http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 https://escholarship.org/uc/uclalaw_oapdeposits/rss Recent eScholarship items from Open Access Policy Deposits Wed, 5 Aug 2026 03:21:45 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71q1z3s5 Remote sensing technologies are central to tropical forest monitoring, yet the institutional mechanisms constraining their adoption and operationalization within responsible organizations remain poorly understood. Drawing on thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with actors across the remote sensing value chain in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, we examine how institutional arrangements shape remote sensing capacity within organizations directly engaged in tropical forest monitoring and management. We distinguish between operational frictions, the practical obstacles practitioners encounter in day-to-day remote sensing work, and the institutional conditions that generate and sustain them, organized across four capacity dimensions: dependable data access, technical expertise, organizational support and mandate clarity, and equitable user-provider relations. Our findings show that capacity constraints are not primarily technical but institutional: external data ownership... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71q1z3s5 Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 von Essen, Marius Ordway, Elsa M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-1754 Carlson, Kimberly M Sonwa, Denis Jean Boyd, William https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qf2r2fr <b>Background:</b> An increasing number of transgender and non-binary (TNB) individuals are presenting for gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in Canada. The purpose of this study is to understand demand and completion rates of GAS among transgender and non-binary (TNB) individuals. <b>Methods:</b> The Trans PULSE Canada cross-sectional survey recruited TNB individuals aged 14+ living in Canada in 2019. Using Trans PULSE Canada data, we analyzed desired and completed procedures according to surgery type and gender identity. <b>Results:</b> Among 2118 respondents who answered surgery questions, vaginoplasty (84% of trans women and 32% of non-binary people who were assigned male at birth) and mastectomy (98% of trans men and 63% of non-binary people who were assigned female at birth) were among the most desired procedures. There were low levels of completion across all types of surgery. The highest level of completion was 48% for mastectomy in trans men. Surgeries not consistently covered... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qf2r2fr Thu, 9 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Armstrong, Kathleen Scheim, Ayden Tran, Gioi Potter, Emery Edgar, Adrian Bauer, Greta https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5nn77029 Camacho, Alejandro E. y Robert L. Glicksman, Reorganizing Government: A Functional and Dimensional Framework, Nueva York, New York University Press, 2019, 356 pp. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5nn77029 Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Villalpando Acuña, Antonio https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cw1c51j ADAPTING CONSERVATION GOVERNANCE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: LESSONS FROM INDIAN COUNTRY https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5cw1c51j Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Camacho, Alejandro E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-6870 Warner, Elizabeth Kronk McLachlan, Jason Kroeze, Nathan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/42b6b71w Coral species from another ocean may be the only way to save Caribbean reefs https://escholarship.org/uc/item/42b6b71w Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Camacho, Alejandro E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-6870 Dana, David A Matz, Mikhail https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fk3j42p Transgender and non-binary (TNB) people experience high rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, but less is known about how suicide risk varies within TNB communities. We investigated variation in suicidality among TNB people across intersecting social identities and positions. This study uses data from Trans PULSE Canada, a 2019 community-based survey of TNB people aged 14+ in Canada. Among 2054 participants aged 16+, conditional inference trees (CTREE) were used to identify subgroups with varying levels of past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Twelve predictor variables were chosen through literature review and community knowledge based on their relevance to suicide risk. Findings show that over the past year, 30.2&nbsp;% of participants reported suicidal ideation and 4.2&nbsp;% reported a suicide attempt. Six subgroups with varying levels of past-year suicidal ideation were identified, with a higher prevalence of ideation among those with lower educational attainment... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0fk3j42p Wed, 28 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Santos, Heather Bauer, Greta R Joiner, Thomas Surachman, Agus Lê-Scherban, Félice Scheim, Ayden I https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-9829 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1h60q6j3 Communications Law and Policy: Cases and Materials (Edition 8.0) https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1h60q6j3 Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Reid, Blake E Kang, Jerry Butler, Alan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/609496cj The Stagnation, Retrogression, and Potential Pro-Voter Transformation of US Election Law https://escholarship.org/uc/item/609496cj Wed, 7 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Hasen, Richard L https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1637-7733 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qj0v37f In Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843 (2017), the Supreme Court held that a proposed Bivens remedy was subject to an exacting special factors analysis when the claim arises in a "new context."In Ziglar itself, the Court found the context of the plaintiffs' claims to be "new"because, in the Court's view, they challenged "large-scale policy decisions concerning the conditions of confinement imposed on hundreds of prisoners."Bivens claims for damages caused by unconstitutional policies, the Court suggested, were inappropriate. This Essay critically examines the Ziglar Court's newfound hostility to policy-based Bivens claims. We show that an exemption for policy challenges can claim no support in the Court's own development of the Bivens doctrine, or in the principles that animate the Court's broader approach to government accountability law. Equally troubling, the policy exemption has already caused substantial confusion among lower courts. Judging that it lacks a legitimate predicate... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qj0v37f Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Schwartz, Joanna C Reinert, Alexander Pfander, James E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54v2s4w0 Lexipol's Fight Against Police Reform https://escholarship.org/uc/item/54v2s4w0 Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Eagly, Ingrid V Schwartz, Joanna C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48z573gt Qualified immunity shields government officials from damages liability-even if they have violated plaintiffs' constitutional rights-so long as they have not violated “clearly established law.” The Supreme Court has explained that watershed cases describing legal requirements-like Graham v. Connor and Tennessee v. Garner-are alone insufficient to clearly establish the law. Instead, the plaintiff must find prior cases applying Graham and Garner to cases with facts virtually identical to their own case, explaining that such factually analogous cases are necessary to put officers on notice of the illegality of their conduct. But do officers actually know about the facts and holdings of these cases, and rely on them when taking action? Courts and commentators have been skeptical of this assumption, but it has never been tested. This Article reports the findings of a study, the first of its kind, examining the role that circuit decisions applying Graham and Garner play in police officers'... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48z573gt Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Schwartz, Joanna C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/429856d4 Backdoor Municipal Immunity https://escholarship.org/uc/item/429856d4 Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Schwartz, Joanna C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jt4c74w Civil Rights Without Representation https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jt4c74w Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Schwartz, Joanna C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pn7b2s9 NEW FEDERALISM AND CIVIL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pn7b2s9 Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Reinert, Alexander Schwartz, Joanna C Pfander, James E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z66855x Evading the Eighth Amendment <i>Prison Conditions and the Courts</i> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7z66855x Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tm1n681 Incarcerated and detained persons are at increased risk for acquiring COVID-19. However, little is known about their willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. During September-December 2020, residents in three prisons and 13 jails in four states were surveyed regarding their willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccination and their reasons for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy or refusal. Among 5,110 participants, 2,294 (44.9%) said they would receive a COVID-19 vaccination, 498 (9.8%) said they would hesitate to receive it, and 2,318 (45.4%) said they would refuse to receive it. Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccination was lowest among Black/African American (Black) (36.7%; 510 of 1,390) persons, participants aged 18-29 years (38.5%; 583 of 1,516), and those who lived in jails versus prisons (43.7%; 1,850 of 4,232). Common reasons reported for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were waiting for more information (54.8%) and efficacy or safety concerns (31.0%). The most common reason... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tm1n681 Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Stern, Marc F Piasecki, Alexandra M Strick, Lara B Rajeshwar, Poornima Tyagi, Erika Dolovich, Sharon Patel, Priti R Fukunaga, Rena Furukawa, Nathan W https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68z5v1hp This study describes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case rates and deaths among federal and state prisoners and compares them with corresponding rates for the US population. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68z5v1hp Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Saloner, Brendan Parish, Kalind Ward, Julie A DiLaura, Grace Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66v3p7k5 Excessive Force In Prison https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66v3p7k5 Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5560s119 When the state incarcerates, it assumes an affirmative, non-negotiable obligation to keep people in prison safe and to provide for their basic needs. In the United States, the three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—are in theory collectively responsible for making certain that this obligation is fulfilled. In practice, the checks and balances built into the system have failed to ensure even minimally decent carceral conditions. This review maps this regulatory failure. It shows that, in all branches of government, rather than policing prison officials, the relevant institutional actors instead align themselves with the officials they are supposed to regulate, leaving people in custody unprotected and vulnerable to abuse by the very actors sworn to keep them safe. This pattern is no accident. It reflects a palpable normative hostility and contempt toward the incarcerated, an attitude with deep roots in the virulent race hatred endemic to the American... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5560s119 Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nn6d86c The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a heightened toll on people incarcerated in prisons in the United States, with those incarcerated experiencing a higher rate of infection and mortality than the US population more generally. What is less well known is the degree to which COVID-19 outcomes differ among incarcerated populations, especially by race and ethnicity, where significant differences have been found among the US population as a whole. This knowledge gap is, in part, due to a lack of reporting of COVID-19 outcomes by race and ethnicity by most state prison systems. To shed light on this topic, we analyzed mortality patterns of the population incarcerated in Texas state prison facilities during both the year before (beginning April 1, 2019) and the first year of (beginning April 1, 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a unique data set of roster information from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and medical examiner records. COVID-19 mortality was 1.61 and 2.12 times... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nn6d86c Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Marquez, Neal Moreno, Destiny Klonsky, Amanda Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00g9r4rs Abstract: The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a legal institution embedded in international politics. Politics shaped the Rome Statute of the ICC, which is rooted in norms and rules of European lineage and security interests of party states. Politics constrains and influences the operation of the Court, which has adapted in response to oversight and governance of the Assembly of States Parties, and to political actions extrinsic to institutional rules. The ICC also has political effects in situation states. A brief history shows that application of Rome Statute triggers across state parties with different social conditions skewed geographic distribution of its investigations and prosecutions towards Africa, a structural bias that catalysed a legitimation crisis for the ICC. Subsequent exercises of expansive jurisdiction aimed at nationals of non-African, non-party states – including Israel and some of the world's great powers – have dampened African complaints and advanced... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00g9r4rs Wed, 9 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Steinberg, Richard H https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7sw8737f This article presents the findings of the first research study of the Institutional Hearing Program (IHP), a prison-based immigration court system run by the U.S. Department of Justice. Although the IHP has existed for four decades, little is publicly known about the program’s origin, development, or significance. Based on original analysis of archival records, this study makes three central contributions. First, it traces the origin and growth of the IHP within federal, state, and municipal correctional facilities. Notably, although the IHP began in 1980 as a program to deport Cuban asylum seekers held in civil detention in an Atlanta prison, it now operates to deport noncitizens serving prison sentences in twenty-three federal prisons, nineteen state prison systems, and a few municipal jails. Second, this article uncovers the crucial role that prison-based immigration courts have played in shaping the design of carceral institutions around the priorities of an immigration system... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7sw8737f Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Eagly, Ingrid Shafer, Steven https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66k2t9ds Abstract: In the face of rapid global heating, ideas of solar geoengineering are receiving increased attention. Yet the governance of such risky emerging technologies is poorly explored. Here I examine how the risks involved in solar geoengineering might be assessed in the context of climate risks in two different models of risk management: the technocratic, and the securitized. I show that neither model alone provides a sufficient foundation for a meaningful ‘risk-risk’ assessment, and suggest a need for better defined, yet broad scope, symmetric assessments using worst-case as well as idealised scenarios, taking into account risks in research and development as well as deployment, and considering the social distribution of risks. I conclude that effective anticipatory and ethical risk assessment may usefully supplement, but cannot replace democratic political judgements on responses to climate change. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66k2t9ds Wed, 28 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 McLaren, Duncan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b98m9n2 The Arctic has been identified by scientists as a relatively promising venue for controversial ‘solar geoengineering’ – technical schemes to reflect more sunlight to counteract global warming. Yet contemporary regional security dynamics and the relative (in)significance of climate concerns among the key Arctic states suggest a different conclusion. By systematically juxtaposing recently published schemes for Arctic geoengineering with Arctic security strategies published by the littoral Arctic states and China, we reveal and detail two conflicting security imaginaries. Geoengineering schemes scientifically securitise (and seek to maintain) the Arctic’s ‘great white shield’ to protect ‘global’ humanity against climate tipping points and invoke a past era of Arctic ‘exceptionality’ to suggest greater political feasibility for research interventions here. Meanwhile, state security imaginaries understand the contemporary Arctic as an increasingly contested region of considerable geopolitical... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b98m9n2 Wed, 28 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Kornbech, Nikolaj Corry, Olaf McLaren, Duncan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sj3218r Governance for Earth system tipping points – A research agenda https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sj3218r Wed, 28 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Milkoreit, Manjana Boyd, Emily Constantino, Sara M Hausner, Vera Helene Hessen, Dag O Kääb, Andreas McLaren, Duncan Nadeau, Christina O'Brien, Karen Parmentier, Frans-Jan Rotbarth, Ronny Rødven, Rolf Treichler, Désirée Wilson-Rowe, Elana Yamineva, Yulia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1186t6k3 Justice-oriented climate activism is proliferating. Many scholars aspire to deliver research that supports activism. However, measures of impact for research evaluation and funding purposes place little weight on the use of research by activists. Here we consider how academics and academia might effectively support and enable climate activism. We report outcomes from a series of online deliberative workshops involving both activists and academics from several European countries. The workshops were facilitated to create space for discussion, sharing of experiences and the development of proposals for the future. The outcomes take the form of a set of principles (a “minifesta”) for academic-activist engagement generated by the group. In discussing the process and outputs, we argue that a focus on inclusion can support politically transformative change of the scale and urgency required. We suggest that this also demands a shift in attitudes toward the role of activism and activists... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1186t6k3 Wed, 28 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 McLaren, Duncan P Anderson, Christine Barry, John Broto, Vanesa Castán de Cheveigné, Suzanne Chilvers, Jason Crowther, Alison Hupé, Jean-Michel Kalaugher, Liz Labussiere, Olivier Rothery, Tina L Nadai, Alain Ortar, Nathalie Raine, Jordan Smith, Graham Wallenborn, Grégoire Walker, Gordon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xb8b0fp Transgender individuals experience numerous health disparities relative to cisgender individuals. However, most transgender-health studies have focused on convenience samples with limited generalizability. This study utilized data from the 2016-2018 TransPop Study, the first national probability sample of transgender adults (n=274) with a cisgender comparison sample (n=1162). Using multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for demographics, we compared the prevalence of hazardous drinking, problematic drug use, serious psychological distress, suicidality, and non-suicidal self-injury between transgender and cisgender individuals and among transgender men (n=78), transgender women (n=120), and transgender nonbinary individuals (n=76). Among transgender individuals, 28.2% (95%CI 21.2-35.2) and 31.2% (95%CI 23.8-38.7) reported hazardous drinking and problematic drug use, respectively; 44.4% (95% CI 35.8-53.0) reported recent suicidal ideation, 6.9% (95% CI 2.3-11.5) reported a... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xb8b0fp Tue, 13 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Kidd, Jeremy D Tettamanti, Nicky A Kaczmarkiewicz, Roma Corbeil, Thomas E Dworkin, Jordan D Jackman, Kasey B Hughes, Tonda L Bockting, Walter O Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8cz297nb Accumulated findings from studies in which implicit-bias measures correlate with discriminatory judgment and behavior have led many social scientists to conclude that implicit biases play a causal role in racial and other discrimination. In turn, that belief has promoted and sustained two lines of work to develop remedies: (a) individual treatment interventions expected to weaken or eradicate implicit biases and (b) group-administered training programs to overcome biases generally, including implicit biases. Our review of research on these two types of sought remedies finds that they lack established methods that durably diminish implicit biases and have not reproducibly reduced discriminatory consequences of implicit (or other) biases. That disappointing conclusion prompted our turn to strategies based on methods that have been successful in the domain of public health. <i>Preventive measures</i> are designed to disable the path from implicit biases to discriminatory outcomes.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8cz297nb Thu, 25 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Greenwald, Anthony G Dasgupta, Nilanjana Dovidio, John F Kang, Jerry Moss-Racusin, Corinne A Teachman, Bethany A https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m66p614 <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people to recruit a national probability sample is challenging for many reasons, including the low base rate of LGB people in the population. To address this challenge, researchers have relied on diverse approaches to sampling LGB people. We aimed to test an innovative method to assemble a U.S. national probability sample of non-transgender sexual minority adults. <b><i>Methods</i></b><i>:</i> Our approach used two phases. In Phase 1, we identified LGBT respondents in a probability general population sample. These respondents were then queried about their sexual orientation and gender identity using short screening questions to identify non-transgender sexual minority respondents. In Phase 2, the identified sexual minority respondents completed the targeted survey online or on a mailed questionnaire. <b><i>Results</i></b><i>:</i> In Phase 1, using random-digit dialing, a nationally representative sample of 366,644... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7m66p614 Sun, 7 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Marken, Stephanie Russell, Stephen T Frost, David M Wilson, Bianca DM https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5782m331 PURPOSE: The aim was to assess the associations of antibullying U.S. state statutes that enumerate sexual orientation with exposure to bullying and other stressors and with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in sexual minority and non sexual minority youth. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2015 national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey, representative of 9th through 12th grade students attending public and private schools in the United States. We reviewed each state's antibullying statutes and classified them on enumeration. RESULTS: Antibullying state laws that enumerate sexual orientation were associated with lower risk for suicide attempts and serious attempts requiring medical attention and lower risk for forced sexual intercourse. They were also associated with feeling safe at school or on the way to or from school. Results did not differ by sexual orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Enumeration of sexual orientation was associated with reduced stressors and suicide attempts,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5782m331 Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Luo, Feijun Wilson, Bianca DM https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-5229 Stone, Deborah M https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48b6t4m8 The minority stress model has been influential in guiding research on sexual and gender minority health and well-being in psychology and related social and health sciences. Minority stress has theoretical roots in psychology, sociology, public health, and social welfare. Meyer provided the first integrative articulation of minority stress in 2003 as an explanatory theory aimed at understanding the social, psychological, and structural factors accounting for mental health inequalities facing sexual minority populations. This article reviews developments in minority stress theory over the past two decades, focusing on critiques, applications, and reflections on its continued relevance in the context of rapidly changing social and policy contexts. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/48b6t4m8 Thu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Frost, David M Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4f1002sp OBJECTIVES: This study examined differences by sexual and gender minority (SGM) and incarceration statuses in mental health indicators among youth. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional data are from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 72 324) and includes public school students (Mage = 15.49) and youth incarcerated in juvenile correctional facilities (Mage = 15.48). We categorized youth into 4 groups: (1) non-SGM youth in public schools, (2) non-SGM youth in correctional facilities, (3) SGM youth in public schools, and (4) SGM youth in correctional facilities. Multivariable regression models assessed associations among SGM and incarceration statuses and mental health indicators after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to adverse childhood experiences. RESULTS: More youth in juvenile correctional facilities identified as SGM (28.8%) compared with youth in public schools (20.4%, P = .002). SGM youth in correctional facilities reported a higher... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4f1002sp Thu, 7 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Clark, Kirsty A Harvey, Tyler D Hughto, Jaclyn MW Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cq6f7cb BackgroundSexual orientation refers to a person’s enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to other people. Sexual orientation measures do not typically consider desires for, or sexual behavior with, transgender people. We describe measures inclusive of transgender people and characterize sexual orientation identity, behavior, and attraction in a representative sample of the U.S. transgender population.MethodsBetween April 2016-December 2018, a U.S. national probability sample of transgender (n = 274) and cisgender (n = 1,162) adults were invited to complete a self-administered web or mailed paper survey. We assessed sexual identity with updated response options inclusive of recent identity terms (e.g., queer), and revised sexual behavior and attraction measures that included transgender people. Multiple response options were allowed for sexual behavior and attraction. Weighted descriptive statistics and sexual orientation differences by gender identity groups were... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cq6f7cb Wed, 4 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Reisner, Sari L Choi, Soon Kyu Herman, Jody L Bockting, Walter Krueger, Evan A Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b34v94p Net-zero has proved a rapid and powerful convening concept for climate policy. Rather than treating it as a novel development from the perspective of climate policy, we examine net-zero in the context of the longer history and experience of the “no-net-loss” framing from biodiversity policy. Drawing on material from scholarly, policy and activist literature and cultural political economy theory, we interpret the turn to “net” policies and practices as part of the political economy of neoliberalism, in which the quantification and commodification of the environment, and in particular—trading through an offset market, enable continued ideological dominance of economic freedoms. This analysis highlights the ways in which the adoption of a “net” framing reconstructs the goals, processes and mechanisms involved. It is the neoliberal commitment to markets that drives the adoption of net framings for the very purpose of validating offsetting markets. Understanding the making of “net”... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1b34v94p Wed, 2 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000 McLaren, Duncan P Carver, Louise https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78w8t8cw INTRODUCTION: Previous research has found COVID-19 cases to be disproportionately prevalent among U.S. prisoners. Similar to prisoners, prison staff experience ventilation and social distancing hazards and may have limited access to testing, paid sick leave, personal protective equipment, and other workplace protections. Yet, systematic case surveillance among prison staff remains unexplored. The objective of this study is to document the trends in COVID-19 cases among U.S. correctional staff relative to those among prisoners and the U.S. POPULATION: METHODS: Reports of COVID-19 cases among prisoners and staff were collected from state Departments of Corrections and the Federal Bureau of Prisons from March 31, 2020 to November 4, 2020. In November 2020, this series of aggregated case records was linked to population estimates to calculate COVID-19 period prevalence among prison staff and residents in comparison with the U.S. population trends. RESULTS: Within the prison environment,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/78w8t8cw Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Ward, Julie A Parish, Kalind DiLaura, Grace Dolovich, Sharon Saloner, Brendan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10v4b5pf In the United States, a context of multiple marginalization shapes sexual health disparities experienced by transgender women. Using data from 396 transgender women with negative or unknown HIV status, we performed exploratory factor analysis on responses to gender identity and sexual behavior stigma items and regressed sexual health outcomes on extracted factors via modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. Overall, 97.2% of participants endorsed ≥ 1 gender identity stigma; 67.2% endorsed ≥ 1 sexual behavior stigma; and 66.9% endorsed ≥ 1 of each. Extracted factors included gender-identity social stigma, reflecting experiences related to family, fearfulness in public, and verbal harassment (α = 0.68); gender-identity institutional stigma/violence, reflecting experiences related to healthcare, police interactions, and interpersonal violence (α = 0.73); and global sexual behavior stigma, reflecting experiences related to family, friends, and healthcare, as well... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10v4b5pf Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Wiginton, John Mark Maksut, Jessica L Scheim, Ayden I https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-9829 Zlotorzynska, Maria Sanchez, Travis H Baral, Stefan D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4209x75z INTRODUCTION: Prior research has found that experiences with violence in the U.S. differ across individual demographic characteristics, including race, gender, and sexual orientation. However, peer reviewed studies have yet to examine the relationship between the intersections of race, gender, and sexual orientation, victimization risk, and characteristics of victimization. METHODS: We use data from three years (2017-2019) of the National Crime Victimization Survey, the primary source of information on criminal victimization in the United States, to examine victimization at the intersection of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. We test whether non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons aged 16 or over are victimized at greater rates than their non-SGM counterparts and assess whether there are differences between sexual minority females and males of each racial group. We further document characteristics of victimization... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4209x75z Tue, 11 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Flores, Andrew R Wilson, Bianca DM Langton, Lynn L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sw1388v We estimate the prevalence and characteristics of violent hate crime victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States, and we compare them to non-LGBT hate crime victims and to LGBT victims of violent non-hate crime. We analyze pooled 2017-2019 data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (n persons = 553, 925;n incidents = 32, 470), the first nationally representative and comprehensive survey on crime that allows identification of LGBT persons aged 16 or older. Descriptive and bivariate analysis show that LGBT people experienced 6.6 violent hate crime victimizations per 1,000 persons compared with non-LGBT people's 0.6 per 1,000 persons (odds ratio = 8.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.94, 14.65). LGBT people were more likely to be hate crime victims of sexual orientation or gender bias crime and less likely to be victims of race or ethnicity bias crimes compared to non-LGBT hate crime victims. Compared to non-LGBT victims, LGBT victims... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sw1388v Sat, 8 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Flores, Andrew R Stotzer, Rebecca L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Langton, Lynn L https://escholarship.org/uc/item/761141xj Bisexual individuals experience poorer mental health than other sexual minority individuals. One explanation for this is that biphobia predisposes bisexual individuals to have a more ambiguous sexual identity and fewer opportunities for stress-ameliorating forms of coping and support. This study explores sexual identity and sexual identity dimensions-prominence, valence, integration, and complexity-in bisexual and other sexual minority individuals. We describe differences in sexual identity dimensions between bisexual and other sexual minority individuals and test two explanations for mental health disparities between them: whether sexual identity dimensions directly impact mental health and whether they moderate the impact of stress on mental health. Data came from a longitudinal study of a diverse sample of sexual minority individuals (N = 396, 71 bisexual respondents) sampled from community venues in New York City. Sexual identity was prominent for both bisexual and other sexual... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/761141xj Wed, 5 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 la Roi, Chaïm Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Frost, David M https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20j93819 Gender-affirming hormones have been shown to improve psychological functioning and quality of life among transgender and nonbinary (trans) people, yet, scant research exists regarding whether and why individuals take more or less hormones than prescribed. Drawing on survey data from 379 trans people who were prescribed hormones, we utilized multivariable logistic regression models to identify factors associated with hormone-dosing behaviors and content analysis to examine the reasons for dose modifications. Overall, 24% of trans individuals took more hormones than prescribed and 57% took less. Taking more hormones than prescribed was significantly associated with having the same provider for primary and gender-affirming care and gender-based discrimination. Income and insurance coverage barriers were significantly associated with taking less hormones than prescribed. Differences by gender identity were also observed. Addressing barriers to hormone access and cost could help to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20j93819 Wed, 5 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Restar, Arjee Dusic, EJ Garrison-Desany, Henri Lett, Elle Everhart, Avery Baker, Kellan E Scheim, Ayden I https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-9829 Beckham, S Wilson Reisner, Sari Rose, Adam J Mimiaga, Matthew J Radix, Asa Operario, Don Hughto, Jaclyn MW https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14s4x34k Collection of gender identity data in national probability-based surveys began in 2014, an important first step toward the inclusion of gender identity measurements in public health surveillance. However, the findings about health disparities from probability-based samples do not align with those from nonprobability samples traditionally used to study transgender populations. These contradictions have yet to be understood fully. In this article, we suggest that the truth about disparities lies somewhere between nonprobability and probability samples. We discuss why generalizability from studies using probability sampling may remain limited for transgender populations and describe potential improvements in sampling methodology for transgender populations. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14s4x34k Wed, 5 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Henderson, Emmett R Blosnich, John R Herman, Jody L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t71x4b3 INTRODUCTION: The heightened risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in prisons is well documented, but COVID-19's impact on all-cause mortality in incarcerated populations has not yet been studied. This study analyzed mortality records from the Florida State Department of Corrections prison system population to evaluate the impact COVID-19 had on all-cause mortality and compare mortality rates and life expectancy with that of the overall state of Florida population. METHODS: Population age and sex data for Florida State Department of Corrections were ascertained from the Florida State Department of Corrections Offender Based Information System. Death data by age, sex, and cause of death were acquired from medical records and Florida State Department of Corrections offender reports. The state of Florida demographic and death data were collected from the Census Bureau, Florida Department of Health, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Age- and sex-standardized life... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6t71x4b3 Tue, 4 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Marquez, Neal M Littman, Aaron M Rossi, Victoria E Everett, Michael C Tyagi, Erika Johnson, Hope C Dolovich, Sharon L https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jw7290m <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> This study examined the health profile of a national probability sample of three cohorts of sexual minority people, and the ways that indicators of health vary among sexual minority people across age cohorts and other defining sociodemographic characteristics, including sexual identity, gender identity, and race/ethnicity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The <i>Generations</i> Study, the first national probability sample of three age cohorts of sexual minority people (<i>n</i> = 1507) in the United States collected in 2016-2017, was used to examine general health profiles across several broad domains: alcohol and drug abuse; general health, physical health, and health disability; mental health and psychological distress; and positive well-being, including general happiness, social well-being, and life satisfaction. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were no cohort differences in substance abuse or positive well-being. The younger cohort was physically healthier, but had... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9jw7290m Mon, 3 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Russell, Stephen T Mallory, Allen B Fish, Jessica N Frost, David M Hammack, Phillip L Lightfoot, Marguerita Lin, Andy Wilson, Bianca DM Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35m3421r BACKGROUND: Gender influences the health and social risks faced by individuals initiating drug injecting. Using mixed methods across three settings in North America, we investigated the gender composition of injection initiation events and the gendered risk environments in which they occurred. METHODS: The PReventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER) study pooled data from three prospective community-recruited cohorts of people who inject drugs (PWID) in San Diego, USA, Vancouver, Canada, and Tijuana, Mexico. A qualitative subsample provided narrative data on their experiences of, and the contexts for, injection initiation events. Guided by Rhodes' risk environment framework, we examined the gender composition of initiation events stratified by city, and analyzed qualitative data using abductive thematic analyses. RESULTS: Among 2,622 PWID (Tijuana: n&nbsp;=&nbsp;531; San Diego: n&nbsp;=&nbsp;352; Vancouver: n&nbsp;=&nbsp;1,739), 112 (4.3%) reported providing... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35m3421r Tue, 27 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Sa, Meyers C, Rafful Ml, Mittal Lr, Smith J, Tirado-Muñoz S, Jain X, Sun Rs, Garfein Sa, Strathdee K, DeBeck K, Hayashi R, McNeil Mj, Milloy M, Olding A, Guise D, Werb Ai, Scheim https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74j5j4f8 Sexual minority (non-heterosexual) individuals experience higher rates of physical health problems. Minority stress has been the primary explanatory model to account for this disparity. The purpose of this study was to identify in published research empirically established relationships between minority stress processes and biological outcomes and identify avenues for future research. The PubMed database was queried with search terms relevant to minority stress and a comprehensive list of physical and biological outcomes. To be included in the analysis, studies had to examine the relationship between minority stress and a biological outcome among sexual minority individuals. Those meeting inclusion criteria were coded for key variables including methodology used, positive and null results, participant characteristics, and specific minority stress processes and biological outcomes considered. In total, 26 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies tested relationships between specific... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/74j5j4f8 Sat, 24 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Flentje, Annesa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-4151 Heck, Nicholas C Brennan, James Michael Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ff6z2bn <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Multi-level hostility toward sexual minority (SM; includes, but is not limited to those identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, or same-gender loving) and other minority populations (e.g., racial/ethnic) increased after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. This may generate stress and mental health problems among those groups, and particularly among SM people of color. This study assessed whether the mental health of Black and Latinx SM adults declined after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Data were from a daily national probability survey (thus, mean changes in mental health outcomes over time may reflect population shifts in mental health) of Black and Latinx SM adults (<i>N</i> = 537), recruited 7 months before and 17 months after the November 8, 2016 election. Using a between-subjects design, spline-based regressions (spline set at election date), adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, estimated four mental health... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ff6z2bn Sat, 24 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Krueger, Evan A Westmoreland, Drew A Choi, Soon Kyu Harper, Gary W Lightfoot, Marguerita Hammack, Phillip L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z92b4w7 <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> We describe the timing of suicidality across the life span in three cohorts of sexual minority adults. We hypothesized that suicide attempts coincide with the coming out period and that younger sexual minority people, who grew up in more accepting social environments, will have lower prevalence of suicide attempts than older generations. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A U.S. national probability sample of 1518 sexual minority adults in three age cohorts of 18-25, 34-41, and 52-59 years (collected 2016-2018) completed a self-administered survey. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Sexual minority adults had high prevalence of lifetime suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts, with the highest attempted suicides in the younger cohort (30.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.8-35.1) compared with the middle (23.7%, 95% CI = 19.0-29.1) and older (20.3%, 95% CI = 16.3-25.1) cohorts. There were no differences in suicidal behavior by race and ethnicity or between men and women, but... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z92b4w7 Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Blosnich, John R Choi, Soon Kyu Harper, Gary W Russell, Stephen T https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z3166d6 BACKGROUND: Probability and nonprobability-based studies of US transgender persons identify different disparities in health and health care access. OBJECTIVES: We used TransPop, the first US national probability survey of transgender persons, to describe and compare measures of health and health access among transgender, nonbinary, and cisgender participants. We directly compared the results with 2015 US Transgender Survey (USTS) data and with previously published analyses from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). METHODS: All participants were screened by Gallup Inc., which recruited a probability sample of US adults. Transgender people were identified using a two-step screening process. Eligible participants completed self-administered questionnaires (transgender n&nbsp;=&nbsp;274, cisgender n&nbsp;=&nbsp;1162). We obtained weighted proportions/means, then tested for differences between gender groups. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate associations.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z3166d6 Wed, 21 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Feldman, Jamie L Luhur, Winston Ekaprasetia Herman, Jody L Poteat, Tonia Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h15s3xp Research has consistently shown mental health differences between sexual minority subgroups with bisexual people often reporting higher levels of psychological distress than lesbians and gay men. Relationship status has been suggested, but not well studied, as a potential factor contributing to subgroup differences in mental health. Using a national probability sample of non-transgender sexual minority adults across 3 age cohorts (18-25, 34-41, 52-59 years), we assessed group differences in psychological distress (Kessler 6) between lesbian/gay (N = 505), bisexual (N = 272), and queer/pansexual (N=75) respondents. We examined whether relationship status (single/partnered) moderated the relationship between sexual identity and psychological distress. Among those that were partnered, we tested whether key partner characteristics related to sexual identity - gender of partner (cisgender same-sex/transgender or cisgender different-sex) and partner sexual identity (same or mixed sexual... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h15s3xp Wed, 21 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Wilson, Bianca DM https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-5229 Krueger, Evan A Pollitt, Amanda M Bostwick, Wendy B https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w96t7c8 Genderqueer identities-those that challenge a strict binary between woman and man-are increasingly visible within mainstream culture and psychological research. However, little is known about generational differences in the lived experience of genderqueer people. Inductive thematic analysis of interviews with 30 genderqueer sexual minorities of 3 distinct generations living the United States revealed 3 major themes: (a) <i>unintelligibility:</i> genderqueer people face challenges in identifying, naming, and expressing their gender due to the constraints of everyday language and material culture; (b) <i>managing stigma through challenging oppression:</i> genderqueer people manage stigma by naming and challenging the gender binary, often in relation to other forms of oppression; and (c) <i>connection beyond mainstream LGBTQ communities:</i> genderqueer people often find connection outside of mainstream LGBTQ spaces, such as through ethnicity-based or sexual subcommunities (e.g.,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3w96t7c8 Fri, 9 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Barsigian, Logan L https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0429-6227 Hammack, Phillip L Morrow, Quinlyn J Wilson, Bianca DM https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-5229 Russell, Stephen T https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6358b081 <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> We assessed how psychological distress and felt stigma (perceived sexual minority stigma in one's community) are associated with key HIV prevention outcomes in a U.S. national probability sample of sexually active, HIV-negative sexual minority men. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using data from the <i>Generations</i> study (2017-2018, <i>N</i> = 285), the present study assessed the effects of psychological distress and felt stigma and their interaction on three HIV prevention outcomes: testing for HIV as per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines (once or more in the past year), use of latex barriers (e.g., condoms), and familiarity with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). <b><i>Results:</i></b> In main effects models, neither psychological distress nor felt stigma was associated with any of the screening and prevention outcomes. However, the interaction between psychological distress and felt stigma was associated with each outcome. Specifically, at... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6358b081 Thu, 8 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Krueger, Evan A Holloway, Ian W Lightfoot, Marguerita Lin, Andy Hammack, Phillip L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gv3f8nh Managed relocation is defined as the movement of species, populations, or genotypes to places outside the areas of their historical distributions to maintain biological diversity or ecosystem functioning with changing climate. It has been claimed that a major extinction event is under way and that climate change is increasing its severity. Projections indicating that climate change may drive substantial losses of biodiversity have compelled some scientists to suggest that traditional management strategies are insufficient. The managed relocation of species is a controversial management response to climate change. The published literature has emphasized biological concerns over difficult ethical, legal, and policy issues. Furthermore, ongoing managed relocation actions lack scientific and societal engagement. Our interdisciplinary team considered ethics, law, policy, ecology, and natural resources management in order to identify the key issues of managed relocation relevant for... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gv3f8nh Tue, 30 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Schwartz, Mark W https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-6542 Hellmann, Jessica J McLachlan, Jason M Sax, Dov F Borevitz, Justin O Brennan, Jean Camacho, Alejandro E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-6870 Ceballos, Gerardo Clark, Jamie R Doremus, Holly https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-9946 Early, Regan Etterson, Julie R Fielder, Dwight Gill, Jacquelyn L Gonzalez, Patrick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0561 Green, Nancy Hannah, Lee Jamieson, Dale W Javeline, Debra Minteer, Ben A Odenbaugh, Jay Polasky, Stephen Richardson, David M Root, Terry L Safford, Hugh D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-6728 Sala, Osvaldo Schneider, Stephen H Thompson, Andrew R Williams, John W Vellend, Mark Vitt, Pati Zellmer, Sandra https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jr3c55t Managed relocation (MR) has rapidly emerged as a potential intervention strategy in the toolbox of biodiversity management under climate change. Previous authors have suggested that MR (also referred to as assisted colonization, assisted migration, or assisted translocation) could be a last-alternative option after interrogating a linear decision tree. We argue that numerous interacting and value-laden considerations demand a more inclusive strategy for evaluating MR. The pace of modern climate change demands decision making with imperfect information, and tools that elucidate this uncertainty and integrate scientific information and social values are urgently needed. We present a heuristic tool that incorporates both ecological and social criteria in a multidimensional decision-making framework. For visualization purposes, we collapse these criteria into 4 classes that can be depicted in graphical 2-D space. This framework offers a pragmatic approach for summarizing key dimensions... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jr3c55t Tue, 30 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Richardson, David M Hellmann, Jessica J McLachlan, Jason S Sax, Dov F Schwartz, Mark W https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-6542 Gonzalez, Patrick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-0561 Brennan, E Jean Camacho, Alejandro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-6870 Root, Terry L Sala, Osvaldo E Schneider, Stephen H Ashe, Daniel M Clark, Jamie Rappaport Early, Regan Etterson, Julie R Fielder, E Dwight Gill, Jacquelyn L Minteer, Ben A Polasky, Stephen Safford, Hugh D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-6728 Thompson, Andrew R Vellend, Mark https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cd0b28j OBJECTIVE: To examine whether hospitals are more likely to temporarily close their emergency departments (EDs) to ambulances (through ambulance diversions) if neighboring diverting hospitals are public vs private. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Ambulance diversion logs for California hospitals, discharge data, and hospital characteristics data from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and the American Hospital Association (2007). STUDY DESIGN: We match public and private (nonprofit or for-profit) hospitals by distance and size. We use random-effects models examining diversion probability and timing of private hospitals following diversions by neighboring public vs matched private hospitals. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: N/A. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Hospitals are 3.6 percent more likely to declare diversions if neighboring diverting hospitals are public vs private (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001). Hospitals declaring diversions have lower ED occupancy (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001)... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cd0b28j Sat, 27 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Hsuan, Charleen Hsia, Renee Y https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-6926 Horwitz, Jill R Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 Rice, Thomas Needleman, Jack https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nb4w8f3 Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) peoples' healthcare preferences are often developed in response to social and institutional factors that can ultimately deter them from care. Prior qualitative explorations of LGB healthcare preferences have been limited in their ability to identify and compare patterns across age cohort, gender, and race/ethnicity. The current study examines qualitative data from 186 modified Life Story Interviews with three age cohorts of LGB people from New York City, NY, San Francisco, CA, Tucson, AZ, and Austin, TX to understand the factors influencing LGB people's healthcare preferences. Data are analyzed using a directed content analysis approach. Five key themes emerged regarding influences on healthcare preferences: Stigma, provider expertise, identity, service type, and access. Findings suggest that healthcare preferences among LGB people are both complex and closely linked to social changes over time. Healthcare preferences among LGB people are both... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nb4w8f3 Fri, 19 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Martos, Alexander J Wilson, Patrick A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-7587 Gordon, Allegra R Lightfoot, Marguerita Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nk513d5 PURPOSE: Overall, sexual minorities have poorer mental health than heterosexual individuals, and stress is thought to underlie such disparities. However, sexual minorities include both those identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) and many who do not (e.g., individuals identifying as mostly heterosexual, or as heterosexual but with discordant same-sex attractions or behaviors), and little is known about the mental health or stress experiences of non-LGB identified sexual minorities. This study assessed perceived stress and depressive symptom differences between concordant heterosexual individuals and three groups of sexual minority young adults (LGB, mostly heterosexual, and discordant heterosexual individuals). METHODS: Data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Wave IV (2008-2009). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were estimated. Path analyses assessed whether perceived stress mediated differences in depressive symptomatology. Analyses... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nk513d5 Fri, 19 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Krueger, Evan A Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Upchurch, Dawn M https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3806q283 Epidemiological categories not only reflect existing frameworks for public health, but also reify how subpopulations are defined, understood, and targeted for interventions. The sweeping categorization of Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) used in HIV research and intervention work is one such example. The current paper builds upon previous critiques of the “MSM” nomenclature by delineating the sexual and gender diversity embedded in the term as it pertains specifically to Black peoples. The emphasis is on developing greater specificity about the sociocultural and structural factors that may be shared among these subgroups, such as racism and poverty, and the factors that are likely to distinguish the groups, such as levels of sexual minority identification; access to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) services and community; and experiences with anti-bisexual or anti-transgender bias. The aim then is to provide a framework for HIV health policy work for Black... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3806q283 Fri, 12 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Wilson, Bianca DM https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-5229 Miyashita, Ayako https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35x2p0d6 From print to patents: Living on instruments in early modern Europe https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35x2p0d6 Mon, 13 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/25c8z9kb Brand New World: Distinguishing Oneself in the Global Flow https://escholarship.org/uc/item/25c8z9kb Mon, 13 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario Chander, Anupam Sunder, Madhavi https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87g6c4kc OVERBROAD INJUNCTIONS AGAINST SPEECH (ESPECIALLY IN LIBEL AND HARASSMENT CASES) https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87g6c4kc Wed, 14 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84n7n4f4 THE DUTY NOT TO CONTINUE DISTRIBUTING YOUR OWN LIBELS https://escholarship.org/uc/item/84n7n4f4 Wed, 14 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/146929g5 LIBEL BY OMISSION OF EXCULPATORY LEGAL DECISIONS https://escholarship.org/uc/item/146929g5 Wed, 14 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96d6r7t6 Do sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in the United States encounter disproportionate rates of victimization as compared with their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts? Answering this question has proved elusive because nationally representative victimization data have not included victims' sexual orientation or gender identity. The National Crime Victimization Survey, the nation's primary source of representative information on criminal victimization, began documenting sexual orientation and gender identity in 2016 and released data publicly for the first time in 2019. We find SGMs disproportionately are victims across a variety of crimes. The rate of violent victimization for SGMs is 71.1 victimizations per 1000 people compared with 19.2 victimizations per 1000 people for those who are not SGMs. SGMs are 2.7 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime than non-SGMs. These findings raise the importance of further considering sexual orientation and gender identity in victimization... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96d6r7t6 Tue, 1 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Flores, Andrew R Langton, Lynn Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Romero, Adam P https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70x9n8c5 This study examined the extent to which social stress stemming from a stigmatized social status (i.e., minority stress) was associated with three domains of health in younger as compared with older age cohorts of sexual minority individuals. Data were analyzed from the Generations Study, a longitudinal study using a probability sample (N = 1518) of age cohorts of sexual minority individuals in the USA. Exposure to a variety of minority stressors was associated with poorer health for all age cohorts. We hypothesized that because of improved social and legal environments in recent years, the associations between minority stress and health would be diminished in the younger cohort. As expected, we found that the associations between some minority stressors and health outcomes were diminished in the younger cohort compared to older cohorts. Positive associations between community connectedness and mental health and social well-being were observed for all participants but were attenuated... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70x9n8c5 Fri, 14 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Frost, David M Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Lin, Andy Wilson, Bianca DM Lightfoot, Marguerita Russell, Stephen T Hammack, Phillip L https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1st2w653 During the past 50 years, there have been marked improvement in the social and legal environment of sexual minorities in the United States. Minority stress theory predicts that health of sexual minorities is predicated on the social environment. As the social environment improves, exposure to stress would decline and health outcomes would improve. We assessed how stress, identity, connectedness with the LGBT community, and psychological distress and suicide behavior varied across three distinct cohorts of sexual minority people in the United States. Using a national probability sample recruited in 2016 and 2017, we assessed three a priori defined cohorts of sexual minorities we labeled the pride (born 1956-1963), visibility (born 1974-1981), and equality (born 1990-1997) cohorts. We found significant and impressive cohort differences in coming out milestones, with members of the younger cohort coming out much earlier than members of the two older cohorts. But we found no signs... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1st2w653 Tue, 4 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 Russell, Stephen T Hammack, Phillip L Frost, David M Wilson, Bianca DM https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6253q2pb What forms of intracommunity stigma do young sexual minority men narrate as they participate in communities through mobile apps? In a content analysis of 32 interviews with a racially diverse sample of young sexual minority men (ages 19–25; 84.4% non-White) from four regions of the USA, a majority of men (62.5%) spontaneously discussed mobile apps (e.g., Grindr, Scruff) when asked about their experience of community more broadly. Men’s narratives revealed engagement with intracommunity stigma related to body size, race/ethnicity, gender expression, and sexual position (e.g., bottom). Stigma related to HIV status, substance use, and social class were not spontaneously narrated in response to questions about men’s experience in communities. Expressions of stigma were frequently experienced intersectionally, particularly regarding racialized stereotype expectations (e.g., “Asian men are twinks, effeminate”). We discuss the ways in which sexual minority men reproduce dominant ideologies... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6253q2pb Mon, 8 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Hammack, Phillip L Grecco, Brock Wilson, Bianca DM Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b39f4zm Explores the rise of the brand as a medium through which the modern university represents and remakes itself. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9b39f4zm Mon, 1 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-2979 Sunder, Madhavi https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1db3x32v The first comprehensive analysis of the emergence of academic brands, this book explores how the modern university is being transformed in an increasingly global economy of higher education where luxury is replacing access. More than just a sign of corporatization and privatization, academic brands provide a unique window on the university's concerns and struggles with conveying 'excellence' and reputation in a competitive landscape organized by rankings, while also capitalizing on its brand to generate revenue when state support dwindles. This multidisciplinary volume addresses topics including the uniqueness of academic brands, their role in the global brand economy of distinction, and their vulnerability to problematic social and political associations. By focusing on brands, the volume analyzes the tensions between the university's traditional commitment to public interest values – education, research, and the production of knowledge – and its increasingly managerial culture... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1db3x32v Fri, 22 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bc2w7vc Rooted in the traditional peer review model, the conceptualization of dialogue informing this collection may in fact constrain the ambitious rethinking of the process of editorial review we have been encouraged to pursue here. After suggesting ways to enhance the dialogical dimensions of the traditional peer review model, I will propose a substantially different conceptualization of dialogue, one framed by the more recent practice of post-publication review https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bc2w7vc Thu, 16 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nj9648k Questions about how closure is achieved in disputes involving new observational or experimental claims have highlighted the role of bodily knowledge possibly irreducible to written experimental protocols and instructions how to build and operate instruments. This essay asks similar questions about a scenario that is both related and significantly different: the replication of an invention, not of an observation or the instrument through which it produced. Furthermore, the machine considered here—Galileo’s compass or sector—was not a typical industrial invention (like a spinning jenny), but a mathematical invention (a calculator), that is, a machine that produces numbers, not yarn. This case study describes some of the similarities and differences between replicating experiments, traditional machines producing material outputs, and mathematical inventions yielding calculations or information. This comparison indicates that, as in other kinds of replication, the replication of mathematical... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nj9648k Fri, 27 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hd6j2n2 An analysis of the role of witnessing (and of its legal articulations) in early telescopic astronomy. Mostly focused on the conversations between Kepler and Galileo. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hd6j2n2 Tue, 17 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario Biagioli, MARIO https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gs2r13m This essay is about the unique role of proper nouns at the intersection of knowledge and property, both tangible and intangible. Nouns are central to any form of property and credit, from a person's name listed on a property deed or copyright registration, to the name of an artist to whom a work is attributed, or that of a scientist after whom a discovery or theory is named. And names can also be found on the other end of the property spectrum, not as the names of authors and owners but as objects of property, as in the case of brand names. Here I trace some of the functions of these names as they move across different scenarios of knowledge-making and property-making, focusing on some of the effects those trajectories are having in the contemporary technosciences as they bring together the function of the author and that of the brand. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gs2r13m Thu, 12 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37p0k7h0 Of Viruses and Licenses: Learning from COVID-19 Patent Debates https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37p0k7h0 Mon, 2 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv4c2d3 Fraud by Numbers: Metrics and the New Academic Misconduct https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xv4c2d3 Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vx0m8jd The histories of patent law and medical practice in the United States have intersected in various ways over the past 150 years, beginning with the professional campaign against “patent medicines” in the late nineteenth century, and culminating, for now, in attempts to patent the diagnostic procedures discussed in this article. The patenting of diagnostic procedures provokes a set of fundamental questions about the episteme of patent law. These questions are not new. They emerged at the very origins of patent jurisprudence, centered on the question of what distinguished an invention from a law of nature, and this question of patentability has persistently reemerged over the past century in the contexts of plant breeding, biotechnology, and now diagnostic medicine. So far, the question has been addressed in terms that imagine the invention as a machine, understood in the figurative sense of a transformative organization of forces and elements. But diagnostic procedures, because... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vx0m8jd Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario Pottage, Alain https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52f6c517 Of Viruses and Licenses: Lessons from COVID-19 Vaccine Patent Debates https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52f6c517 Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Biagioli, Mario https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bz3d1fx Treating Social Media Platforms Like Common Carriers? https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bz3d1fx Wed, 27 Oct 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hk488rw Editors’ Note https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hk488rw Wed, 22 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000 McDowall, David Miller, Jody Kubrin, Charis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-0875 Hay, Carter https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5086r9vb The New Taboo: Quoting Epithets in the Classroom and Beyond https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5086r9vb Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Kennedy, Randall L Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gw9j94w ANTI-LIBEL INJUNCTIONS https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gw9j94w Wed, 21 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Volokh, Eugene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ps7w65b The Carceral Labor Continuum: Beyond the Prison Labor/Free Labor Divide https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ps7w65b Fri, 4 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Zatz, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12k5c7hc Regulating Business Innovation as Policy Disruption: From the Model T to Airbnb https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12k5c7hc Fri, 14 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Biber, Eric Light, Sarah E Ruhl, JB Salzman, James https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pp6s8ns LGBT Asylum Claims in the United States https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pp6s8ns Mon, 5 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Shaw, Ari Luhur, Winston Eagly, Ingrid Conron, Kerith J. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f15c47f This article engages critically and constructively with Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s biblical study ‘Temptation’ (1938). His study does not always do justice to the text of the New Testament or the theodicean and hamartiological issues pertaining to temptation. And his position that biblically temptation is not the testing of strength, but rather the loss of all strength and defenceless deliverance into Satan’s hands, is hard to defend. However, Bonhoeffer’s idea of Christ-reality undergirds his suggestion that all persons can find in Christ participation, help, and grace in resisting temptation. Bonhoeffer’s most important insight, which requires some unpacking, is that ‘my temptation is nothing other than the temptation of Jesus Christ in me.’ https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8f15c47f Thu, 18 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Munzer, Stephen R. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20d1t4nf <i>Background</i>: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people in Kenya face pervasive socio-cultural and structural discrimination. Persistent stress stemming from anti-SGM stigma and prejudice may place SGM individuals at increased risk for negative mental health outcomes. This study explored experiences with violence (intimate partner violence and SGM-based violence), mental health outcomes (psychological distress, PTSD symptoms, and depressive symptoms), alcohol and other substance use, and prioritization of community needs among SGM adults in Western Kenya. <i>Methods</i>: This study was conducted by members of a collaborative research partnership between a U.S. academic institution and a Kenyan LGBTQ civil society organization (CSO). A convenience sample of 527 SGM adults (92.7% ages 18-34) was recruited from community venues to complete a cross-sectional survey either on paper or through an online secure platform. <i>Results</i>: For comparative analytic purposes, three sexual... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20d1t4nf Mon, 8 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Harper, Gary W Crawford, Jessica Lewis, Katherine Mwochi, Caroline Rucah Johnson, Gabriel Okoth, Cecil Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura Onyango, Daniel Peter Kumar, Manasi Wilson, Bianca DM https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5842-5229 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31k6x6fs With the global pandemic still unfolding, we are only beginning to make sense of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the people who live and work inside American prisons and jails, and of what effect, if any, the pandemic will have on the nation’s continued commitment to mass incarceration under unduly harsh conditions. In this Essay, I take stock of where things now stand. I also consider how we got to this point, and how penal policy would need to change if we are to prevent another round of needless suffering and death when the next pandemic hits. Part I explains why the incarcerated face an elevated risk of infection and potentially fatal complications from COVID-19. Part II describes the measures various corrections administrators took at the start of the pandemic to try to limit viral spread inside jails and prisons, and why, however well-intentioned, these measures were insufficient to bring the virus under control. Part III addresses the steps taken by public officials at... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31k6x6fs Thu, 14 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000 Dolovich, Sharon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p18p25d Work requirements backed by threats of incarceration offer a fertile but neglected site for sociolegal inquiry. These “carceral work mandates” confound familiar accounts of both the neoliberal state’s production of precarious work through deregulation and the penal state’s production of racialized exclusion from labor markets. In two illustrative contexts—child support enforcement and criminal legal debt—demands for work emerge as efforts to increase and then seize earnings from indigent debtors; an ability to pay is defined to include an ability to work. In a third, demands for work are imposed directly through probation, parole, and other community supervision. In each context, the carceral state regulates work outside of prison. It defines appropriate labor conditions through concepts of voluntary unemployment, and it enables employers to discipline or retaliate against workers by triggering state violence. Additionally, mandated work may be removed from employment law protections... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4p18p25d Fri, 4 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Zatz, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qn6w7hg Discrimination and Labour Law: Locating the Market in Maldistribution and Subordination https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qn6w7hg Fri, 4 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Zatz, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vb2866c <p>This Article offers a new theory of disparate impact liability. This theory emerges from and advances a unified account of employment discrimination law as a whole. Disparate impact claims target the same distinctive injury as do disparate treatment and nonaccommodation claims: suffering workplace harm because of one’s race, sex, disability, or other protected status. This injury of “status causation” offends basic commitments to equality and individual freedom. Focusing on status causation also draws directly from statutory text emphasizing causation and individual harm, unlike more familiar approaches centered on employers’ decision-making processes or social hierarchy between groups.&nbsp;</p><p>A disparate impact claim’s statistical comparison of group outcomes provides evidence that individuals have suffered status causation. Group outcomes are constructed by aggregating individual outcomes. Disparities between group outcomes can emerge only if many individual group members... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vb2866c Wed, 2 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Zatz, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17q0h9jb This chapter presents a very striking configuration of the relationship between the criminal law and the world of work: in the United States, custodial punishment for criminal offences, bearing especially heavily upon the population of colour, is so extensive as to identify that country as a ‘carceral state’; and it is one in which this enormous resort to imprisonment has seemingly contradictory repressive effects upon the workforce. On the one hand, it excludes many people from the labour market through pervasive discrimination against those with a criminal record. But on the other hand, it coerces many people into work; several institutions require people not currently imprisoned to work or face incarceration as a sanction. The contradiction may be resolved by considering the quality of work at issue, as exclusion from better jobs is complemented by coercion into worse ones: ‘subordinated inclusion’. This transformative effect of criminalization alters one’s basic understanding... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17q0h9jb Wed, 2 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Zatz, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mg3w7t1 BACKGROUND: HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are effective HIV prevention strategies often underused by transgender people. METHODS: Recruitment occurred in 2 phases to identify transgender respondents in a probability sample of adults in the United States. Transgender respondents completed a self-administered paper or web-based survey designed to assess transgender population health. Sexually active respondents (HIV-negative and had sex in the 5 years previously, N = 190) and a subsample of those at risk for sexual HIV acquisition (sex with cisgender men or transgender women, n = 120) were included in analyses. RESULTS: Of the full sample of sexually active respondents, those who were transfeminine were less likely to be familiar with PrEP; most (72%) reported favorable attitudes toward PrEP. Of those at risk for HIV acquisition, 23% had never tested for HIV. Respondents of color were more likely than white respondents to meet Centers for Disease Control and Prevention... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mg3w7t1 Mon, 21 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Sevelius, Jae M Poteat, Tonia Luhur, Winston E Reisner, Sari L Meyer, Ilan H https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-4583 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99n2c6vn This article documents the diffusion of plea bargaining and other mechanisms to reach criminal convictions without a trial and argues that their spread implies what this article terms an administratization of criminal convictions in many corners of the world. Criminal convictions have been administratized in two ways: ( a) Trial-avoiding mechanisms have given a larger role to nonjudicature, administrative officials in the determination of who gets convicted and for which crimes, and ( b) these decisions are made in proceedings that do not include a trial with its attached defendants’ rights. The article also proposes a way this phenomenon could be quantitatively measured by articulating the rate of administratization of criminal convictions, a metric to allow for comparison among different jurisdictions. The article then presents cross-national data from 26 jurisdictions on their rate of administratization of criminal convictions and different hypotheses that may help explain... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99n2c6vn Wed, 16 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Langer, Máximo https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mv704t2 Penal Abolitionism and Criminal Law Minimalism: Here and There, Now and Then https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8mv704t2 Wed, 16 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Langer, Maximo https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4c24b3n9 Abstract Based on an original worldwide survey of all universal jurisdiction complaints over core international crimes presented between 1961 and 2017 and against widespread perception by international criminal law experts that universal jurisdiction is in decline, this article shows that universal jurisdiction practice has been quietly expanding as there has been a significant growth in the number of universal jurisdiction trials, in the frequency with which these trials take place year by year and in the geographical scope of universal jurisdiction litigation. This expansion is likely the result of, among other factors, the adoption of International Criminal Court implementing statutes, the creation of specialized international crimes units by states, institutional learning by states and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), technological changes, new migration and refugee waves to universal jurisdiction states, criticisms of international criminal law as neo-colonial... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4c24b3n9 Wed, 16 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Langer, Máximo Eason, Mackenzie https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5327t80d Student Debt and Higher Education Risk https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5327t80d Wed, 19 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Glater, Jonathan D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2k5959rc STUDENT DEBT AND THE SIREN SONG OF SYSTEMIC RISK https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2k5959rc Wed, 19 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Glater, Jonathan D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98s6c3qz Cooperation in International Bankruptcy: A Post-Universalist Approach https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98s6c3qz Thu, 6 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 LoPucki, Lynn M https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gk3w35h <p>California has set laudable goals for ensuring that all residents have access to clean, affordable drinking water. Though the state has taken steps toward achieving these goals, they remain largely aspirational for many communities, particularly those that depend on small water systems in Los Angeles County and throughout California.</p><p>This paper addresses challenges faced by small water systems in L.A. County in providing safe and affordable drinking water to customers. These include limited financial and personnel resources as well as reduced access to alternative water sources. Small water systems are particularly vulnerable to groundwater contamination and often struggle with regulatory compliance. As a result, they have a higher percentage of water quality problems and higher rates of noncompliance than larger systems.</p><p>Small water systems’ lack of economies of scale often means that consumers pay more for water from small systems than from larger systems. Despite... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gk3w35h Thu, 6 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Logar, Nathaniel Salzman, James Horowitz, Cara https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d28v2n2 MEASURING IN ABSENTIA REMOVAL IN IMMIGRATION COURT https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d28v2n2 Thu, 6 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Eagly, Ingrid Shafer, Steven https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gv2t8d5 This paper identifies and explores mechanisms that individuals use to create and interpret, re-create and re-interpret, "Arab, Muslim, and South Asian" as a racial identity through performance. This concept is important to understanding the law's interpretation and analysis of race. Considering race as performance is important for Critical Race Theory (CRT). CRT's mantra has been that race is a social construct, meaning that race has been constructed from social, cultural, historical, and political contexts within systems and institutions. Devon Carbado and Mitu Gulati point to a deficiency in the concept of race as a social construct at the macro level. They note that CRT often ignores the "racial productivity of the 'choices' people of color make about how they present themselves as racialized persons," and in general the race producing practices of people are often ignored. This paper attempts to examine the "choices" Arabs, Muslims, and South Asians make that purposefully... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gv2t8d5 Tue, 30 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Patel, Sunita