 <p>In 1999, fully 18.6% of all deaths to Florida residents were attributable to cigarette smoking. This remains unchanged from 1998, when we estimated 18.7% of all deaths were due to smoking. Using the Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Costs (SAMMEC 3.0) software program developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a model, Florida’s smoking-attributable deaths were calculated based on the available smoking and mortality data. In 1999, there were 162,122 deaths to Florida residents from all causes including 79,669 (49.1%) among women and 82,446 (50.9%) among men. Smoking accounted for 30,181 (18.6%) of these deaths. Among males, smoking accounted for 18,685 deaths while among females, smoking accounted for 11,496. Thus, 61.9% of all smoking-attributable mortality occurs in men, while 38.1% of smoking-attributable deaths are among women.</p><p>The tables in this report display smoking-attributable mortality estimates by region or county and... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11249479 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Bryant, Jennifer, B.S. Bauer, Ursula, PhD Thompson, Dan, M.P.H. Hopkins, Richard, M.D., M.S.P.H. Brooks, Robert, M.D. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ch2v48x <p>Executive Summary</p><p>PREFACE The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California.</p><p>A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were computed to adjust for demographic changes. An effective program would lead to a more rapid decline in... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ch2v48x Fri, 26 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Cancer Prevention and Control Program University of California, San Diego https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k8906rx <p>The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2008 to 38,510 middle school students and 40,283 high school students in 744 public schools throughout the state. The survey response rate for middle schools was 79%, and the survey response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6k8906rx Fri, 26 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Florida Department of Health https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c7259dj <p>TOBACCO USE IN CALIFORNIA DETAILED FINDINGS SUMMARIZED BY CHAPTER Chapter 4. ASSESSING PROGRESS TOWARD PROGRAM GOALS 1. Between 1990 and 1993, the proportion of California children and nonsmoking workers who were protected from ETS exposure increased substantially. 2. Cigarette consumption in California declined by an estimated 13.7% following the passage of Proposition 99 and the mandated increase in excise tax on cigarette products. This accelerated decline in consumption lasted approximately 5 months after the imposition of the 25-cent tax. 3. The introduction of Tobacco Control Program interventions was associated with an increase in the rate of decline in cigarette consumption. 4. Between 1988 and 1993, we observed a 27% decrease in per capita tobacco consumption and a 28% decline in smoking prevalence. Based on mUltiple surveys, the best estimate of smoking prevalence in 1993 among California adults is 19.1 %. 5. Following the passage of Proposition 99, smoking prevalence... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c7259dj Mon, 22 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Pierce, JP Evans, N Farkas, AJ Cavin, SW Berry, C Kramer, M Kealey, S Rosenbrook, B Choi, W Kaplan, RM University of California, San Diego Cancer Prevention and Control Program https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904q1tf <p>Executive Summary and Key Findings EXECUTIVE SUMMARY During the 1990s in California, smoking behavior and attitudes about smoking have changed, as measured from the California Tobacco Surveys (CTS) and other data sources. Some of the most important findings from the CTS are highlighted below. For a more complete summary, see the Key Findings from each chapter of this report, which appear both in this Executive Summary and at the end of each chapter. Throughout this report, results are given with the margin of error (±95% confidence limits).</p><p>Adult Smoking Behavior • Over the decade, per capita cigarette consumption fell by a factor of 57% in California compared to only 27% in the rest of the United States. By the end of 1999, Californians consumed only 4.1 packs of cigarettes per person per month, compared to 9.1 in the rest of the United States. • While adult (18+ years) smoking prevalence decreased in the first few years of the decade, after 1994 changes in prevalence... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904q1tf Fri, 19 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Cancer Prevention and Control Program University of California, San Diego https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t07g161 <p>Summary</p><p>This report presents data on a partial sample of a survey of cigarette smoking behaviors and attitudes among Californians conducted during the summer of 1990. The prevalence of current smoking among adults in California is 21.2%, with males (23.8%) smoking more than females(18.8%). This represents a sharp decline in smoking following the increase in the tobacco excise tax and implementation of a comprehensive tobacco control program by the State of California,and is on track for reaching the goal of a 75% reduction in smoking prevalence by the year 1999.</p><p>Black Californians are more likely to be cigarette smokers than other racial or ethnic groups, and Hispanic and AsianlPacific Islander women are less likely to be cigarette smokers. Smoking prevalence is also lower among those who have completed more years of formal education and among those who are over the age of 65 years.</p><p>Current smoking prevalence among adolescents aged 12-17 years is 10.4%; little... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t07g161 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0000 University of California, San Diego California Department of Health Services https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1db2x4wn <p>Este informe pretende describir el problema fundamental de desigualdad reflejado y sostenido por el uso en EE.UU. de etiquetas sólo de texto y en inglés. Nuestra investigación demuestra una discriminación lingüística innegable en las advertencias de salud sobre el tabaco. El uso de etiquetas de advertencia escritas en inglés y sin dibujos ha creado una grave brecha en la conciencia pública con respecto a los efectos en la salud del fumar para las personas que no hablan inglés o con niveles de alfabetización limitada. Las consecuencias de este obstáculo a la información son mortales para estas comunidades.</p><p>Este informe consta de tres apartados. El primero resume la historia y la condición actual de las etiquetas de advertencia sobre el tabaco en los Estados Unidos y describe el problema de la discriminación lingüística. El segundo deslinda la tendencia internacional hacia las etiquetas de advertencia a base de pictogramas. En el apartado final presentamos nuestra recomendación... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1db2x4wn Fri, 3 Aug 2007 00:00:00 +0000 Jaron Browne Susana Hennessey-Lavery Kim Rogers https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1170r0xx <p>This paper is intended to describe the core problem of inequality that the use of English-only text-based tobacco health warning labels in the United States both reflects and sustains. Our research has shown that language discrimination in tobacco health warnings is undeniable. The use of English-only text-based warning labels has created a grave divide in public knowledge about health impacts of smoking for non-English speaking people and people with limited literacy. The consequences of this barrier to information for these communities are deadly.</p><p>This report consists of three sections. Section one summarizes the history and current status of tobacco warning labels in the United States and describes the problem of language discrimination. The second section describes the international trend toward picture-based warning labels. The last section details our recommendation for legislative action that could resolve the current problem of language discrimination and unequal... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1170r0xx Fri, 3 Aug 2007 00:00:00 +0000 Jaron Browne Susana Hennessey-Lavery Kim Rogers https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4rz0m70k <p>The global Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires nations to ban all tobacco advertising and promotion. In the face of these restrictions, tobacco packaging has become the key promotional vehicle for the tobacco industry to interest smokers and potential smokers in tobacco products. This paper reviews available research into the likely impact of mandatory plain packaging and internal tobacco industry statements about the importance of packs as promotional vehicles. It critiques legal objections raised by the industry about plain packaging violating laws and international trade agreements, showing these to be without foundation. Plain packaging of all tobacco products would remove a key remaining means for the industry to promote its products to billions of the world’s smokers and future smokers. Governments have appropriated large surface areas of tobacco packs for health warnings without legal impediment or need to compensate tobacco companies. Requiring plain... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4rz0m70k Thu, 2 Aug 2007 00:00:00 +0000 Becky Freeman, BSc, MSc Simon Chapman, BA, PhD Matthew Rimmer, BA, LLB, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rw2c04c <p>The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and its transfer from a command to a market economy precipitated immense change changes in the region’s tobacco industry. Most notable were the rapid and unregulated entry of the multinational and transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) and the privatisation of previously state owned tobacco industries.</p><p>The impact of investment liberalisation and privatisation of state owned tobacco companies on patterns of tobacco use and tobacco control has not previously been studied, timely, accurate data on smoking patterns in the former Soviet Union are scarce and there has been no formal research on TTC activities there. This thesis capitalises on the unique social experiment provided by the Soviet Union’s transformation to address these research gaps through a combination of data and methodologies: analysis of routine and ad hoc data on investments and consumption; survey data on patterns and determinants of smoking behaviour in the region;... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rw2c04c Wed, 21 Feb 2007 00:00:00 +0000 Anna BC Gilmore https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3db9j76q <p>This report shows how tactics and arguments used to defend the unregulated consumption of tobacco in public were used in Scotland and how campaigners for smoke-free laws learned how to combat these tactics from the experiences of colleagues in Ireland, Australia, New York and Canada. This report serves as a guide to those campaigners and public health advocates in countries just starting their journy to smoke-free enclosed public environments.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3db9j76q Mon, 8 Jan 2007 00:00:00 +0000 Rachel Harrison Julia Hurst https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4n00t1cn <p>Enter the word “cigarettes” in an Internet search engine and you will probably find an Internet cigarette retailer (“Internet cigarette retailer”) at the top of your list of search results. The number of Internet cigarette retailers has increased dramatically in recent years. In 2000, Professor Kurt Ribisl of the University of North Carolina at Chapel-Hill and colleagues undertook the first comprehensive survey of the number of domestic Internet cigarette retailers and identified 88 Internet cigarette retailers operating through hundreds of websites. Four years later, their follow-up study identified 775 domestic Internet cigarette retailers.</p><p>This trend is a concern because tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Cigarettes kill 400,000 Americans every year. Tobacco-related deaths exceed the number of people killed by alcohol, AIDS, car crashes, illegal drugs, murders, and suicides combined. Additionally, smoking-attributable health-care... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4n00t1cn Tue, 28 Mar 2006 00:00:00 +0000 Banthin, Christopher https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2h8644m0 <p>Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. More than 12 million premature deaths over the past 40 years were attributable to smoking.1 Today, smoking causes approximately 440,000 deaths each year and results in over $150 billion in annual health-related economic losses.2 Smoking not only injures nearly every organ of the smoker’s body,3 but it inflicts considerable damage on nonsmokers. Exposure to secondhand smoke is estimated to kill more than 52,000 non-smokers in the United States each year.4</p><p>In an attempt to limit the extraordinary harm that tobacco smoke inflicts on individuals and communities, advocates across the country are supporting enactment of state and local smoke-free laws. These advocates have seen their efforts rewarded with a wave of state and local workplace restrictions that prohibit smoking in offices, restaurants and bars.5 Moreover, various cities have passed smoking restrictions that cover targeted locations, such as playgrounds,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2h8644m0 Mon, 7 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Graff, Samantha K. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hf696xs <p>Family courts address a multitude of issues when determining the rules of a child’s life after his or her parents divorce or otherwise seek court intervention on custody and visitation arrangements. Most states have enacted statutes setting parameters for custody and visitation determinations.</p><p>However, the nature of these cases requires that trial courts retain significant discretion in weighing the various factors and crafting orders reflecting the best interests of the children before them. With the abundance of scientific evidence describing the dangers of exposure to secondhand</p><p>smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke), particularly for children, and the increasing public awareness and understanding of these dangers, the issue of a child’s exposure to secondhand smoke is being raised more frequently in custody and visitation cases. Although there is nothing novel about a family court considering factors that affect a child’s health, the impact... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hf696xs Wed, 2 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Dachille, Kathleen H Callahan, Kristine https://escholarship.org/uc/item/65d3s7qb <p>The tobacco industry is a major political force in Oklahoma through lobbying, direct campaign contributions, indirect contributions to the two major political parties and legislative political caucuses, and gifts and entertainment events. The tobacco industry has a centralized political organization in Oklahoma that promotes and defends its political and market interests at the local and state levels of government. Although the tobacco industry has operated in the open in some political campaigns, it has often operated quietly behind the scenes, frequently working with various allied organizations on state and local political campaigns.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/65d3s7qb Mon, 15 Aug 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Spivak, Andrew L., M.A. Givel, Michael S., Ph.D. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73f274c0 <p>Abstract The best predictor of adolescent experimentation with cigarettes is the perception by youth that cigarettes are easily available. Not only does youth smoking have life-long and life-ending health implications, but it is also a leading indicator of other high-risk behaviors among youth. As a result, local communities have a vested interest in the availability and placement of tobacco products, particularly with respect to youth access and exposure to these products. One option to reduce youth access to tobacco may be to use local land use regulations, such as zoning laws, to control the location and operation of tobacco retailers. This law synopsis describes local authority for land use regulation, lists types of local land use regulation, presents examples in which California communities have employed land use regulation to control the placement of tobacco-only stores, and briefly reviews two important issues local governments should consider in this area of the... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73f274c0 Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Kline, Randolph https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7363z163 <p>Abstract The federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which took effect in 1992, was adopted to provide a comprehensive national mandate to eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities. The ADA may be used to protect people with asthma and others whose daily activities are substantially limited by secondhand smoke exposure in private and public workplaces with fifteen or more employees (Title I); while accessing the services of, or participating in, state and local government (Title II); and in places of public accommodation (Title III). This law synopsis outlines when exposure to secondhand smoke qualifies as a disability under the ADA, summarizes what constitutes a “reasonable accommodation” by an employer or public place, describes the scope and constitutionality of the ADA as defined by recent Supreme Court and other cases, and identifies the remedies under the ADA for smoking-related discrimination. The author also provides information on who to contact... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7363z163 Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Douglas, Clifford https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6534056p <p>Abstract Cigarettes manufactured by fewer than half a dozen domestic companies cause approximately 440,000 deaths and $155 billion in medical and lost productivity costs each year in the United States. Despite this toll, Congress has not authorized the United States Food and Drug Administration to regulate cigarette design or marketing. Likewise, the Consumer Product Safety Commission cannot regulate cigarettes and the Federal Trade Commission has played a relatively passive role over the past two decades.</p><p>Where legislative and regulatory approaches fail, courts have offered an alternative means of addressing the harm caused by cigarette manufacturers. Successful products liability lawsuits against cigarette manufacturers shift health and productivity costs of smoking from families and third-party payers back to cigarette companies, forcing increases in cigarette prices. Litigation thus has proven to be an effective public health strategy for reducing smoking.</p><p>On... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6534056p Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Gottlieb, Mark Sweda, Edward, Jr. Guardino, Sara D. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4cg1120h <p>Abstract On November 23, 1998, forty-six states and six other U.S. jurisdictions entered into the largest civil litigation settlement in the nation’s history. The tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) resolved litigation brought by over forty states in the mid-1990s against the major U.S. cigarette manufacturers, including Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, Brown &amp; Williamson, and Lorillard, along with the tobacco industry’s trade associations and public relations firms. By signing the MSA, the states gave up their legal claims that the defendants had been violating state antitrust and consumer protection laws for decades. In return, the companies agreed to pay the states billions of dollars in yearly installments and to change the way they advertise and market their products. Since November 1998, about twenty-five other tobacco companies have signed onto the MSA and are also bound by its terms.</p><p>A separate settlement, called the Smokeless Tobacco MSA (STMSA), resolved... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4cg1120h Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Eckhart, Dennis https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3086d0wn <p>Abstract Secondhand smoke is responsible for the early deaths of up to 65,000 Americans each year and is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, surpassed only by smoking and alcohol consumption. The World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency classify secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen, for which there is no known safe level of exposure. In addition, abundant scientific data links secondhand smoke to numerous negative health outcomes, including immediate adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects.</p><p>States, municipalities and other political subdivisions have responded to the health hazards of secondhand smoke by prohibiting smoking in indoor areas. The number of smoke-free communities has grown dramatically in recent years. This law synopsis reviews the most common legal challenges to smoke-free ordinances. The vast majority of these challenges fail. When plaintiffs succeed in striking... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3086d0wn Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Sbarra, Cheryl https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21x1b0hc <p>Abstract The death toll from secondhand tobacco smoke is staggering. Secondhand smoke is responsible for the early deaths of up to 65,000 Americans annually and for every eight smokers who die from smoking, one nonsmoker dies. Secondhand smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals and 43 carcinogens, including formaldehyde, cyanide, arsenic, carbon monoxide, benzene, and radioactive polonium-210. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies secondhand smoke as a Group A carcinogen, for which there is no safe level of human exposure. As public knowledge about secondhand smoke increases, renters and condominium owners are becoming increasingly concerned about the health threat of secondhand smoke infiltration. This law synopsis makes it clear that landlords, condominium associations, and the like may prohibit smoking in individual units. The author provides solutions for private individuals if secondhand smoke is seeping into their dwellings from neighboring units... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21x1b0hc Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Schoenmarklin, Susan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zw4x02j <p>STUDY OBJECTIVES This report describes an evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-Free Workplace Law. The main objectives were to: (1) assess the change in indoor air quality that occurred in a sample of hospitality venues pre and post the law; (2) determine compliance with the law after implementation; and (3) evaluate economic changes pre and post the law, including patronage, sales revenue, and employment rates.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zw4x02j Mon, 27 Jun 2005 00:00:00 +0000 Connolly, DMD, MPH, Gregory N Carpenter, MS, Carrie Alpert, ScM., BSc, Hillel R. Skeer, MSW, MPH, Margie Travers, Mark https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pd7r662 <p>This report presents the results of near-source ambient air monitoring of nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California. The objective of the ETS study is to measure ambient outdoor ETS, to which the public is exposed, as part of an evaluation by the Air Resources Board of ETS as a possible toxic air contaminant.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pd7r662 Wed, 27 Oct 2004 00:00:00 +0000 California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x27v23m <p>Worldwide, tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable disease and premature death. For a century, large corporations have manufactured and sold cigarettes, a highly, addictive tobacco product. Today, over 1 billion people smoke. In recent decades, as smoking has declined in developed countries, the multinational tobacco companies have aggressively sought new markets in the developing countries.</p><p>In Japan, tobacco smoking is one of the main avoidable causes of disease and death. The majority of men smoke and because Japanese men have smoked increasing numbers of cigarettes across recent decades, the burden of smoking caused disease can be expected to rise. Fortunately, most women in Japan do not smoke; however, smoking is rising in young women who are the target of tobacco advertising and promotion.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9x27v23m Thu, 7 Oct 2004 00:00:00 +0000 Mochizuki-Kobayashi, Y Samet, JM Yamaguchi, N https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ct903tn <p>This review was commissioned by the Victorian Attorney-General,The Hon Rob Hulls MP, following the recent case of McCabe in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Mrs McCabe suffered from lung cancer which she attributed to the smoking over many years of cigarettes produced by British American Tobacco Australia Services Limited (BAT). She sued BAT for personal injuries caused by its alleged negligence, and claimed damages.At the trial, the trial judge struck out BAT’s defence, thus awarding the case to Mrs McCabe. He did so on the basis that BAT had failed to comply with a series of discovery orders he had earlier made, requiring the company to produce various documents relevant to Mrs McCabe’s case.</p><p>BAT was unable to produce many of these documents because over a period of years they had been destroyed pursuant to a number of document retention policies devised by the Company. BAT appealed to the Court of Appeal against the decision of the trial judge to strike out its defence.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ct903tn Wed, 6 Oct 2004 00:00:00 +0000 Sallmann, Prof. Peter A https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84r2s7sp <p>Executive Summary</p><p>Introduction</p><p>Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, responsible for over 400,000 deaths annually. In Nebraska each year, 2,400 adults die prematurely because of cigarette smoking.1 It is estimated that 45,000 Nebraskans now under the age of 18 will eventually die prematurely from cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for $419 million of Nebraska's annual health care costs (representing approximately 7 percent of the state's annual health care costs including 12 percent of Nebraska's annual Medicaid expenditures), and smoking-related mortality results in over $400 million in forgone future earnings in the state per year.</p><p>In 2000, the Nebraska State Legislature took an important step towards addressing the state's most significant public health problem by enacting Legislative Bill 1436, which appropriated $21 million from the Tobacco Settlement Trust Fund to support statewide tobacco prevention... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84r2s7sp Thu, 29 Jul 2004 00:00:00 +0000 Willett, Jeff Newman, Ph.D., Ian Wiese, Cheryl Emont, Ph.D., Seth Njobe, Tandiwe Finn, Peter https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9d880448 <p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Objective: To determine how the tobacco industry has worked behind the scenes in the state of Colorado to influence the public and defeat public health efforts to control tobacco.</p><p>Methods: Information for this study was gathered through examination of internal tobacco industry documents, Colorado Secretary of State records, local campaign contribution records, published articles, interviews, reports, web sites and telephone calls.</p><p>Results: The tobacco industry has been pervasively involved in fighting public health efforts to reduce tobacco use in Colorado since the early 1980s. Up until the early 1990s, the industry’s involvement was apparent. Shortly thereafter, significant efforts were made to conceal its opposition in Colorado. The industry has primarily applied its resources to defeat tobacco tax increases, derail efforts to limit public smoking and preserve smoking as a socially acceptable behavior. Tactics include influencing and co-opting... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9d880448 Wed, 7 Jul 2004 00:00:00 +0000 Landman, BA, Anne Bialick, Peter https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h15327w <p>While a few large-scale tobacco growers have prospered, the vast majority of tobacco growers in the Global South barely eke out a living toiling for the companies. Many tobacco farmers are now stuck producing a crop that is labor and input intensive and brings with it a host of health and environmental dangers. Meanwhile, the cigarette companies continue to downplay or ignore the many serious economic and environmental costs associated with tobacco. Recent research conducted by the World Bank has shown that, contrary to tobacco industry claims, global tobacco control efforts are not a threat to developing countries or tobacco farmers. As this report shows, even with global demand for tobacco leaf rising, the inescapable problems with tobacco farming make it a losing investment for most countries and farmers.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h15327w Fri, 6 Feb 2004 00:00:00 +0000 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f32w6ff <p>Our reports assess and rank the states based on whether they are funding tobacco prevention programs at the minimum levels recommended by the CDC, which usually amount to 20 to 25 percent of a state’s annual settlement proceeds and an even smaller percentage of a state’s total tobacco revenues from the tobacco settlement and tobacco taxes. The findings for this year:</p><p>· Only four states – Maine, Delaware, Mississippi and Arkansas – currently fund tobacco prevention programs at minimum levels recommended by the CDC.</p><p>· Only eight other states are funding tobacco prevention programs at even half the minimum levels recommended by the CDC.</p><p>· Thirty-three states are spending less than half the CDC’s minimum amount. Another five states – Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Tennessee – and the District of Columbia allocate no significant state funds for tobacco prevention.</p><p>· In the current budget year, Fiscal Year 2004, the states cumulatively... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f32w6ff Mon, 15 Dec 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jv5w504 <p>This is the 8th Annual Report on the Ontario Tobacco Strategy and the progress of tobacco control in Canada. The series incorporates and expands upon the content of the two previous Evaluation Reports and the seven Annual Monitoring Reports released to date. The objective of this reorganization is to provide more indepth analysis and to do so in a more timely fashion. This Report is the first of four “modules” that will make up the new annual series. The full series consists of:</p><p>Module 1. Tobacco Control Highlights: Ontario and Beyond – a summary of recent developments, providing context for subsequent modules;</p><p>Module 2. OTS Project Evaluations: A Coordinated Review – a largely qualitative summary of accomplishments by OTS projects funded in the previous year;</p><p>Module 3. Indicators of Progress – quantitative data from a variety of survey and other sources measuring progress in Ontario;</p><p>Module 4. Annual Surveillance Report – a discussion of the results... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jv5w504 Mon, 10 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ontario Tobacco Research Unit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j1411bk <p>Five years of monitoring progress toward the goals of the Ontario Tobacco Strategy reveal mixed success: declining smoking among adults, but increased smoking by youth; increased protection against environmental tobacco smoke in many public settings, but more ready access to cigarettes for minors; fairly widespread interest in quitting on the part of adult smokers, but an increase in the average amount smoked daily by men. Clearly, much has been accomplished since the initiation of the OTS, but much remains to be done. The renewal of the Strategy in September 1999, with an additional $10 million in funding, is a clear indication that much more will be done.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j1411bk Mon, 10 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ontario Tobacco Research Unit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c15g1j8 <p>This Monitoring Report, the sixth in an annual series, describes progress toward the goals of the Ontario Tobacco Strategy (OTS). While not a formal evaluation, the report provides a context for reviewing the OTS in Chapter 1, provides quantitative data on potential impacts and outcomes in Chapter 2, summarizes the activities of the main OTS players in Chapter 3, and discusses the implications of these findings for reaching the OTS goals in Chapter 4.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c15g1j8 Mon, 10 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ontario Tobacco Research Unit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nb2t5v4 <p>This is the Seventh Annual Report, which evaluates and reports implications for smoking prevention, cessation, protection, denormalization, monitoring, and the Ontario Tobacco Strategy as a whole.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nb2t5v4 Mon, 10 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ontario Tobacco Research Unit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c63k69w <p>Significant developments took place in Ontario during 2002. Salient among these was the continued progress by local communities in passing and implementing smoke-free bylaws. An increasing number of Ontarians are now protected from the harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke in public places. These developments were also accompanied by renewed demands that the province enact and implement a province-wide ban on smoking in workplaces and public places.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c63k69w Mon, 10 Nov 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ontario Tobacco Research Unit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g2684j0 <p>• An estimated 12,000 U.K. nonsmokers die annually from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home, at work, and in social venues. In fact, SHS pollution now causes as many deaths annually as did the great London Smog 50 years ago and triple the annual number of road deaths from traffic accidents.</p><p>• Within the at-work category, data is sufficient to calculate risks for three subgroups: about 900 office workers, 165 bar workers, and 145 manufacturing workers are estimated to die from passive smoking each year in the U.K. That’s more than three deaths a day in these three categories alone.</p><p>• For manufacturing workers, three-fold as many are estimated to die from passive smoking than work-related deaths from all other causes. 17% of bar workers are estimated to die from passive smoking at current exposure levels. The SHS-caused deaths among office workers adds an estimated 9% to the total occupational mortality from all causes in all occupations.</p><p>• Recent U.S. and... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g2684j0 Mon, 20 Oct 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Repace, James, MSc https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vw7d4fb <p>The purpose of this report by the Monitoring and Evaluation Program of the University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center is to assist policy makers and tobacco control advocates in understanding the role of the tobacco industry in forming state and local policies on tobacco in Wisconsin. These activities in policy-making play an integral role in the level of tobacco use in the state. The late John Slade formulated a public health model of tobacco addiction where the agent (of the disease) is tobacco, the host is the smoker and the vector is the tobacco industry. Slade went on to hold that the environmental conditions, which include the political conditions, laws and regulations either foster the ability of the vector tobacco industry to claim more lives or reduce their toll. The research question is therefore whether the tobacco industry influenced the political, economic and regulatory environment in Wisconsin and if so, how that influence occurred and the nature of... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vw7d4fb Thu, 9 Oct 2003 00:00:00 +0000 University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1z63h7b6 <p>The tobacco industry gave $9,424,612 in soft and PAC money to federal candidates, political parties and other political action committees in the 2001-2002 election cycle (from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2002)1. So far in the 2003-2004 election cycle, the tobacco industry has given $665,751 in PAC contributions to federal candidates, political parties and other political action committees. As enacted, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 prohibits national political parties and federal candidates and officeholders from raising soft money. Therefore, this report refers to soft money donations prior to November 6, 2002. On May 2, 2003, a three-judge panel for the U.S. District Court of the District of Columbia issued a mixed ruling on key provisions of the campaign finance law. A final decision on the constitutionality of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, including the ban on soft money fundraising by the national parties, will be decided by</p><p>Tobacco companies,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1z63h7b6 Thu, 9 Oct 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23m0x273 <p>Partners identified the following strengths and</p><p>challenges of New York’s tobacco control program:</p><p>• The experience and leadership of the DOH</p><p>TCP Director was a major strength of</p><p>the program.</p><p>• Clean indoor air efforts throughout the state</p><p>were also a strength.</p><p>• Partners were concerned about the security</p><p>of funding due to the large state and city</p><p>budget deficits.</p><p>• The highly politicized DOH environment and</p><p>slow grant process were viewed as barriers to</p><p>the program.</p><p>• Little support from state policymakers</p><p>and the influence of the tobacco industry</p><p>made implementing a comprehensive</p><p>program challenging.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23m0x273 Mon, 29 Sep 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Krauss, Melissa Herbers, Stephanie Hepp, Lisa Mueller, Nancy Luke, Douglas https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sv131j7 <p>Michigan’s tobacco control program has been greatly challenged by an unsupportive political climate, a state budget deficit, and inadequate program funding. Despite these barriers, the program has benefited from strong tobacco control experience and leadership, a supportive network of tobacco control partners, and recent local clean indoor air efforts. It is hoped that the new Governor and Legislature will provide more support for tobacco control, helping Michigan’s program to progress in its efforts.</p><p>Program Strengths &amp; Challenges</p><p>Partners identified the following strengths and challenges of Michigan’s tobacco control program:</p><p>• Partners described the Tobacco Section staff as very dedicated, knowledgeable, and committed to tobacco control and a major strength of Michigan’s program.</p><p>• The statewide coalition, Tobacco Free Michigan Action Coalition, and its members were viewed as strengths.</p><p>• A few partners identified local coalitions and their... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sv131j7 Mon, 29 Sep 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Herbers, Stephanie, BA Hepp, Lisa, BS Mueller, Nancy, MPH Krauss, Melissa, MPH Luke, Douglas, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bd8z7s2 <p>This report takes a preliminary look at the behaviour of the tobacco industry in New Zealand. It is based on a series of literature searches, interviews with key informants, and on the examination of internal tobacco industry documents, many of which have been released by court orders in the United States. The report considers the tobacco industry activities in the context of a suggested framework for a responsible industry. The framework assumes that where the available evidence indicates that a consumer product poses a significant health hazard, then there are a number of appropriate responses that a business should undertake. These include warning the public, ceasing to promote the product and modifying the product to reduce harm.</p><p>We found internal tobacco industry documents that appeared to show that advisers to the industry in New Zealand believed that smoking caused cancer, at a period when the industry was denying this link in statements to Parliament. Other documents... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bd8z7s2 Sat, 3 May 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Thomson, George Wilson, Nick https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j85j2ct <p>This paper projects the long term consequences of the rise in youth smoking in the</p><p>1990s by updating the state estimates for projected smoking-related deaths among youth</p><p>in the U.S. using information from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System</p><p>(BRFSS) 2000 and the U.S. Census 2000. This analysis is similar to that from an earlier</p><p>study published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Office on</p><p>Smoking and Health (MMWR, 45[44], November 8, 1996). The 1996 analysis used</p><p>young adult smoking prevalence data from 1994 and 1995; whereas, the analysis</p><p>presented here represents smoking prevalence data from 2000. The overall number of</p><p>potential future smoking-attributable deaths among persons aged 0-17 years in 2000 was</p><p>6,407,119 for the U.S., up from an estimated 5 million in 1995.</p><p>Compared with the 1995 estimates, every state except Arizona shows increases in</p><p>projected smoking-related deaths... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j85j2ct Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Hahn, Ellen J, DNS, RN Rayens, Mary Kay, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Okoli, Chizimuzo T.C., BSN, RN Yang, Jun, MS https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88h2t1n7 <p>Objective—This study aimed to assess the effect of the Master Settlement Agreement’s (MSA) 24 April 1999 ban on billboard tobacco advertising on the tobacco industry’s point-of-purchase marketing strategies.</p><p>Methods—Observations were conducted from 16 February through 23 June 1999 in 3,464 tobacco-selling retail stores in a total of 191 communities across the nation. Communities were determined by the location of schools in a nationally representative sample of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the United States. At each store, information was collected on the extent of interior and exterior tobacco advertising, extent of tobacco functional objects, presence of tobacco promotions, and placement of tobacco and low-height advertisements. Logistic regression and cumulative logit analyses were used to assess changes in pre- and post-ban retail environments, after adjusting for store type, store size, presence of state tobacco control program and urbanicity.</p><p>Results—After... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88h2t1n7 Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Wakefield, Melanie A., PhD Terry, Yvonne M., MSA Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Barker, Dianne C., MHS Slater, Sandy J., MS Clark, Pamela I, PhD Giovino, Gary A., MS, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8004m9n5 <p>Prior economic research provides mixed evidence on the impact of cigarette prices on youth smoking. This paper empirically tests the effects of various price measures on youth demand for cigarettes using data collected in a recent nationally representative survey of 17,287 high school students. In addition to commonly used cigarette price measures, the study also examined the effect of price as perceived by the students. This unique information permits the study of the effect of teen-specific price on cigarette demand. The analysis employed a two-part model of cigarette demand based on a model developed by Cragg (1971) in which the propensity to smoke and the intensity of the smoking habit are modeled separately. The results confirm that higher cigarette prices, irrespective of the way they are measured, reduce youth cigarette smoking. The split of the price effect on smoking probability and on smoking intensity depends on the price measure used in the model. The largest impact... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8004m9n5 Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ross, Hana, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j06g804 <p>Smoking among youths and young adults has been rising throughout the 1990’s. Numerous policies have been enacted to try to reverse this trend. However, little is known about the impact that these policies have on the smoking behavior of young adults. This study uses a dichotomous indicator of daily smoking participation in the past thirty days, an ordered measure representing the frequency of cigarette consumption and a quasi-continuous measure of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average to examine the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws and campus level smoking policies on the smoking behaviors of a 1997 cross section of college students. The results of the analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with lower smoking participation and lower levels of use among college student smokers. Local and state level clean indoor air restrictions have a cumulative impact on the level of smoking by current smokers. Complete smoking bans on college... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j06g804 Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Czart, Christina, PhD Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Weschsler, Henry, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75x2s1j0 <p>Objectives: Data from the 1992, 1993, and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys were used to investigate the differential effects of cigarette price on the intensity of youth cigarette smoking.</p><p>Methods: Respondents are classified into nonsmokers; individuals who smoked less than one cigarette per day; individuals who smoked one to five cigarettes per day; individuals who smoked one-half pack a day; and individuals who smoked one pack or more a day. A Threshold of Change Model was estimated with information on cigarette prices as the main explanatory variables.</p><p>Results: Dummy variables indicating medium and high prices were found to have varying effects on different levels of smoking intensity, even though higher prices were associated with lower smoking in all cases. The differences are more striking in the high price case. The effects of higher prices are largest at the heaviest smoking levels.</p><p>Conclusion: Cigarette prices an effective tool to discourage youth... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75x2s1j0 Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Liang, Lan, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59d1z56k <p>The increases in smoking prevalence among U.S. youth during the 1990's, and the growing evidence that adolescents become regular smokers at earlier ages, have attracted significant attention from public health officials. Preventing experimental young smokers from becoming established smokers may be the most effective way of achieving a long run reductions in smoking in the whole population.</p><p>The paper addresses the gaps in knowledge about the impact of tobacco control policies on youth smoking uptake by examining the differential effects of cigarette prices, Clean Indoor Air laws, youth access laws, and other socio-economic factors on smoking uptake among nationally representative sample of U.S. high school students. Five clearly defined uptake stage categories are developed in order to classify 16,815 survey participants.</p><p>The results suggest that cigarette prices are negatively related to moving from lower to higher stages of smoking uptake and that higher prices... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59d1z56k Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Ross, Hana, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Wakefield, Melanie, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46n6b9mv <p>This review focuses on the extent to which comprehensive, statewide, tobacco control programs in the United States have induced change in teenage smoking or made progress towards this goal and under what circumstances such programs are likely to be most effective. The sources for this review include published journal articles, reports and documents, rather than any primary data analysis. We review evidence for the extent to which individual strategies that comprise a comprehensive tobacco control program are related to reducing teenage tobacco use, thereby providing a rationale as to why such comprehensive programs might be expected to reduce adolescent smoking when implemented on a statewide basis. This evidence suggests that school-based smoking prevention programs using the social influences approach, public education through counteradvertising, strongly enforced measures to: prevent youth from purchasing cigarettes, ban smoking in public places and ban tobacco advertising;... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46n6b9mv Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Wakefield, Melanie A, PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28h3v79v <p>Objectives - To determine the relationship between brand-specific advertising and promotions in convenience stores for Marlboro and Camel cigarettes and choice of usual brand among school students.</p><p>Design - Cross-sectional survey with merged records of store tobacco advertising and promotions.</p><p>Setting – United States.</p><p>Participants – 3,890 high school smokers with a usual brand, matched to 196 convenience stores.</p><p>Main outcome measures – Choice of Marlboro as a usual brand ; choice of Camel as a usual brand.</p><p>Results – Choice of Marlboro as a usual brand was associated with presence of a Marlboro gift with purchase (p.05) and negatively associated with a greater share of exterior advertising voice for Camel (p&lt;.001).</p><p>Conclusions – The results are consistent with the notion that Marlboro-specific advertising and promotions may influence choice of Marlboro as a usual brand to smoke among teens, but results for Camel are mixed and inconclusive.</p><p>Further... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/28h3v79v Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Wakefield, Melanie, PhD Ruel, Erin E., MA Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Slater, Sandy J., MS Kaufman, Nancy J., RN, MS https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13x7b25w <p>Objectives - To determine the relationship between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school and in public places, and smoking uptake, smoking prevalence and monthly cigarette consumption by school students.</p><p>Design - Cross-sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places.</p><p>Setting – United States.</p><p>Participants – 17,287 high school students.</p><p>Main outcome measures – Five-point scale of smoking uptake; 30-day smoking prevalence; monthly cigarette consumption among current smokers.</p><p>Results – More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (p&lt;.05), lower 30-day prevalence (p&lt;.001) and reduced monthly cigarette consumption (p&lt;.001). These findings applied even where parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13x7b25w Mon, 14 Apr 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Wakefield, Melanie A., PhD Chaloupka, Frank J., PhD Kaufman, Nancy J., RN, MS Orleans, C. Tracy, PhD Barker, Dianne C., MHS Ruel, Erin E., MA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46q7b4gq <p>“Creating a sustainable program for long-term success” was the focus of Washington’s 2000 strategic plan. In 2002, this theme was still evident. While Washington was faced with some difficult challenges, the foundation had been laid to continue to improve and expand its tobacco control program. The program benefited from a supportive leadership, ample funding, a health conscious public, and an improving tobacco control network.</p><p>For this evaluation, preventing youth initiation and promoting cessation were identified as the top two program goals for FY 2002. Partners agreed with these priorities, emphasizing the importance of demonstrating to the Legislature that the program was affecting prevalence rates. Minor changes to the list were suggested: broadening the definition of youth to include 18-24 year olds due to the targeting of this group by the tobacco industry; and including cessation for pregnant women as a sub-goal of promoting cessation. The statewide quit line... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46q7b4gq Fri, 28 Mar 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Mueller, Nancy, MPH Krauss, Melissa, MPH Luke, Douglas, PhD https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48k115sj <p>Cigarette smuggling takes place on a colossal scale.</p><p>Each year approximately 400 billion cigarettes, or one-third of all legally exported cigarettes, end up illegally smuggled across international borders. Cigarettes are the world’s most widely smuggled legal consumer product.</p><p>Based on company documents that use these terms, this report looks at the smuggling of cigarettes manufactured by British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco in four representative countries —Bangladesh, Cameroon, Colombia and Spain—to illustrate, in considerable detail, the major cigarette companies’ various roles in international smuggling operations. As these examples show, the major companies have gone well beyond knowingly selling cigarettes that they know will end up in the hands of smugglers but have also carefully monitored and overseen the smuggling of their brands into various countries, often treating the illegal importation and contraband sales of their cigarettes... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48k115sj Fri, 28 Feb 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9w16c3dc <p>The report shows that cigarette sales increased by 0.5 percent from 1999 to 2000, while advertising and promotional expenditures rose 16.2 percent to $9.57 billion, the most ever reported to the Commission. Increases in expenditures for promotional allowances and retail value added account for most of the overall rise in spending. The industry also reported increases in spending for coupons (up 32.8 percent) and public entertainment (up 15.8 percent), but these expenditure categories are relatively small in terms of overall spending. Substantial decreases were reported for outdoor advertising (down 82.8 percent from 1999 to 2000) and transit advertising (down 99.9 percent).</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9w16c3dc Fri, 21 Feb 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Federal Trade Commission https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ck5x0hb <p>These quarterly reports provide regular, detailed updates of the tobacco industry's campaign</p><p>contributions to sitting members of Congress, candidates for federal office, political parties, leadership</p><p>PACs and other political action committees. Each issue also provides additional information on the</p><p>tobacco companies' political influence, including new analyses of the correlation between these</p><p>payments and the tobacco-related legislation that members of the U.S. Congress support.</p><p>Data reported so far in the 2001-2002 election cycle (from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2003)1</p><p>indicate the tobacco industry has given $8,477,974 in soft and PAC money to federal candidates,</p><p>political parties and other political action committees.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ck5x0hb Fri, 21 Feb 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jr344qk <p>Current ordinance/policy on smoking in buildings owned or leased by county, city, village or town in Wisconsin.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jr344qk Mon, 6 Jan 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Department of Population Health Sciences Center for Health Policy and Program Evaluation https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1j23h3d5 <p>Based on an examination of primarily tobacco industry internal documents, news</p><p>sources and government data sources we conclude that the tobacco industry in Wisconsin has</p><p>played a dominant role in shaping public policy on tobacco through the use of its economic</p><p>and political power and strategic alliances with influential industries. Tobacco industry</p><p>policies have contributed to higher than average rates of smoking among young</p><p>people in the early nineties, higher rates of smoking among young adults than the national</p><p>average and higher than expected smoking rates among adults in Wisconsin given its socioeconomic</p><p>characteristics.</p><p>This report should increase understanding of the political and economic</p><p>dimensions of Wisconsin’s tobacco industry and how it influences public policy related to</p><p>tobacco use. This report describes the structure of the major tobacco companies, their</p><p>economic interests in Wisconsin and their... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1j23h3d5 Mon, 6 Jan 2003 00:00:00 +0000 Monitoring and Evaluation Program https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xv5h2xp <p>This survey is an attempt to contribute to the understanding of tobacco control through the introduction of an institutional-based perspective that stresses not simply individual variations in behaviors and attitudes, but rather attempts to use cross-sectional survey data to monitor trends for societal norms, practices, and beliefs surrounding tobacco. This technique is primarily one of a shift in focus and interpretation rather than basic survey methodology.</p><p>The design of the survey instrument was based on an extensive review of extant instruments such as the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, the Current Population Survey - Tobacco Supplement, and the California Adult Tobacco Survey, and supplemented by additional items needed to flesh out the social climate concept. The reliance on existing measurements was greatly enhanced by the review and excellent advice from the Office of Smoking and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</p><p>The... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xv5h2xp Fri, 20 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000 McMillen, Robert C, PhD Breen, Julie Frese, Wolfgang Cosby, Arthur G https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0w0811g4 <p>The Social Climate Survey provides a method</p><p>to monitor changes in social and environmental</p><p>objectives, as well as an institutional framework</p><p>to organize and interpret these results.</p><p>This approach operationalizes the concept of</p><p>social climate into a set of quantifiable social</p><p>and environmental indicators - organized within</p><p>an institutional framework. Social scientists</p><p>typically conceptualize societal changes as</p><p>occurring through changes in social institutions,</p><p>such as the family, school, work place,</p><p>and government. As a fundamental component</p><p>of a society, these social institutions emerge as</p><p>clusterings of beliefs, norms, and practices.</p><p>Moreover, beliefs, norms, and practices about</p><p>tobacco use and tobacco control have evolved</p><p>in each of these institutional areas which then</p><p>shape the status of tobacco use in the social</p><p>fabric of American society. The Social</p><p>Climate... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0w0811g4 Fri, 20 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000 McMillen, Robert C, PhD Frese, Wolfgang Cosby, Arthur G https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0hf4m0cq <p>This survey is an attempt to contribute to the understanding of tobacco control through the introduction of an institutional-based perspective that stresses not simply individual variations in behaviors and attitudes, but rather attempts to use cross-sectional survey data to monitor trends for societal norms, practices, and beliefs surrounding tobacco. This technique is primarily one of a shift in focus and interpretation rather than basic survey methodology.</p><p>The design of the survey instrument was based on an extensive review of extant instruments such as the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, the Current Population Survey - Tobacco Supplement, and the California Adult Tobacco Survey, and supplemented by additional items needed to flesh out the social climate concept. The reliance on existing measurements was greatly enhanced by the review and excellent advice from the Office of Smoking and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).</p><p>The... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0hf4m0cq Fri, 20 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000 McMillen, Robert C, PhD Frese, Wolfgang Cosby, Arthur G. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82r4v193 <p>“Profits Over People” is the result of over a year of investigation of more than 10,000 pages of internal tobacco company documents, mainly from Philip Morris and British American Tobacco, who together have most of the market share in LAC, obtained through the Internet and through the Guildford depository in the United Kingdom. The report shows that the tobacco companies:</p><p>were intensely competitive but collaborated in campaigns against common threats to the industry;</p><p>hired scientists throughout the region to misrepresent the science linking secondhand smoke to serious diseases, while cloaking in secrecy any connection of these scientists with the tobacco industry;</p><p>designed “youth smoking prevention” campaigns and programs primarily as public relations exercises aimed at deterring meaningful regulation of tobacco marketing;</p><p>had detailed knowledge of smuggling networks and markets and actively sought to increase their share of the illegal market by structuring... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82r4v193 Wed, 18 Dec 2002 00:00:00 +0000 Aguinaga Bialous, Stella, MPH Shatenstein, Stan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dn9v90n <p>At the request of Rep. Henry A. Waxman, this report examines recently submitted filings by the five largest cigarette manufacturers in the civil suit brought by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The report assesses the truthfulness of company positions on three critical health issues: (1) the health effects of smoking; (2) the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke; and (3) the addictiveness of nicotine. The report also examines three companies’ statements about previously controversial issues: Philip Morris’s statements on control of nicotine, R.J. Reynolds’s statements on marketing to children, and British American Tobacco’s statements on document destruction.</p><p>The report finds that when forced to take legally binding positions, the tobacco industry still does not accept scientific consensus about the harms of their products.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dn9v90n Mon, 18 Nov 2002 00:00:00 +0000 Waxman, Henry A