Recent ucd items

Electricity Sector Emissions Leakage in California’s Cap-and-Trade Program

Sat, 1 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study quantifies the extent to which the reported reductions in emissions from California’s electricity imports from 2011 through 2021 have been impacted by emissions leakage in the surrounding western electric grid. This evaluation looks at aggregate outcomes and does not evaluate specific transactions, imports for individual load-serving entities or compliance with regulatory provisions to minimize emissions leakage.Our empirical analysis presents two complementary estimation approaches. First, we apply marginal emissions estimation methods to quantify the amount of emissions caused by California imports each year and compare multi-year changes in our estimates of the import-driven emissions to the reduction in emissions from imports reported to CARB. Second, we apply an attributional approach to compare trends in the output of reported sources with their observed output overall. Both approaches indicate that Roughly half of the 29.6 MMT reduction in emissions from electricity...

Bridging the gap: Addressing healthcare disparities among foreign-born SGM and racial/ethnic minority populations

Sat, 1 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND: Intersectionality, xenophobia, and health behavior theories suggest that sexual and gender minority (SGM) status, race/ethnicity, and nativity jointly shape healthcare access, yet these dimensions are often examined separately. This study identifies intersectional differences within foreign-born groups that may have previously been obscured. METHODS: Using six waves (2015-2020) of restricted California Health Interview Survey data, we estimated multinomial logistic models of insurance coverage and usual source of care among foreign-born adults, comparing by sexual orientation and gender identity, adjusting for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. To capture racialized differences, we stratified models by ethnoracial identity, for Black, Indigenous, Person of Color (BIPOC) vs. non-BIPOC. RESULTS: Insurance patterns varied by sexual orientation. Compared with heterosexuals, gay/lesbian foreign-born adults had lower probability of being uninsured; respondents reporting...

Do Tax Credits Increase Heat Pump Adoption?

Sat, 1 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Economists have long argued that many recipients of clean energy subsidies are likely non-additional, but there are relatively few empirical studies. This paper uses U.S. monthly shipment data to test whether income tax credits increase heat pump adoption. When the tax credit increased from $300 to $2000 in January 2023, there was no increase in shipments. Then, when the tax credit expired in January 2026, there was no decrease in shipments. This lack of a discernible relationship persists after controlling for seasonal patterns, energy prices, and housing starts. The evidence suggests that most recipients of the $2000 tax credit were non-additional, and would have installed a heat pump even without the subsidy. The paper discusses implications for policydesign, economic efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, the paper points out that heat pump shipments continue at a strong pace thus far in 2026 even without the tax credit, with large benefits for the environment.

Worth their weight in gray matter? A narrative review of cost‐effectiveness analyses of monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease

Sat, 1 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent major therapeutic advances, but their economic value is uncertain. This review narratively examines cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab for early-onset AD. METHODS: We searched Medline (via PubMed) and EMBASE in April 2026 and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) reports for CEAs of these mAbs. Inclusion required sufficient data to calculate ICERs. Two reviewers independently screened studies, and risk of bias was assessed using Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews. Data were synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity. RESULTS: Of 755 records screened, 16 CEAs met inclusion criteria (six aducanumab, eight lecanemab, one aducanumab/donanemab, one lecanemab/donanemab). Almost all aducanumab studies reported ICERs that exceeded commonly cited US willingness‑to‑pay thresholds (e.g., $100,000-$150,000 per quality-adjusted life year [QALY]),...

The health implications of neighborhood networks based on daily mobility in US cities

Sat, 1 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A large body of research has been dedicated to understanding the neighborhood conditions that impact health, which outcomes are affected, and how these associations vary by demographic and socioeconomic neighborhood and individual characteristics. This literature has focused mostly on the neighborhoods in which individuals reside, thus failing to recognize that residents across race/ethnicity and class spend a non-trivial amount of their time in neighborhoods far from their residential settings. To address this gap, we use mobile phone data from the company SafeGraph to compare racial inequality in neighborhood socioeconomic advantage exposure across three scales: the neighborhoods that residents live in, their adjacent neighborhoods, and the neighborhoods that they regularly visit. We found that the socioeconomic advantage levels in neighborhood networks differ from the levels at the residential and adjacent scales across all ethnoracial neighborhoods. Furthermore, socioeconomic...

P-1907. Barriers to Prescribing Long-Acting Injectable HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in a Resident Primary Care Clinic

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

AbstractBackground

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is up to 99% effective at reducing the risk of acquiring HIV, now available in oral and long-acting injectable (LAI) forms. Uptake of PrEP, especially LAI PrEP, varies among patient groups and is lower among Black patients, particularly Black men who have sex with men. At the University of Chicago Medical Center (UCMC) resident primary care clinic, internal medicine (IM) residents act as primary care physicians for patients who are majority Black and LAI PrEP is under-prescribed in this clinic. This study aims to identify knowledge deficits in and barriers to prescribing LAI PrEP by IM residents.

Methods

IM residents at UCMC at any training level (n=118) were surveyed for experiences prescribing oral and injectable PrEP for primary care patients. Experience prescribing PrEP was surveyed using yes/no questions. Attitudes towards and barriers to prescribing PrEP were surveyed using Likert scale questions. Knowledge of...

P-960. Improving Resident Education on the Inpatient Infectious Disease Consult Service

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

AbstractBackground

Education in infectious disease (ID) is a critical part of an internal medicine curriculum. As the infectious disease consult service is typically high volume and busy, residents and other trainees were often not receiving adequate training in less common infectious conditions or didactic training in common conditions that may be relevant for their future practice or internal medicine board exams. Our Quality Improvement project sought to improve training for residents and medical students through the integration of high-yield lecture services given on the Adult ID consult service.Figure 1:

Pre/Post Test Results of Internal Medicine Residents

These are the reported correct responses, in terms of percentage of residents who responded correctly to the case-based multiple choice question, to a pre and post test of six specific high-yield topics in Infectious Diseases.

Methods

During the academic year of 2022-2023, for the Adult ID Consult...

Eight quick tips for data-model integration in ecology

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Eight quick tips for data-model integration in ecology

Evaluation of soil heavy metals pollution and the phytoremediation potential of copper-nickel mine tailings ponds.

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Heavy metal pollution in soils caused by mining has led to major environmental problems around the globe and seriously threatens the ecological environment. The assessment of heavy metal pollution and the local phytoremediation potential of contaminated sites is an important prerequisite for phytoremediation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the characteristics of heavy metal pollution around a copper-nickel mine tailings pond and screen local plant species that could be potentially suitable for phytoremediation. The results showed that Cd, Cu, Ni, and Cr in the soil around the tailings pond were at the heavy pollution level, Mn and Pb pollution was moderate, and Zn and As pollution was light; The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results showed that the contributions made by industrial pollution to Cu and Ni were 62.5% and 66.5%, respectively, atmospheric sedimentation and agricultural pollution contributions to Cr and Cd were 44.6% and 42.8%, respectively,...

Ending the Sale of Tobacco in California Pharmacies

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ending the Sale of Tobacco in California Pharmacies

Using a Master Narrative Framework to Examine Conversations About Race and Ethnicity

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objective

Systemic racism, reinforced by color-evasive ideology, shapes the ways that emerging adults process and discuss race/ethnicity. In this preregistered and mixed methods study, we used a master narrative framework to examine narratives about race/ethnicity among U.S. emerging adult friend-pairs.

Method

Participants consisted of 107 friend-pairs (N = 214 total) who provided individually written racial/ethnic narratives and engaged in an unstructured conversation with each other in which race/ethnicity was brought up.

Results

Using quantitative methods, we found that meaning making of racial/ethnic experiences was higher in written relative to spoken narrative contexts. Additionally, using qualitative methods, we identified specific conversation dynamics capturing how young people discussed race/ethnicity, including subthemes of mitigation and encouragement, finding that encouragement dynamics were related to higher meaning making.

Conclusion

Our...

585. Effects of Legislation Restricting Reproductive and LGBT+ Rights on Infectious Disease Fellowship Match Rates

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

AbstractBackground

Over the last decade, infectious disease (ID) fellowship match rates have declined despite increasing workforce need. Many factors may influence rates, including effects of local political climate. Since 2022, many states have restricted reproductive and/or LGBT+ rights. As 43% of ID physicians identified as women in 2021 (AMA) and 6% of graduating medical students entering medicine residencies identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual from 2016-2019 (Mori, 2021), there is a need to examine impact of local politics on match rates.Table 1.

Match Rates of Programs in States with and without Restrictions on Reproductive and LGBT+ Rights

Methods

Match rates for ID fellowship programs from 2019-2024 were tabulated by state based on publicly available NRMP data. States were categorized as reproductively-restrictive if they enacted laws limiting abortion and/or LGBT+ restrictive if they enacted laws limiting gender expression, LGBT+ healthcare or...

CAPTURING ADOLESCENT STUDIES: DEVELOPING A TARGETED SEARCH HEDGE TO ENHANCE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

CAPTURING ADOLESCENT STUDIES: DEVELOPING A TARGETED SEARCH HEDGE TO ENHANCE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS

A case of Heart Transplant After Bartonella henselae Infective Endocarditis Associated with an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

IntroductionTo our knowledge, only one case of acute Bartonella henselae infective endocarditis treated with heart transplantation as salvage therapy has been published. There is a paucity of literature on management of Bartonella henselae endocarditis in the pre-transplant and post-transplant periods.Case PresentationA 63-year-old Caucasian man with past medical history of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and HeartMate II left-ventricular assist device was diagnosed with presumptive Bartonella henselae infective endocarditis after presenting with infectious glomerulonephritis. He successfully underwent heart transplant with device removal and was able to discontinue chronic suppressive doxycycline therapy without recurrence of infective endocarditis.ConclusionThere remains a paucity of literature on Bartonella henselae endocarditis treated with orthotopic heart transplant and this case report represents the second known...

Self-management for youth and young adults with childhood-onset chronic conditions: A scoping review of health care transition planning literature

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To determine the extent to which self-management has been investigated and reported in literature focused on the transition from pediatric to adult healthcare for youth and young adults with childhood-onset chronic conditions (CCCs). Introduction: An estimated 1.2 million youth with CCCs are expected to enter adulthood annually in the United States. As these youth transition from pediatric to adult health systems, they are at risk for experiencing critical gaps in care continuity and adverse health outcomes. Health care transition models have emerged to address these gaps, with self-management recognized as a critical component of successful transition. Inclusion criteria: The included literature addressed self-management in the context of the transition from pediatric to adult health care for youth and young adults (aged 9-35 years) with CCCs. Results were limited to English-language, peer-reviewed primary research articles. Methods: A comprehensive search of six databases...

NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Version 2.2026.

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and BCL2 inhibitor (BCL2i)-containing regimens significantly improve survival outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Results from randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that time-limited treatment with BCL2i-containing regimens resulted in higher rates of undetectable measurable residual disease (uMRD) than BTKi monotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy (CIT). Pirtobrutinib (a noncovalent BTKi) and lisocabtagene maraleucel (CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy) are newer options for relapsed or refractory disease after prior therapy with BTKi and BCL2i-contining regimens. Histologic transformation of CLL/SLL to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter transformation) is associated with a poor prognosis. Molecular analysis to determine whether there is clonal relationship between CLL/SLL and transformed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is useful to select an appropriate treatment option. These...

Cultivating Collaborative Water Leaders: The Power of Experiential Learning

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT Water systems in the American West are under mounting stress as climate change accelerates aridification and tensions grow over competing demands for scarce water resources. As socio‐ecological pressures compound, siloed thinking and governance undermine the development of innovative water management approaches. A new generation of water practitioners is rising to meet this challenge. But working within this complexity requires systems understanding, transdisciplinary expertise, cultural competence, and collaborative leadership. As a multidisciplinary group of graduate students and field program leaders working on water in the West, we argue that experiential learning offers a powerful pathway to prepare future water practitioners with the skills they need to address wicked water problems. In this Commentary we present a set of best practices, grounded in our shared experiential learning experience, to guide the design of inclusive and transformative field opportunities...

Mechanically graded granular scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering

Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Engineered scaffolds designed to approximate the mechanical microenvironment of the osteochondral unit often address this complexity using discrete, two-phase architectures that introduce mechanical discontinuities and interfacial stress concentrations rather than a contiguous stiffness transition. To address this challenge, we created a photoannealed polyethylene glycol (PEG) granular scaffold with a spatially controlled stiffness gradient within a cell-permissive, macroporous architecture. Stiffness was dictated by photoannealing microgels using a photomask. We tuned void volume and available surface area by varying microgel diameter and tested how mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) interpret local mechanical environments. MSCs exhibited position-dependent differences in morphology, cytoskeletal structure, matrix deposition, and lineage-specific gene expression within the gradient scaffolds. Softer regions supported rounded cell morphology and deposition of a glycosaminoglycan-rich...

Quantification of flagellar gait changes with combined shape mode analysis and swimming simulations

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Many different microswimmers propel themselves using flagella that beat periodically. The shape of the flagellar beat and swimming speed have been observed to change with fluid rheology. We quantify changes in the flagellar waveforms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to changes in fluid viscosity using (i) shape mode analysis and (ii) a full swimmer simulation to analyse how shape changes affect the swimming speed and to explore the dimensionality of the shape space. By decomposing the gait into the time-independent mean shape and the time-varying stroke, we find that the flagellar mean shape substantially changes in response to viscosity, while the changes in the time-varying stroke are more subtle. Using the swimmer simulation, we quantify how the swimming speed is affected by the dimensionality of the flagellar shape reconstruction, and we show that the observed change in swimming speed with viscosity is explained by the variations in mean flagellar shape and...

Evidence for Early Evolution of Sulfated Peptide Signaling in Plant Development

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In plants, the cell wall fixes the position of each cell; therefore, during development, plants rely on cellular proliferation and expansion for tissue patterning and organ formation. How plant cells communicate with neighboring cells to coordinate expansion for properly patterned tissues and organs is not well understood. In seed plants, organ growth is known to be modulated by sulfotyrosyl peptide signaling. Here, we report that the activity of TYROSYL PROTEIN SULFOTRANSFERASE (TPST), which is responsible for the post-translational modification of sulfotyrosyl peptides, is essential for expansion during development in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrium patens. Plants that harbor a null mutation in the gene encoding TPST (Δtpst) were smaller, formed fewer caulonemal filaments, and were unable to form expanded gametophores. In Δtpst multiple aspects of gametophore development were affected, including the first division of the gametophore initial, as well as reduced rates of...

Direct effects of glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists on mitochondrial function in human-derived in vitro models: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide; GLP-1 RAs) treat Type 2 Diabetes and obesity, mainly by improving glycemic control, suppressing appetite, delaying gastric emptying, and inducing weight loss. Emerging evidence suggests they also directly affect mitochondrial function independently of systemic metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis examining direct mitochondrial effects of GLP-1 RAs in human-derived in vitro models. Of 1547 records identified (1203 screened after deduplication), 17 studies met the criteria, and only 11 contributed to the quantitative synthesis of mitochondrial outcomes. Outcomes included mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), bioenergetics (ATP-linked oxygen consumption, respiration, ATP production), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MitoROS). Meta-analysis demonstrated significantly improved bioenergetics (SMD = 1.109, 95% CI: 0.556-1.662, P < 0.001) and reduced MitoROS (SMD = -3.489, 95% CI:...

Making Meaning of Vocational Pathways using Open Storytelling: Braid as Method and Medium

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper provides details on how Braid--an online platform for reflection, community, and learning--functions. Drawing on student vocational reflections and their thoughts on using Braid, This paper offers initial findings for educators, researchers, and institutions seeking to better understand the use of digital platforms to advance academic outcomes, including the development of disciplinary knowledge, critical thinking, communication skills, and students' capacity for reflective practice, narrative meaning-making, and the integration of learning across academic, professional, and civic contexts. This project was completed as part of the National Science Foundation SEEKCommons fellowship program.

Optimizing metachronal paddling with reinforcement learning at low Reynolds number

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Metachronal paddling is a swimming strategy in which an organism oscillates sets of adjacent limbs with a constant phase lag, propagating a metachronal wave through its limbs and propelling it forward. This limb coordination strategy is utilized by swimmers across a wide range of Reynolds numbers, which suggests that this metachronal rhythm was selected for its optimality of swimming performance. In this study, we apply reinforcement learning to a swimmer at zero Reynolds number and investigate whether the learning algorithm selects this metachronal rhythm, or if other coordination patterns emerge. We design the swimmer agent with an elongated body and pairs of straight, inflexible paddles placed along the body for various fixed paddle spacings. Based on paddle spacing, the swimmer agent learns qualitatively different coordination patterns. At tight spacings, a back-to-front metachronal wave-like stroke emerges which resembles the commonly observed biological rhythm, but at wide...

Internal Biofilm Heterogeneities Enhance Solute Mixing and Chemical Reactions in Porous Media

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bacterial biofilms can form in porous media that are of interest in industrial applications ranging from medical implants to biofilters as well as in environmental applications such as in situ groundwater remediation, where they can be critical locations for biogeochemical reactions. The presence of biofilms modifies porous media topology and hydrodynamics by clogging pores and consequently solutes transport and reactions kinetics. The interplay between highly heterogeneous flow fields found in porous media and microbial behavior, including biofilm growth, results in a spatially heterogeneous biofilm distribution in the porous media as well as internal heterogeneity across the thickness of the biofilm. Our study leverages highly resolved three-dimensional X-ray computed microtomography images of bacterial biofilms in a tubular reactor to numerically compute pore-scale fluid flow and solute transport by considering multiple equivalent stochastically generated internal permeability...

Sex- And Metformin-Dependent Effects on Steroid, Oxylipin, and Bile Acid Lipidomics in Wilson Disease

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Sex- And Metformin-Dependent Effects on Steroid, Oxylipin, and Bile Acid Lipidomics in Wilson Disease

Novel DMD Frameshift Variant (p.Leu2017Profs*5) in Spectrin‐Like Repeat 16 Expands the Mutational Spectrum of DMD

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the DMD gene, which encodes dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein linking intracellular actin to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-associated protein complex and maintaining muscle fiber integrity. With the emergence of disease-modifying therapies, early and accurate molecular diagnosis is increasingly important. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is widely used to evaluate unexplained hyperCKemia and distinguish DMD from other inherited neuromuscular disorders. RESULTS: WES identified a novel hemizygous frameshift variant in DMD (NM_004006.3:c.6050_6051del; p.Leu2017Profs*5) in a Taiwanese boy with markedly elevated creatine kinase levels (> 10,000 U/L) and clinical features consistent with DMD. The variant was classified as likely pathogenic according to ACMG criteria (PVS1, PS2, PP3). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated strong evolutionary conservation...

Global sensitivity of laboratory-scale groundwater reactive transport simulations for sorption and degradation: Breakthrough dynamics across Péclet–Damköhler regimes

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Groundwater contaminant transport models rely on parameters that are often difficult or time-consuming to measure, generating uncertainty that complicates interpretation and decision-making. We apply global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to identify the parameters and interactions that most strongly control laboratory-scale reactive transport. Numerical simulations of one-dimensional, fully water-saturated systems governed by advection–dispersion–reaction transport of a single solute with sorption and decay are performed that systematically vary porosity, bulk density, dispersivity, decay rate, sorption distribution coefficient, and desorption rate. We employ GSA in three complementary ways to interrogate reactive transport behavior. First, we evaluate parameter influence across key breakthrough times (early arrival, peak concentration, and late-time tailing), offering a temporally resolved view of transport dynamics; as well as value of peak concentration to capture the worst case...

Response–reinforcer contiguity versus response‐rate–reinforcer‐rate covariance in rats' lever pressing: Support for a multiscale view

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The multiscale molar view sees behavior as a flow, like a river, extended in time. Matching theory expresses the way activities compete for time. Relative time taken by any activity depends on relative induction. The present experiment tested matching theory applied to concurrent contingent and noncontingent food. As adjunctive activities that compete with operant activity, we recorded hopper head entries and presses on a lever near the food hopper that had no programmed consequences. Eight naïve rats were first exposed to a variable-time 60 s schedule, which across conditions was gradually transformed into a variable-interval 60 s schedule by increasing the proportion of food that was delivered contingent on pressing a lever far from the hopper. Another group of 4 rats that had been trained to press a lever near a food hopper were introduced in the second condition, in which one food delivery was contingent on far-lever pressing. We found induction following a power function...

KASH proteins transform from passive tethers to dynamic conductors of motor-driven nuclear dynamics

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nuclear-cytoskeletal coupling orchestrates critical cellular processes from migration to tissue organization. At the core of this machinery, outer nuclear membrane Klarsicht/ANC-1/SYNE homology (KASH) proteins function as sophisticated molecular conductors rather than simple structural tethers. This review examines three principles redefining these versatile proteins: specialized interfaces for selective microtubule motor protein recruitment that orchestrate diverse chromosomal and nuclear dynamics, coordination of multiple cytoskeletal systems through simultaneous engagement with actin and microtubules, and tissue-specific regulation that explains the diverse KASH protein-related disease manifestations. This framework provides insights into conditions from muscular dystrophy to neurodegeneration and suggests targeted therapeutic opportunities.

Pumping and steady streaming driven by two-frequency oscillations of a cylinder

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The classical problem of steady streaming induced by an oscillating object has been studied extensively, but prior work has focused almost exclusively on single-frequency oscillations, which result in symmetric, quadrupole-like flows. Here we demonstrate that dual-frequency oscillations induce asymmetric steady streaming with a non-zero net flux in a direction determined by the polarity of the oscillation-the oscillator serves as a pump. We use numerical simulations and asymptotic analysis at small amplitude to examine two-dimensional steady streaming around a cylinder, first focusing on frequency ratio 2. The computational experiments show asymmetrical streaming and pumping, i.e. net flux downstream. It is well known from asymptotic analysis that steady streaming is second order in amplitude, and we show that pumping occurs at third order. We then extend the analysis to general frequency ratios, where we give necessary conditions for pumping, and predict the order in amplitude...

Giant KASH proteins and ribosomes establish distinct cytoplasmic biophysical properties in vivo

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Understanding how cells control their biophysical properties during development remains a fundamental challenge. While macromolecular crowding affects multiple cellular processes in single cells, its regulation in living animals remains poorly understood. Using genetically encoded multimeric nanoparticles for in vivo rheology, we found that Caenorhabditis elegans tissues maintain mesoscale properties that differ from those observed across diverse systems, including bacteria, yeast species, and cultured mammalian cells. We identified two conserved mechanisms controlling particle mobility: Ribosome concentration, a known regulator of cytoplasmic crowding, works in concert with a previously unknown function for the giant KASH (Klarsicht/ANC-1/SYNE homology) protein ANC-1 in providing structural constraints through associating with the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings reveal mechanisms by which tissues establish and maintain distinct mesoscale properties, with implications...

Improving USDA’s public price and volume data for an equitable organic food value chain

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Since 1915, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) Market News has supported a key element of our agricultural economic system: equity in access to pricing information between buyers and sellers and across operations of various sizes. Today, the privatization of agricultural information and market concentration in the food system make this public data source especially important for supporting a more fair and stable market for the growing organic sector. In this study, we use a mixed-methods approach to explore how AMS Market News organic price and volume data can be improved to better support organic agrifood system actors. Based on 26 interviews and 227 survey responses from organic producers, processors, distributors, and retailers across California, we find consistent interest in increased organic market data presented in visual formats with trend explanations, despite only limited direct reliance on Market News organic data throughout...

Semi-open data platform for exploring socioenvironmental data alongside ecological data in the context of the AmazonFACE project

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This project is an interactive webGIS dashboard built for the AmazonFACE research context and developed part of the National Science Foundation SEEKCommons Fellowship. Its main goal is to merge ecological field data and socioenvironmental or ethnobotanical knowledge into a single exploratory platform. The core idea is that ecologists often work with tree-level forest data such as abundance, traits, and spatial distribution, but do not always have a way to connect those ecological observations to information about how species matter to people, such as food, medicine, construction, or other uses. This dashboard was designed to make that connection visible and easily explorable.

Nuclei on the move: LINC complex-dependent and -independent mechanisms of nuclear migration in development

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nuclear positioning drives developmental processes from fertilization to neurogenesis. The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex connects nuclei to cytoskeletal force generators that power nuclear migration. Mutations in LINC complex components cause muscular dystrophies and neurodegenerative disorders, yet mechanisms controlling nuclear movement remain poorly understood. We summarize advances from three C. elegans developmental models in different mechanical environments: pronuclear migration across the vast zygotic cytoplasm, hyp7 hypodermal precursor nuclear migration where nuclei span nearly the width of the cell, and P-cell nuclear migration through narrow constrictions. These systems reveal multiple regulatory strategies for nuclear movement. Tissue-specific expression of distinct SUN-KASH combinations determines which cytoskeletal elements engage nuclei. Alternative splicing generates KASH isoforms with opposing motor preferences, and P-cell nuclear...

Replication of soil analogues at the original scale by 3D printing: Quantitative assessment of accuracy and repeatability of the pore structural heterogeneity

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present study investigates the quality of four three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to accurately reproduce the complex pore structure of a real undisturbed soil sample for laboratory experiments of transport in porous media at a 1:1 scale. Four state-of-the-art 3D printing technologies were evaluated (digital light synthesis, PolyJet with gel support material, low-force stereolithography, and PolyJet with water-soluble support material) using a combination of 3D image analysis from microtomopraphy and flow simulations of the pore structure produced with each 3D printing technique. Accuracy, as determined by matching solid and void volumes, permeability, connected porosity, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of the print against the original digital soil structure, was found to be substantially better for digital light synthesis, as compared to the other tested technologies. Repeatability, as determined by the same metrics but compared between identical...

Electrostatic‐Attraction‐Driven Self‐Assembled Graphene‐Disordered Rocksalt Composite Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT Disordered rocksalt cathodes hold promise for achieving high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries while using low‐cost, earth‐abundant elements. However, their electrochemical performance remains critically limited by their poor electronic conductivity. Conventional strategies such as high‐energy ball milling with excess carbon additives can improve conductivity but remain challenging to scale and often produce defects and increase surface area, thereby accelerating capacity degradation. Herein, we report an alternative approach of electrostatic‐attraction‐driven self‐assembly to fabricate Li 1.2 Mn 0.6 Ti 0.2 O 1.8 F 0.2 (LMTOF) particles uniformly wrapped with electronically conductive graphene sheets without associated materials degradation. The graphene‐wrapped LMTOF demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability (89% capacity retention after 100 cycles) and superior rate capability compared with an LMTOF‐carbon composite electrode fabricated using the conventional...

Development of a Clinic-Based, Sociostructural Intervention to Improve the Provision of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Cisgender Women: Formative Study Using the Assessment, Decision, Adaptation, Production, Topical Experts, Integration, Training, and Testing (ADAPT-ITT) Framework.

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Cisgender women (subsequently referred to as women) account for 23% of new HIV diagnoses in the United States. There are significant sociostructural barriers to engagement and retention in the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) cascade, particularly for Black women.

Objective

In response to the lack of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) to improve PrEP initiation, adherence, and persistence among women in the United States, we developed a clinic-based, sociostructural intervention focused on engagement and retention in the PrEP cascade for women.

Methods

We used the Assessment, Decision, Adaptation, Production, Topical experts, Integration, Training, and Testing (ADAPT-ITT) model to adapt two Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) best practices in HIV prevention: HIV PrEP Services for Urban Women and Project Shikamana to create a culturally appropriate EBI responsive to Black womens HIV prevention needs. In this paper, we focus on the...

Tyrosine-sulfated peptide-induced flavonol biosynthesis controls elongation and differentiation in Arabidopsis primary root

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots, growth initiation and cessation are organized into distinct zones. How regulatory mechanisms are integrated to coordinate these processes and maintain proper growth progression over time remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the peptide hormone PLANT PEPTIDE CONTAINING SULFATED TYROSINE 1 (PSY1) promotes root growth by controlling cell elongation. Higher levels of PSY1 lead to longer differentiated cells with a shootward displacement of characteristics common to mature cells. PSY1 activates genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols, a group of plant-specific specialized metabolites. Consistent with these transcriptional changes, metabolomic analysis reveals an enrichment of diverse flavonol glycosides upon PSY1 treatment. Using genetic and chemical approaches, we show that PSY1-mediated flavonol accumulation is localized to the differentiation zone and is required for PSY1 function. PSY1 signaling in this zone is...

Nuclear deformability depends on H3K9-methylated heterochromatin anchorage to the nuclear periphery in Caenorhabditis elegans

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nuclei adjust their deformability while migrating through constrictions to enable structural changes and maintain nuclear integrity. The effect of heterochromatin anchored at the nucleoplasmic face of the inner nuclear membrane on nuclear morphology and deformability during in vivo nuclear migration through constricted spaces remains unclear. Here, we show that abolishing peripheral heterochromatin anchorage by eliminating CEC-4, a chromodomain protein that tethers H3K9-methylated chromatin to the nuclear periphery, disrupts constrained P-cell nuclear migration in Caenorhabditis elegans larvae in the absence of the established linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex-dependent pathway. This effect was suppressed by mutations that stabilize the lamin LMN-1. CEC-4 acts in parallel to an actin and CDC-42-based pathway. We also demonstrate the necessity for the chromatin methyltransferase MET-2 and the demethylase JMJD-1.2 during P-cell nuclear migration in the absence...

Highly luminescent scintillating hetero-ligand MOF nanocrystals with engineered Stokes shift for photonic applications

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Large Stokes shift fast emitters show a negligible reabsorption of their luminescence, a feature highly desirable for several applications such as fluorescence imaging, solar-light managing, and fabricating sensitive scintillating detectors for medical imaging and high-rate high-energy physics experiments. Here we obtain high efficiency luminescence with significant Stokes shift by exploiting fluorescent conjugated acene building blocks arranged in nanocrystals. Two ligands of equal molecular length and connectivity, yet complementary electronic properties, are co-assembled by zirconium oxy-hydroxy clusters, generating crystalline hetero-ligand metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals. The diffusion of singlet excitons within the MOF and the matching of ligands absorption and emission properties enables an ultrafast activation of the low energy emission in the 100 ps time scale. The hybrid nanocrystals show a fluorescence quantum efficiency of ~60% and a Stokes shift as...

Concurrent variable‐interval variable‐ratio schedules in a dynamic choice environment

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Most studies of operant choice have focused on presenting subjects with a fixed pair of schedules across many experimental sessions. Using these methods, studies of concurrent variable- interval variable-ratio schedules helped to evaluate theories of choice. More recently, a growing literature has focused on dynamic choice behavior. Those dynamic choice studies have analyzed behavior on a number of different time scales using concurrent variable-interval schedules. Following the dynamic choice approach, the present experiment examined performance on concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules in a rapidly changing environment. Our objectives were to compare performance on concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules with extant data on concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules using a dynamic choice procedure and to extend earlier work on concurrent variable-interval variable-ratio schedules. We analyzed performances at different time scales,...

The KASH protein UNC-83 differentially regulates kinesin-1 activity to control developmental stage-specific nuclear migration

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Nuclear migration plays a fundamental role in development, requiring precise spatiotemporal control of bidirectional movement through dynein and kinesin motors. Here, we uncover a differential isoform-dependent mechanism for developmental regulation of nuclear migration directionality. The nuclear envelope Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne homology (KASH) protein UNC-83 in Caenorhabditis elegans exists in multiple isoforms that differentially control motor activity to achieve tissue-specific nuclear positioning. The shorter UNC-83c isoform promotes kinesin-1-dependent nuclear movement in embryonic hyp7 precursors, while longer UNC-83a/b isoforms facilitate dynein-mediated nuclear migration in larval P cells. We demonstrate that the UNC-83a-specific N-terminal domain functions as a kinesin-1 inhibitory module by directly binding the kinesin heavy chain (UNC-116). This interaction prevents kinesin-1 activation and reduces the protein's affinity for kinesin light chain (KLC-2), allowing for dynein-mediated...

Gradual increases in light intensity and photoperiod enhance light use efficiency and dry matter in indoor basil

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Genovese) is a highly valued and economically important herb with significant culinary qualities. The quantity of light supplied to plants, including both light intensity and photoperiod, plays a critical role in regulating plant morphology and biomass accumulation. Optimizing these factors can simultaneously enhance yield and resource efficiency. This study assessed the effects of constant versus gradually increasing light intensity and photoperiod on basil growth, physiology, and light use efficiency (LUE), while maintaining an equivalent average daily light integral (DLI) over the 24-day growing period. Four different treatments were applied in a climate-controlled growth chamber: (CIP) constant light intensity (300 μmol m^-² s^-¹) and constant photoperiod (16 h), (CIDP) constant light intensity with a dynamic photoperiod (14-16-18 h), (DICP) dynamic light intensity (200-300-400 μmol m^-² s^-¹) with...

Comparisons of Real-World Vehicle Energy Efficiency with Dynamometer-Based Ratings and Simulation Models

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Software tools for fuel economy simulations play an important role during design stages of advanced powertrains. However, calibration of vehicle models versus real-world driving data faces challenges owing to inherent variations in vehicle energy efficiency across different driving conditions and different vehicle owners. This work utilizes datasets of vehicles equipped with OBD/GPS loggers to validate and calibrate FASTSim (software originally developed by NREL) vehicle models. The results show that window-sticker ratings (derived from dynamometer tests) can be reasonably accurate when averaged across many trips by different vehicle owners, but successfully calibrated FASTSim models can have better fidelity. The results in this paper are shown for nine vehicle models, including the following: three battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), four plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and one conventional internal combustion engine (CICE) vehicle....

Reproductive health and ChatGPT: an evaluation of AI-Generated responses to commonly asked abortion questions

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Reproductive health and ChatGPT: an evaluation of AI-Generated responses to commonly asked abortion questions

Abelian instantons and monopole scattering

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Abelian instantons and monopole scattering

Seiberg-Witten axion

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We present a calculable toy model of an axion coupled to magnetic monopoles and electric charges, with manifest electric-magnetic duality. Our axion-photon coupling incurs periodic corrections due to monopoles (equivalently UV instantons), which are large for light monopoles. Axion periodicity is manifestly duality invariant since the axion itself transforms under duality. Our model is the original Seiberg-Witten theory, which naturally hosts an -axion and light monopoles. We calculate the axion-photon amplitude in different duality frames and prove its duality invariance.

Advancing FAIR data towards comparable, organized, predictive AI-ready data for community validation

Tue, 28 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The interrogation of data across biological and environmental systems has become increasingly complex. Fortunately, communities are adopting the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles for individual datasets, and continue to develop domain-specific, machine-actionable standards. However, integrating FAIR data for meta-analysis across data resources is still challenging. Understanding how disparate datasets are organized remains a manual, time-consuming process. Updating FAIR databases to reflect changes in knowledge is slow, allowing stale annotations and incorrect relationships to propagate, amplified by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that harvest data. Building on FAIR, we argue that data should be iteratively updated and improved. FAIR + COPE (Comparable, Organized, Predictive, Engaged) takes FAIR data and makes it Comparable, rapidly Organized (applying / updating standards) for Predictive models, which can be validated and improved by an...

California State Fair

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This book reproduces photographs taken on July 20th, 2026 at the California State Fair, at Cal Expo in Sacramento, showing amusements, concessions, games, people and exhibits, including California First Peoples’ Art Showcase, The Sacramento Lowrider Commission’s CaLOWfornia Love, Mazes and A·MAZE·D America 250, TUT: Wonderful Things,and others.

Compensation Benchmarks and Assigned Support for Leadership Positions in Academic Departments of Pediatrics

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Compensation Benchmarks and Assigned Support for Leadership Positions in Academic Departments of Pediatrics

Clay and clay mineral supplementation in newborn calves: A protocol for a scoping review

Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Clay and clay mineral supplementation in newborn calves: A protocol for a scoping review

Design Recommendations for Phase 3 of Mexico’s CO₂ Standard for Light-duty Vehicles (NOM 163)

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Design Recommendations for Phase 3 of Mexico’s CO₂ Standard for Light-duty Vehicles (NOM 163)

Exploring Background Trace DNA in Mixture Profiles from Drug Baggies Under Activity-Level Propositions

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Touch DNA, a term often used interchangeably with trace DNA, refers to small amounts of DNA left behind on objects, surfaces, and people through contact. This phenomenon is rooted in Locard's exchange principle, which states that “every contact leaves a trace.” The significance of touch DNA lies in its potential to provide crucial evidence at crime scenes, leading to the recovery of complex DNA profiles. However, DNA evidence alone does not always provide clear answers about when or how it was deposited. This has led forensic scientists and legal professionals to an approach known as activity-level reporting, which goes beyond identifying the DNA’s source and instead examines the circumstances under which the DNA was transferred. This includes assessing whether the DNA was deposited directly (primary transfer) or indirectly (secondary transfer) and determining the most likely scenario in which the DNA came to be present on an item. This study investigates background traces in...

Analogy Versus Behavioral Ecology in the Study of Human Evolution

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In a recent critique published in this journal (Ben-Dor, M. & R. Barkai, 2026, Paleolithic dietary flexibility? Methodological considerations in analogy-based reconstructions of Paleolithic energetic returns, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 33, article 47, pp. 1–27), the authors characterize behavioral ecology approaches to the study of foraging efficiency as being fundamentally constrained by their reliance on conventional analogy-based reasoning. This characterization, however, misrepresents the aims and theoretical and methodological foundations of these approaches. Rather than relying on simple analogies, behavioral ecology models evaluate how interactions among variables such as prey behavior, encounter rates and contexts, seasonal variation in the macronutrient composition of game tissues, technology, pursuit success rates, opportunity costs, and other ecological and economic factors influence foraging efficiency across diverse habitats and among a wide range...

Designing Mexico’s NOM-163 Phase 3 to Achieve National Emission Goals: Remove Technology Credits, Phase-out Multipliers, and Lower Manufacturer’s CO₂-Emission Targets

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Designing Mexico’s NOM-163 Phase 3 to Achieve National Emission Goals: Remove Technology Credits, Phase-out Multipliers, and Lower Manufacturer’s CO₂-Emission Targets

Ethnohistorical analysis suggests that endurance running evolved with persistence hunting

Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Humans are unusually adept at endurance running, due in part to specialized muscle fibres and heat elimination by sweating. Cost–benefit analyses and an ethnohistorical survey of hunting methods suggest that these features could have evolved through the pursuit of evasive species until they are overcome with exhaustion and easily dispatched.

Understanding Electric Vehicle Purchase Decisions in the United States: A Qualitative Study

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research brief explores factors influencing consumers decision to buy an electric vehicle (EV). The brief also explores what areas of the EV ecosystem EV owners think need improvement. Results come from interviews conducted with EV owners across the US. Following the interviews transcripts were thematically coded to extract common themes. Overall, we find consumers decisions to purchase an EV are influenced by functional or economic factors, such as refueling cost or purchase price. Emotional factors in the form of environmentalism played a role, but less so than previous studies. Desired improvements to EVs were mostly related to charging infrastructure, including improvements to infrastructure availability, charging speed, reliability, and other issues. Improvements to driving range were also desired.

Radiology Resident ReadingsA quick guide to running a relevant search for radiology readings

Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Radiology Resident ReadingsA quick guide to running a relevant search for radiology readings

Further Development Toward Implementation of Likely Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Samples from various material groups including biomass ashes, biochars, natural pozzolans, and construction and demolition waste (C&DW) were evaluated as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for concrete. C&DW included rock dust (baghouse fines) from asphalt plants, rock dust from aggregate quarries, recycled concrete aggregate fines, crushed concrete aggregate fines, and concrete wash pond sludge. Characterization covered chemical and physical properties. Cementitious reactivity (pozzolanic or latent hydraulic) was measured based on ASTM C1897. Materials identified as pozzolanic reactive with equivalent total alkalis >5% or equivalent available alkalis >1.5% were further assessed for alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) by ASTM C1567 using a standard mortar with highly reactive sand and 20% cement replacement by each SCM. For SCMs that mitigated ASR expansion but did not meet Caltrans’s 0.1% limit, testing was repeated at replacement levels >20% when possible.

A...

Visualizing Crystallization Dynamics and Transformation Pathways of Disordered Rocksalt Oxides During Thermally Activated Sol–Gel Synthesis

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT Sol–gel synthesis is a wet‐chemical processing route for fabricating functional materials with control over composition and microstructure at relatively low temperatures compared to conventional solid‐state synthesis. While sol–gel process initiates with intermixed molecular precursors, the early‐stage nucleation pathways are insufficiently understood. Here, the chemical and structural transformation of disordered rocksalt (DRX) Li 1.2 Mn 0.4 Ti 0.4 O 2 (LMTO), a promising cathode material for lithium batteries, is studied by multiscale characterizations. In situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a liquid cell visualizes and identifies crystallization pathways at the nanoscale. While some regions follow a classical multi‐step transition through thermodynamically stable intermediates, others exhibit a kinetic shortcut via a localized amorphous matrix to directly form the DRX structure. Macroscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy corroborates...

Hypophosphite Is a Naturally Occurring Selective Inhibitor of Syntrophic Methanogenesis

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Microbial methanogenesis is a major contributor to global warming, and methane fluxes represent a loss of energy and electrons from industrial ecosystems. The chemical space of methane control strategies is still underexplored. Most known methanogenesis inhibitors target methanogenic archaeal enzymes. However, interference with the exchange of syntrophic electron carriers (H₂ or formate) in methanogenic systems presents an additional target for methane control. Here, we show that hypophosphite (H₂PO₂^-), an inorganic formate analogue, is a potent and selective inhibitor of syntrophic methanogenesis versus primary fermentation in rice field sediments and cattle rumens. Hypophosphite is also generally recognized as safe and relatively nontoxic to plants and animals. Genetic screens and physiological assays in the model methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis S2 implicate formate metabolism as the target of hypophosphite inhibition....

First results from a high-frame-rate, multi-GHz ionizing particle detection system geared toward accelerator diagnostic applications

Wed, 22 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An integrated detection system, consists of a thin diamond sensor incorporated into a compact signal loop, coupled in turn to an application-specific integrated circuit readout chip, has been tested for the first time, using ps-duration electron pulses from the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. For readout frame rates as high as 120 kHz, the detection system is shown to achieve a linear dynamic range of and a bandwidth of 4–5 GHz, with no ringing seen on the tail of the output pulse. These results represent the best-performing multi-GHz ionizing particle detection system achieved to date.

Deep Learning-based Quantification of Knee Effusion-Synovitis Volume on MRI – Technique Development and Validation

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a deep learning (DL) model for automatic quantification of knee effusion-synovitis volume (ESV) on MRI, assess correlations of ESV with semiquantitative effusion-synovitis (sqES) scores, and compare associations of ESV and sqES with MRI features and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. DESIGN: A DL model was developed to quantify ESV on baseline right-knee MRI from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (n=4,698), which was trained and tested using manual segmentations from 101 randomly selected knees. Dice coefficients were used to quantify segmentation performance. Spearman correlations were computed between ESV and sqES scores from Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS_ES) and MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS_ES). Paired differences in standardized β coefficients (Δβ_std) from linear models were used to compare associations of ESV with tissue-specific WORMS scores and the total score of the Western Ontario...

Centering Community Power: Lessons from Biking While Black

Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This report describes the work of Biking While Black, a project run by Yolanda Davis-Overstreet, designed to raise awareness and incite converations about the experiences of Black people on the streets, and specifically while biking. These experiences are documented in two films, with accompanying materials. The report reviews the impact of this work as evidence of the vital importance of cultural work in transportation and enacting equity-oriented change.

Are Consumers Myopic? Evidence from New and Used Car Purchases

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We investigate whether car buyers are myopic about future fuel costs. We estimate the effect of gasoline prices on short-run equilibrium prices of cars of different fuel economies. We then compare the implied changes in willingness-to-pay to the associated changes in expected future gasoline costs for cars of different fuel economies in order to calculate implicit discount rates. Using different assumptions about annual mileage, survival rates, and demand elasticities, we calculate a range of implicit discount rates similar to the range of interest rates paid by car buyers who borrow. We interpret this as showing little evidence of consumer myopia.

If You Build It, They May Not Come: Willingness to Participate in Managed EV Charging

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Despite the importance of program participation for policy, treatment effects are often measured on self-selected samples. We study electric vehicle (EV) managed charging, intended to reduce electric grid strain by optimally allocating charging across EVs. Prior work finds large impacts of managed charging among households who volunteer for an RCT. In contrast, we test managed charging with an experiment including all EVs within a California utility. Enrollment is low even with high incentives, and we can reject even modest intent-to-treat effects on electricity consumption. Managed charging is less effective than previously thought, underscoring the value of population-wide experiments.

Why Did Air Conditioning Adoption Accelerate Faster Than Predicted? Evidence from Mexico

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

A common theme in the vast literature on climate change is the estimation of models using historical data to make predictions many decades into the future. Although there is a large and growing number of these types of studies, researchers rarely return later to check the accuracy of their predictions. In this paper, we perform such an exercise. In Davis and Gertler (2015), we used household-level microdata from Mexico to predict future air conditioning adoption as a function of income and temperature. Revisiting these predictions with 12 years of additional data, we find that air conditioning in Mexico has accelerated, significantly exceeding our predictions. Neither errors in predicting income growth or rising temperatures, nor migration patterns, nor an overly restrictive model can explain the large prediction gap. Instead, our results point to the failure to account for falling electricity prices and technological changes in air conditioner efficiency as key drivers of...

Competing for (In)attention: Price Discrimination in Residential Electricity Markets

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper studies the causes and consequences of pricing heterogeneity in markets for residential electricity, a nearly homogeneous good. I uncover adverse efficiency and distributional impacts of competition when consumers face heterogeneous search frictions. I show that consumers pay different prices for electricity in the same market, with low-income households and marginalized communities paying systematically higher electricity prices than their higher-income counterparts. These pricing patterns are consistent with a model of firms price discriminating on search frictions through marketing. Using data from Baltimore, I estimate a structural model that shows that this marketing leads to an annual welfare loss of 14% of industry-wide variable costs. Despite having only slightly larger search frictions, low-income households pay substantially higher prices than high-income households primarily due to lower marketing costs in low-income communities. Auxiliary analyses rule out...

Exploring the Integration of Induced Travel into Cal-B/C

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In 2020, pursuant to Senate Bill (SB) 743 (2013), the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) adopted guidance requiring that the induced travel effects of capacity expansion projects on the State Highway System be analyzed as a part of the environmental review process under the California Environmental Quality Act. However, despite the fact that induced travel also has economic effects, most conventional benefit-cost analysis tools do not account for induced travel, at least not fully. In this study, the authors examined how induced travel is and can be incorporated into the California Life-Cycle Cost/Benefit Analysis Model (Cal-B/C) maintained by Caltrans. They found that induced travel is not calculated automatically within Cal-B/C. Instead, induced travel must be incorporated manually by the analyst by adjusting the average daily trips on the project information sheet. This can produce wildly divergent benefit/cost ratio outputs depending on whether and...

Do Time-of-Use Prices Deliver Energy Savings at the Right Time?

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Time-of-use (TOU) electricity prices are increasingly being adopted to reduce consumption during the higher marginal cost afternoon hours. There is ample evidence that TOU rates reduce average consumption during the peak price hours of the day, but it is unknown how these energy savings are distributed across days. Using a unique dataset from households with smart thermostats, we find that adopting TOU rates causes large decreases in peak period AC usage, resulting in energy savings that are concentrated on the hottest, highest demand days when the benefits of conservation are the greatest.

The Missing Piece in India’s Two-Wheeler Transition: Electrifying Motorcycles

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Missing Piece in India’s Two-Wheeler Transition: Electrifying Motorcycles

Understanding Support for Cost-Ineffective Environmental Policy Instruments

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Many governments use environmental standards rather than more cost-effective market-based instruments like pollution taxes or cap-and-trade markets. Using a nationally representative survey experiment, we study whether and why limited understanding of economic principles helps explain this practice. Holding environmental impacts constant, respondents prefer standards over market-based instruments, and prefer producer taxes and cap-and-trade over consumer taxes. These preferences reflect consumers’ beliefs about how these policies will affect electricity bills. Respondents also prefer the weakest environmental targets for consumer taxes and the strongest targets for standards, which suggests that policymakers face a tradeoff between policy stringency and cost effectiveness. A separate survey of environmental economists shows that they have strikingly different beliefs about the effects of environmental policies than the respondents in our representative survey. For example,...

Effects of the Proposed New California SAF Tax Credit

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In Wu et al. (2025), we developed a detailed partial equilibrium model of road and air transportation fuel markets to compare policy options to incentivize the deployment of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). We used the model to examine policy options for meeting a 3 billion gallon annual SAF target by 2030, which would result in SAF comprising about 12% of U.S. jet fuel consumption in that year. This goal, whether formally adopted or not, represents a useful near-term benchmark along a meaningful path toward decarbonizing aviation and appears to be feasible from a technological perspective. In this note, we add California’s proposed SAF tax credit to the model and evaluate the effects on fuel prices, volumes and emissions. See Wu et al. (2025) for details on the model.

Profiting from Regulation: An Event Study of the European Carbon Market

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We investigate the effect of cap-and-trade regulation on firm profits by performing an event study of the EU CO2 price crash. We examine returns for 124 carbon-intensive stocks and over 400 additional stocks, all from the broad EUROSTOXX index. Despite a reduction in environmental costs, we find that stocks fell for firms in carbon-intensive industries. We find similar effects for firms in electricity-intensive industries. The effects are most pronounced for firms that sell primarily within the EU. Our results imply that investors focus on product price impacts, rather than just compliance costs. We find evidence that firms’ net allowance positions also strongly influenced the share price response to the decline in allowance prices.

The Trouble with Green Subsidies

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores the efficiency consequences of pursuing pollution reduction through a reliance on green subsidies rather than pollution taxes. It presents a stylized model of “subsidy-first” policy in which subsidies are rationalized by missing or incomplete taxes on some goods. It delineates five sources of inefficiency in subsidies, several of which relate to information requirements. In the model, green subsidies are justified because they induce substitution away from dirtier alternatives. Thus, subsidies hinge on counterfactuals, which creates information challenges analogous to the additionality problem. Insights from the model are used to comment on the Inflation Reduction Act.

Groundwater and Crop Choice in the Short and Long Run

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

How do agents respond to policy when investments have high upfront costs and lasting payoffs? We estimate farmers’ short- and long-run responses to changes in groundwater pumping costs in California—where perennial crops with these features are prevalent, and where groundwater pumps consume 6% of the state’s electricity. We use both fixed effects and dynamic discrete choice models that leverage quasi-experimental variation in agricultural electricity tariffs. In the short run, farmers’ groundwater (electricity) demand elasticity is −0.76 (−0.72), and they do not change crops. In contrast, the long-run groundwater (electricity) elasticity is −0.36 (−0.37), driven in part by meaningful reductions in water intensive perennial cropping. Meeting California’s sustainability targets would require reallocation of 9% of acres, including a 50% increase in fallowing. This would also reduce electricity consumption for this end-use by nearly 20%.

Utilizing Noncoincident Needs to Site Data Centers with Solar+Storage at Existing Gas Plants

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Data centers and large electricity loads are power hungry, raising concerns about higher electricity costs, increased emissions, and reliability risks. We show that co-locating solar+storage systems with underutilized natural gas plants offers a practical, near-term pathway for reliable, low-cost industrial power. Using eight years of hourly weather data, we co-optimize load and hybrid solar+storage+gas configurations at 68 existing plants near data center developments, meeting over 95% of demand with solar+storage. Across these sites, levelized costs range from $60-138/MWh, competitive with data centers’ recent contract prices for 24/7 clean power. Conflict analysis indicates minimal overlap between solar+storage backup needs and grid stress across most regions of the United States today, allowing gas units to provide dual roles: facilitating large load integration while supporting grid reliability. By optimizing existing infrastructure, this approach offers a scalable pathway...

Competitive Effects of Entry in Gasoline Markets

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We use panel data on the location, prices, and quality of the universe of gas stations in Mexico to study the competitive effects of entry on incumbent firms. Using more than 1,000 entry events and defining local markets based on the road network, we find that the entry of a new station within three minutes driving time decreases regular gasoline prices by 6 percent of the retail price spread. Competitive effects decline with travel time and are largest in markets that previously had only one station. Entry of stations with the same owner as the incumbent has near-zero effects on price. In addition, we find that entry increases the service quality of incumbents, with fewer customer complaints.

Dynamic Grid Management Technologies Reduce Wildfire Adaptation Costs in the Electric Power Sector

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Wildfire is among the fastest-growing economic risks of climate change, yet strategies to adapt cost-effectively remain under-explored. In the electric power sector, where ignitions have triggered some of the most destructive wildfires on record, utilities are investing heavily to mitigate risk. This study evaluates the cost, reliability, and risk reduction benefits of the largest utility wildfire mitigation program in the U.S. Using detailed weather and vegetation data for 25,000 miles of high-risk powerlines, we develop a prediction model to estimate ignition risk and compare outcomes across locations with similar risk that received different interventions. With this quasi experimental design, we find that a new strategy that dynamically adjusts protective device sensitivity during elevated wildfire conditions reduces risk more cost-effectively than conventional measures such as burying powerlines underground or trimming vegetation. By combining models of wildfire risk, costs,...

Does Regulation Distort Exit Decisions? Evidence from U.S. Power Plants

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hundreds of power plants have closed in the United States since 2010, including 130+ gigawatts of coal and 50+ gigawatts of natural gas. In this paper, we highlight the potential for regulation to distort this type of exit decision. Using generator-level data from 2010–2023, we show that regulated units have been 45% less likely to exit than unregulated units. For unregulated units, exit decisions are made based on wholesale electricity prices, ongoing capital costs, and other traditional economic factors. In contrast, owners of regulated units are largely insulated from these factors and, in some cases, have a strong incentive to continue operating capital-intensive equipment. Previous work documents how this regulatory distortion affects investment decisions. Our paper emphasizes that these same incentives affect exit decisions as well.

The Distributional Effects of U.S. Tax Credits for Heat Pumps, Solar Panels, and Electric Vehicles

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

U.S. households have received over $47 billion in tax credits since 2006 for heat pumps, solar panels, electric vehicles, and other “clean energy” technologies. Using information from tax returns, we show that these tax credits have gone predominantly to higher-income filers. The bottom three income quintiles have received about 10% of all credits, while the top quintile has received about 60%. The most extreme is the tax credit for electric vehicles, for which the top quintile has received more than 80%. These patterns have changed little over time. We then present evidence on cost effectiveness and discuss broader economic considerations.

Deep Learning Projects Jurisdiction of New and Proposed Clean Water Act Regulation

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Projecting the effects of proposed policy reforms is challenging because no outcome data exist for regulations that governments have not yet implemented. We propose an ex ante deep learning framework that can project effects of proposed reforms by mapping outcomes observed under past regulations onto the legal criteria of proposed future policies (i.e., by “relabeling”). We apply this framework to study changes in jurisdiction of the US Clean Water Act (CWA), which regulates many sites used for renewable and fossil energy, transmission lines and pipelines, transportation infrastructure, and other types of land use. We compare our ex ante deep learning projection of jurisdiction under the Supreme Court’s Sackett decision against widely used projections from domain experts. Ex ante machine learning generates exceptional performance improvements over the leading domain expert model that the US Environmental Protection Agency currently uses, with 65 times more accurate identification...

Machine Learning Predicts Which Rivers, Streams, and Wetlands the Clean Water Act Regulates

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We assess which waters the Clean Water Act protects and how Supreme Court and White House rules change this regulation. We train a deep learning model using aerial imagery and geophysical data to predict 150,000 jurisdictional determinations from the Army Corps of Engineers, each deciding regulation for one water resource. Under a 2006 Supreme Court ruling, the Clean Water Act protects two-thirds of US streams and over half of wetlands; under a 2020 White House rule, it protects under half of streams and a fourth of wetlands, implying deregulation of 690,000 stream miles, 35 million wetland acres, and 30% of waters around drinking water sources. Our framework can support permitting, policy design, and use of machine learning in regulatory implementation problems.

The Environmental Costs and Geography of U.S. Data Center Expansion

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Data centers powering artificial intelligence are growing rapidly across the United States, raising concerns among policymakers and local communities about their environmental and social costs. These costs depend on where data centers locate, and strategic siting has been proposed as a way to limit them. Using a comprehensive facility-level dataset of past, operational, and announced U.S. data centers, we characterize how the environmental and community characteristics of data center locations evolve over 2010–2030. We quantify how much of the projected growth in environmental damages can be attributed to changes in data center locations versus growth in power requirements. Decomposing projected carbon emissions and monetized local air pollution damages into scale and location-driven composition effects, we find that over 2010–2025, composition changes reduced carbon and local air pollution damages by 4 and 12%, respectively. Over 2024–2030, scale accounts for approximately 97%...

The Effects of “Buy American”: Electric Vehicles and the Inflation Reduction Act

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We provide the first ex post microeconomic welfare analysis of the electric vehicle (EV) tax credits in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Relative to pre-IRA policy, the credits generated $1.96 in domestic benefits per dollar of government spending, with taxpayer cost of $36,500 per additional EV. Relative to having no EV credits, they yielded $1.11 in domestic benefits per dollar of government spending. A leasing loophole that sidestepped domestic content rules created negative domestic benefits. A prominent example of green industrial policy, the credits harmed foreign countries by shifting surplus to domestic producers and helped them by decreasing CO2 emissions.

Benefits, Costs, and Distributional Outcomes in an Environmental Market

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We study the benefits, abatement costs, and distributional outcomes of the EPA’s NOx Budget Program, a seasonal cap-and-trade market for NOx emissions. Using a new empirical approach, we recover source-specific marginal abatement cost curves and combine them with source-specific air pollution damages to quantify market outcomes. We find that abatement costs under the market are roughly one-sixth those of an abatement-equivalent non-market policy. Despite these large differences in aggregate costs, the market and the non-market policy yield similar air quality benefits, both in overall magnitude and across demographic groups. We show that these results reflect the weak correlation between source-specific marginal damages and abatement behavior.

Can Vertically Integrated Firms Evade Pricing Regulation? Evidence from Energy Utilities

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Vertical mergers can be used by a natural monopoly subject to cost-based price regulation to evade regulation: when regulators allow increases in input costs to be passed onto customers, a monopolist that is vertically integrated with an input supplier can earn profits by inflating input costs. I test for evidence of evasion by US electric and natural gas utilities through their purchase of interstate natural gas pipeline capacity. Building a novel data set of the vertical relationships of natural gas pipelines, I find incentives for evasion are widespread in this industry: 53% of US households with gas heating purchase gas from a utility that is affiliated with a natural gas pipeline. I leverage variation in buyers’ vertical relationships with pipelines and exposure to regulation to test whether evasion incentives cause buyers to inflate input costs. Results show that evasion incentives lead buyers to inflate costs by overbuilding pipeline capacity: capacity under contract with...

Global Policy Spillovers: How Environmental Policies Propagate through Product Attributes

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

How should policymakers evaluate policy impacts when firms design products for global mar kets? Standard economic analyses typically focus on domestic outcomes, implicitly assuming that policies affect only the jurisdiction in which they are enacted. Yet multinational firms often harmonize product design across markets, creating the potential for policies implemented in one country to generate global spillovers through changes in product attributes. We call this phenomenon “attribute propagation” and develop a framework to measure and assess its quantitative importance. Applying this framework to an environmental policy affecting auto mobiles, we find that a fuel-economy subsidy in Japan led to significant improvements in the fuel economy of vehicles sold in the United States. We then develop a model of multinational automobile markets featuring cross-market cost complementarity as a key mechanism driving attribute propagation. Using the estimated model, we conduct counterfactual...

How Much Has Shale Gas Saved U.S. Consumers?

Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

It may seem like a distant memory now, but as of the mid-2000s, U.S. natural gas production had been flat for a decade, and the U.S. was importing liquefied natural gas (LNG), with plans to import much more. Then shale gas happened. Advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling caused U.S. natural gas production to increase significantly, and the U.S. went from being a net importer of natural gas to being the world’s largest exporter. This paper calculates how much shale gas has saved U.S. natural gas consumers. Using price differences between the United States, Europe and Japan, we calculate that U.S. natural gas consumers have saved $3.1-$4.3 trillion between 2007 and 2025, equivalent to $164-$227 billion annually. Access to low-price U.S. natural gas has been particularly valuable during major supply shocks such as the war in Ukraine, and the benefits of shale gas have been experienced broadly across sectors and states.

Personalized Coordinated Routing with Utility Learning

Fri, 17 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Current navigation applications estimate travel times based on current traffic conditions, without considering upcoming travel demand. A potential solution to this problem is a central coordination system that collects global travel demand information, enabling more accurate traffic projections. Monetary incentives or charges can be used to encourage drivers to follow assigned routes that contribute toward a system optimum, which represents the most efficient traffic state for the transportation network. The challenge in determining incentives lies in the heterogeneity of drivers, as each has different preferences. Traditionally, surveys have been used to estimate drivers’ routing preferences, but these suffer from respondent inconsistency and changing driver preferences. This research proposes a utility learning mechanism. Instead of relying on static survey data, the system periodically updates its understanding of drivers’ preferences by observing their route choices over...

A genome assembly of the speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The speckled dace, Rhinichtyhs osculus, is a cyprinoid fish species complex (family: Leuciscidae) with one of the widest native ranges of any freshwater fish in western North America. It occupies a variety of freshwater habitats and exhibits considerable morphological and genetic variation across its range. Several endemic taxa within the species complex are imperiled, four of which are protected under the US Endangered Species Act, with two more proposed for listing. Here, we present an annotated, scaffold-level assembly of the speckled dace genome as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project (CCGP). Consistent with the CCGP genome assembly strategy, we used Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and Omni-C data for our de novo genome assembly and performed genome annotations on NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline using novel, species-specific RNA-Seq reads generated from five tissue types. The assembly consists of 490 scaffolds totaling approximately 1.15 Gb,...

The genome assemblies of the Tui chub, Siphateles bicolor, and Arroyo chub, Gila orcuttii

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We present genome assemblies for two cyprinoid fishes, the tui chub (Siphateles bicolor) and the arroyo chub (Gila orcuttii). These fishes are ecologically important representatives of native fish assemblages in the western United States and are both species of conservation concern. The two species hybridize where introductions bring them into contact, with potentially important ecological and evolutionary implications that have not yet been thoroughly examined from a genomic perspective. We present de novo assemblies for both species, representing the first scaffold-level genomes within their respective genera, which were developed as part of the California Conservation Genomics Project using Pacific Biosciences HiFi and Omni-C data. Our tui chub assembly consists of 258 scaffolds spanning 1,148,084,093 base pairs, has a scaffold N50 of 45.9 mb, a contig N50 of 23.7 mb, and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.1%. Our arroyo chub assembly consists of 179 scaffolds spanning...

Framing the world: Strategic narratives of foreign states in China’s mainstream media (1950–2019)

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates how mainstream Chinese media have portrayed foreign states over the past seven decades. While scholars have extensively studied foreign media portrayals of China, little systematic or longitudinal evidence exists on how China's official party press frames the world across different countries and time periods. Using word embedding techniques, this study traces media representations of major foreign countries (N = 94) on People's Daily (1950-2019). Results show that media favorability trends in the People's Daily closely mirror major turning points in Chinese foreign policy. Regression analyses reveal that a country's economic development, industrialization, and military capacity are major predictors of its media image, while the influence of economic factors shifted significantly over time. These patterns reflect broader geopolitical transformations and China's evolving global orientation. The findings illuminate how computational approaches can recover...

The End of Neutrality? LCFS, Technology Neutrality, and Stimulating the Electric Vehicle Market

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Widespread electrification of the transportation sector is a key component of most strategies for deep decarbonization of the U.S. economy. While the acceptance of EVs has grown dramatically over the last decade, much of this growth has been spurred by substantial support from public funds and other related policies. Major electrification on the time scales supported in many climate policy plans will require substantial investment spurred by policy. In this whitepaper we discuss the policy options for expanding the EV market. Our particular focus is on the potential role that a Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) can play in supporting electrification. Standards like the LCFS are typically positioned as “technology neutral”, and the LCFS itself relies upon a dense set of calculations and assumptions to rate a wide variety of fuels based upon their life-cycle carbon intensity (CI). The LCFS in California is currently directing hundreds of millions of dollars to the EV market in...

Designing Electricity Rates for An Equitable Energy Transition

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This report examines the causes and distributional consequences of the high prices for residential electricity charged by California’s investor-owned utilities (IOUs). It also considers reforms that would improve both the efficiency and equity of residential electricity pricing. We estimate avoidable (marginal) costs of electricity and demonstrate that IOU prices are two to three times higher than these cost estimates. California’s electricity prices are high because nearly all fixed costs are recovered through volumetric prices, because of subsidies for low-income households and customers with rooftop solar, and because rates are used to fund objectives not directly related to the provision of electricity. Prices are set to rise further due to wildfire mitigation and other factors. High and rising prices undermine efforts to decarbonize transportation and buildings through electrification. Moreover, we show that the current rate structure is highly regressive, more so than other...

Paying for Electricity in California: How Residential Rate Design Impacts Equity and Electrification

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Residential customers of investor-owned utilities in California pay an effective electricity tax that averages $500-$800 per year and is borne disproportionately by low-income households. The expenses covered by increasing the price of each kilowatt-hour include climate change mitigation, wildfire adaptation, legacy infrastructure, and subsidies for new technology R&D, energy efficiency investments, low-income customers, and rooftop solar, among other fixed costs and policy expenses. Because electricity bills account for a larger share of income among lower-income households, we find this invisible electricity tax is more regressive than the state sales tax and far more regressive than the state income tax. We show that this tax will significantly impede electrification of vehicles and buildings by raising the cost of operating electric alternatives. We then discuss alternative funding mechanisms for the costs paid by this effective tax, including covering some programs through...

Flag Gromov-Witten invariants via crystals

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We apply ideas from crystal theory to affine Schubert calculus and flag Gromov-Witten invariants. By defining operators on certain decompositions of elements in the type-A affine Weyl group, we produce a crystal reflecting the internal structure of Specht modules associated to permutation diagrams. We show how this crystal framework can be applied to study the product of a Schur function with a k-Schur function. Consequently, we prove that a subclass of 3-point Gromov-Witten invariants of complete flag varieties for Cⁿ enumerate the highest weight elements under these operators.

Low Energy: Estimating Electric Vehicle Electricity Use

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

We provide the first at-scale estimate of electric vehicle (EV) home charging. Previous estimates are based on conflicting surveys or are extrapolated from a small, unrepresentative sample of households with dedicated EV meters. We combine billions of hourly electricity meter measurements with address-level EV registration records from California households, including 64,000 EV owners. The average EV increases overall household load by 2.9 kilowatt-hours per day, well under half the amount assumed by state regulators. Results imply that EVs travel less than expected on electric power, raising questions about transportation electrification for climate policy.

Border Carbon Adjustments When Carbon Intensity Varies Across Producers: Evidence from California

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Governments taxing carbon emissions within their jurisdiction can impose a commensurate tax on emissions embodied in imports in order to mitigate emissions leakage. California offers a rare opportunity to investigate how such a border carbon adjustment (BCA) is working in practice. Experience to date highlights important tensions between greenhouse gas accounting accuracy, market efficiency, and concerns about trade protectionism. We simulate electricity market outcomes under BCA designs that differ in terms of how the carbon intensity of imports is assessed. Simulations suggest significant potential for leakage via resource shuffling. Realized emissions outcomes indicate that this potential has not been fully realized.

Evidence of a Homeowner-Renter Gap for Electric Vehicles

Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper provides the first empirical analysis of the homeowner-renter gap for electric vehicles. Using nationally representative data from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s 2017 National Household Travel Survey, I show that homeowners are three times more likely than renters to own an electric vehicle. The gap is highly statistically significant, and remains even after controlling for income. For example, among households with annual income between $75,000 and $100,000, 1 in 130 homeowners owns an electric vehicle, compared to 1 in 370 renters. Additional controls do little to narrow the gap. I argue that this is a version of what economists have called the “landlord-tenant” problem, and I discuss this and other possible causes as well as potential policy implications.

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Tyrosine-sulfated peptide-induced flavonol biosynthesis controls elongation and differentiation in Arabidopsis primary root

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