http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 https://escholarship.org/uc/uclaspa_pubpol_oapdeposits/rss Recent eScholarship items from Department of Public Policy - Open Access Policy Deposits Thu, 13 Aug 2026 14:20:16 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h71j6p6 The Lineage Logistics Fire in Boyle Heights: What community vulnerabilities should an equitable emergency response account for? https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h71j6p6 Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Pech, Chhandara Ong, Paul Silver, Julia Gonzalez, Silvia Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4516q0p7 The Lineage Logistics Fire in Boyle Heights: Who Lives and Works in the Smoke Zone? https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4516q0p7 Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Gonzalez, Silvia Silver, Julia Pech, Chhandara Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60c5t443 Addressing the Latino Physician Shortage: Briefing Proceedings https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60c5t443 Sat, 11 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Balderas-Anaya, Yohualli https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pz0b60h Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0pz0b60h Sat, 11 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Morales, Leo Ortega, Alexander https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x08k3wp United States (U.S.) - Mexico bi-national insurance efforts and the prospective impacts of healthcare reforms in the U.S. and Mexico https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x08k3wp Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g13r1h2 La nueva relación entre la sociedad y los partidos políticos en la formacion de una cultura politica democratica en el México del Siglo XXI https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g13r1h2 Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qw7n38h Programa de Acción: Protección Financiera en Salud https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9qw7n38h Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ks1n980 Policy Options: Gulf of California/Colorado River Basin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8ks1n980 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4g82c8g5 Book Review: Ramírez López, B. (coord), La Seguridad Social, Reformas y Retos https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4g82c8g5 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33m743vb La reforma al sistema de salud en Estados Unidos: implementación y participación social https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33m743vb Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zm7w3s3 Analysis of Assembly Bill 1800: Health Care Coverage https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zm7w3s3 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x43x1h8 Analysis of Assembly Bill 137: Mammography https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1x43x1h8 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mb1b1p7 Determining Preferences and Willingness-to-Pay for Cross- Border Health Insurance: Requirements for a Pilot Project https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mb1b1p7 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/191959pp Perspectivas del Turismo Médico en México https://escholarship.org/uc/item/191959pp Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17t0s33b La Reforma de 1995 a los Servicios Médicos del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social https://escholarship.org/uc/item/17t0s33b Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0798v7kc Book Review: Solis Soberón, F and A Villagómez https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0798v7kc Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00v748g2 Analysis of Senate Bill 173: Mammograms https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00v748g2 Thu, 9 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8993b2rj Los Sistemas de Salud: ¿Cuál es el aporte para el logro de comunidades saludables? https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8993b2rj Wed, 8 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Méndez, Claudio Illanes, Javiera Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0b94m119 New Federal Loan Limits and 7 Facts about Medical Student Loan Borrowers https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0b94m119 Wed, 8 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Torres Sanchez, Miriam Majano, Rosario Raya, Jonathan Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vw2k6wc Born into Uncertainty: The Health and Social Costs of Ending Birthright Citizenship https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vw2k6wc Thu, 2 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Felix Beltran, Lucia Majano, Rosario Ismail, Ahmad Zong, Jie Gonzalez, Silvia Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/100481pv Charging ahead unfairly: An examination of temporal Shifts in electric vehicle supply equipment accessibility across California's communities https://escholarship.org/uc/item/100481pv Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Kuai, Chenchen Mugodzeri, Daisy Bills, Tierra S https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hm4z8z9 Abstract Treating images as data has become increasingly popular in political science. While existing classifiers for images reach high levels of accuracy, it is difficult to systematically assess the visual features on which they base their classification. This paper presents a two-level classification method that addresses this transparency problem. At the first stage, an image segmenter detects the objects present in the image and a feature vector is created from those objects. In the second stage, this feature vector is used as input for standard machine learning classifiers to discriminate between images. We apply this method to a new dataset of more than 140,000 images to detect which ones display political protest. This analysis demonstrates three advantages to this paper’s approach. First, identifying objects in images improves transparency by providing human-understandable labels for the objects shown on an image. Second, knowing these objects enables analysis of which... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9hm4z8z9 Wed, 22 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Scholz, Stefan Weidmann, Nils B Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 Keremoğlu, Eda Goldlücke, Bastian https://escholarship.org/uc/item/34t508br This paper provides new evidence that team-level momentum exists in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The existence of momentum is one of the most prominent and longstanding questions in sports analytics. But for all its importance to announcers, coaches, and players, existing literature has found little evidence of momentum in professional basketball. This paper exploits a natural experiment in the flow of basketball games: television (TV) timeouts. Since TV timeouts occur at points exogenous to momentum, they enable the measurement of the effect of pauses in the game separate from the effect of strategy changes. We find TV timeouts cause an 11.2% decline in the number of points that the team with momentum subsequently scores. This effect is robust to the size of a run, substitutions, and game context. This result has far reaching implications in basketball strategy and the understanding of momentum in sports more broadly. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/34t508br Wed, 22 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Weimer, Louis Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 Coltin, Kevin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qf6g2r8 The difficulty of collecting social conflict data has caused its study to focus on recent events predominantly in the West. This paper shows how to use artificial intelligence to generate social conflict data regardless of language, location, or date. Digitizing tertiary books, lightly cleaning their text representation, and submitting that text to a large language model (LLM) produces accurate date, location, and event descriptions. These capabilities and results are demonstrated with books on Latin America after 1492, Imperial Russia, and Tokugawa Japan. Using LLMs requires a larger fixed cost than working a team of research assistants, but it produces results more quickly for most sources. It is less accurate for the Tokugawa Japan source; whether it or human translation is cheaper depends on the cost of correcting the LLM’s work. These results represent the floor of accuracy for artificial intelligence, suggesting researchers should soon use it for creating social conflict... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qf6g2r8 Wed, 22 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/497445w7 We examine pre-COVID declines in transit ridership, using Southern California as a case study. We first illustrate Southern California’s unique position in the transit landscape: it is a large transit market that demographically resembles a small one. We then draw on administrative data, travel diaries, rider surveys, accessibility indices, and Census microdata for Southern California, and demonstrate a strong association between rising private vehicle access, particularly among the populations most likely to ride transit, and falling transit use. Because we cannot control quantitatively for the endogeneity between vehicle acquisition and transit use, our results are not causal. Nevertheless, the results strongly suggest that increasing private vehicle access helped depress transit ridership. Given Southern California’s similarity to most US transit markets, we conclude that vehicle access may have played a role in transit losses across the US since 2000. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/497445w7 Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000 Manville, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6427 Taylor, Brian D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751 Blumenberg, Evelyn Schouten, Andrew https://escholarship.org/uc/item/867250qp What the United States Economy Stands to Lose: Latino Immigrant Labor in the Crosshairs https://escholarship.org/uc/item/867250qp Mon, 8 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Ismail, Ahmad Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Zong, Jie Gonzalez, Silvia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x724759 Understanding the role of emotions in protest is a growing field of research, but existing research does not address the role of emotions once protests start. By applying computer vision models to the expressed emotions of 37,558 faces in 7,824 geolocated protest images across twelve protest waves in ten countries, this article contributes to the study of emotions and protest. Most importantly, it measures emotions within protest waves, not before them. It also investigates emotions’ temporal effects, measures multiple emotions simultaneously, connects emotions directly to actual protests, and analyzes data across multiple countries. The results suggest that anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise occur simultaneously throughout a protest, though happiness peaks on the first day. Emotions sometimes correlate with protest size in unexpected directions, and the coefficient signs differ by country. The most consistent finding is that models without lagged terms outperform... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4x724759 Wed, 22 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Prasad, Ishaan S Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dh5k9x1 <p>Peaking on public transit—the concentration of ridership in peak times and directions into and out of central areas—has waxed in the U.S. over the past century, as public transit has lost more mode share at off-peak times, in off-peak directions, and among non-commute trips. A notable pre-pandemic manifestation of this chronic problem was on Bay Area Rapid Transit, the San Francisco Bay Area’s regional heavy rail system. While BART staved off an absolute ridership decline longer than most American transit operators in the mid- and late-2010s, it did so almost entirely due to peak gains in riders offsetting off-peak losses. As a result, the system experienced worsening passenger crowding at some times and places, expanding underutilization of capacity at many others, and the prospect of enormous expenditures to accommodate rising transbay passenger demand. To examine the factors driving transit use in the 2010s, we model peak and off-peak BART trips as a function of station... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dh5k9x1 Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Wasserman, Jacob L Taylor, Brian D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qf4h886 The COVID-19 pandemic occasioned significant financial distress and uncertainty for many U.S. transit operators. In the face of this crisis, the federal government provided substantial supplemental operating support. To understand how this fiscal turmoil and relief have affected U.S. transit systems, we conducted two nationwide surveys of transit agency staff in 2020 and 2021-2022. While pandemic-induced financial shortfalls affected service in 2020, with capital projects delayed too, these effects became much more muted by 2021/2022. Most systems reported moderate to substantial increases in federal funding during the pandemic, more so than other funding categories. However, nearly half foresee financial shortfalls once federal relief funding expires. Agencies with higher pre-pandemic ridership and farebox recovery are particularly affected by fare revenue losses and more likely to anticipate shortfalls. In the near term, difficulty hiring and retaining front-line workers was... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qf4h886 Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Siddiq, Fariba Wasserman, Jacob L Taylor, Brian D Speroni, Samuel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pd587dn Climate Change and Health Disparities in California's Latino Neighborhoods https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pd587dn Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Majano, Rosario Alejandre, Samantha Silver, Julia Pech, Chhandara Ong, Paul Gonzalez, Silvia Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vn1n9sq Supplemental Nutrition in Jeopardy: Key Facts About CalFresh Beneficiaries https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vn1n9sq Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Ismail, Ahmad Zong, Jie Gonzalez, Silvia Majano, Rosario Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5019n9s9 Technical Documentation for the Latino Climate and Health Dashboard County Factsheets https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5019n9s9 Tue, 19 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Alejandre, Samantha Majano, Rosario Silver, Julia Pech, Chhandara Gonzalez, Silvia Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/57j0d8sr Medi-Cal on the Chopping Block: Key Facts About Medi-Cal https://escholarship.org/uc/item/57j0d8sr Wed, 7 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Majano, rosario Zong, Jie Ahmad, Ismail Gonzalez, Silvia Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99m4r92g Isolating the “Tech” from EdTech: Experimental Evidence on Computer-Assisted Learning in China https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99m4r92g Sun, 4 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Ma, Yue Fairlie, Robert Loyalka, Prashant Rozelle, Scott https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vv2f0pd Indicators of Entrepreneurial Activity: 2023 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4vv2f0pd Sun, 4 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Fairlie, Robert W https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d10q10q A gendered perspective on ride-hail use in Los Angeles, USA https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d10q10q Wed, 9 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Siddiq, Fariba Taylor, Brian D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tv649th People make tradeoffs between paid and unpaid labor, and in straight households women typically do the lion's share of unpaid labor, including household-serving travel. Nearly all of the previous research on this topic is limited to married heterosexual households with children, a surprisingly small and shrinking portion of the population. Using pooled data from the 2003–12 American Time Use Surveys, we explore how household-serving labor and travel vary across household types in the U.S. We examine the paid and unpaid labor tradeoffs made by partnered same-sex couples with and without children, and find that their division of paid and unpaid labor, as well as household-serving travel such as chauffeuring children, occupies a statistical middle ground between straight men and women. This suggests that the gendered nature of paid and unpaid work and travel is muted in the absence of a two-sex household structure, though some gendered differences persist. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tv649th Wed, 9 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Smart, Michael J Brown, Anne Taylor, Brian D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9561t8nc Three major implications stemming from the water supply narratives around the Los Angeles fires have emerged: the need for greater infrastructure resilience, considering the uneven costs of new expectations, and combating disinformation. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9561t8nc Tue, 1 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Pierce, Gregory de Guzman, Edith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-3963 Mullin, Megan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98r69433 City of courts: excavating the future in West Los Angeles https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98r69433 Wed, 12 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Giamarino, Christopher https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zt56115 The COVID-19 pandemic upended transit use, finance, and management. To investigate these effects two years into the pandemic, we conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with senior managers at transit agencies in the most populous U.S. state, California. We found that the pandemic generated many operational and managerial challenges for transit agencies. Ridership plummeted, then slowly recovered, but is still well below pre-pandemic levels at most agencies. Commuter trips to and from major job centers were especially slow to return. In response to decreased demand, public health concerns, and uncertain finances, many agencies cut services and spending early on. As a result, fare revenues declined, in some cases precipitously. However, federal pandemic relief funds proved essential in filling budgetary gaps, stabilizing finances, preventing layoffs, and maintaining services. Other transit subsidies mostly bounced back robustly. Our interviews suggest that, though California transit... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zt56115 Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 King, Hannah Wasserman, Jacob L Taylor, Brian D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4fr4f1n4 We examined self-reported inability to access to needed medical care and reasons for not accessing medical care among US-representative adult Medicaid enrollees, disaggregated across 10 Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander ethnic groups. Chinese (-4.54 percentage points [PP], P &lt;&nbsp;.001), Other Asian (-4.42 PP, P &lt;&nbsp;.001), and Native Hawaiian (-4.36 PP, P &lt;&nbsp;.001) enrollees were significantly less likely to report being unable to access needed medical care compared with non-Hispanic White enrollees. The most common reason reported was that a health plan would not approve, cover, or pay for care. Mitigating inequities may require different interventions specific to certain ethnic groups. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4fr4f1n4 Tue, 28 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Nguyen, Kevin H Oronce, Carlos Irwin A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-7716 Adia, Alexander C Yeh, Jih-Cheng Ponce, Ninez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92z385f7 Limited English Proficient Speakers and their Access to Medicaid Managed Care https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92z385f7 Wed, 18 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Felix Beltran, Lucia Majano, Rosario Melgoza, Esmeralda Ismail, Ahmad Gonzalez, Silvia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/15d6054w Health Insurance Access for Oxnard's Young Adult Immigrants https://escholarship.org/uc/item/15d6054w Wed, 18 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Terriquez, Veronica Vega, Ivan Ambriz, Jacqueline Ruiz, Monserrat Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75r1r9r5 Abstract Latinxs are vulnerable to experiencing housing insecurity and less likely to receive public benefits, such as health insurance, which can impact a household’s economic resources. We inform homelessness prevention by examining the association of social risks and healthcare access with housing insecurity for Latinxs. Our sample consisted of 120,362 participants under the age of 65, of which 17.3% were Latinx. Weighted chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to examine predictors of housing insecurity. Housing insecurity was measured as worry about paying for housing. Latinxs were almost twice as likely as non-Latinxs to worry about paying for housing. Excellent/fair health status, health service use, and having health insurance decreased the likelihood of housing insecurity for Latinxs. Access to health insurance, regardless of citizenship status, and use of preventative healthcare to maintain good health can be protective against housing insecurity. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75r1r9r5 Wed, 13 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Chinchilla, Melissa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7546-0827 Yue, Dahai Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9524s5w3 Many methods exist for engaging experts in interactive groups to explore, clarify, and/or decide on various issues. In an investigation of four possible future scenarios concerning transportation and land use in California, we developed a novel “hybrid policy Delphi” method for use with a panel of 18 experts. We applied it to explore the policies and practices that would likely lead to each of the four scenarios and the consequences that would result from them. Through our process, panel members discussed and reflected on the scenarios in multiple ways. The scenario they considered most desirable they also deemed least likely to occur, and they foresaw the likely trajectory of California transportation and land use leading to less desirable scenarios. Our mix of discussion and questionnaires traded the benefit of anonymity for the benefit of exploratory, interactive discussion. In addition, our use of surveys before and after meetings allowed us to track changes in panel opinion... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9524s5w3 Wed, 2 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Gahbauer, John Wasserman, Jacob L Matute, Juan Rios Gutierrez, Alejandra Taylor, Brian D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d63p84b How do state and protester violence affect whether protests grow or shrink? Previous research finds conflicting results for how violence affects protest dynamics. This article argues that expectations and emotions should generate an n-shaped relationship between the severity of state repression and changes in protest size the next day. Protester violence should reduce the appeal of protesting and increase the expected cost of protesting, decreasing subsequent protest size. Since testing this argument requires precise measurements, a pipeline is built that applies convolutional neural networks to images shared in geolocated tweets. Continuously valued estimates of state and protester violence are generated per city-day for 24 cities across five countries, as are estimates of protest size and the age and gender of protesters. The results suggest a solution to the repression-dissent puzzle and join a growing body of research benefiting from the use of social media to understand subnational... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6d63p84b Mon, 16 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 Chan, Alexander M Joo, Jungseock https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k65x4rt Scholars have offered multiple theoretical resolutions to explain inconsistent findings about the relationship of state repression and protests, but this repression-dissent puzzle remains unsolved. We simulate the spread of protest on social networks to suggest that the repression-dissent puzzle arises from the nature of statistical sampling. Even though the paper's simulations construct repression so it can only decrease protest size, the strength of repression sometimes correlates with a decrease, increase, or no change in protest size, regardless of the type of network or sample size chosen. Moreover, the results are most contradictory when the repression rate most closely matches that observed in real-world data. These results offer a new framework for understanding state and protester behavior and suggest the importance of collecting network data when studying protests. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k65x4rt Sat, 14 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Steinert-Threlkeld, Shane Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w7063sn Police discretion has large potential consequences for public trust and safety; however, little is known about the extent of this discretion. I show that arrests critically depend on which officer responds to a 911 call; 1 standard deviation increase in officer arrest propensity raises arrest likelihood by 40%. High arrest officers are more likely to be white and have less experience. I find mixed evidence that arrest propensity is related to arrest quality. High arrest officers use force more often and make more low-level arrests, while they also have a higher share of low-level arrests that result in conviction. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w7063sn Wed, 28 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Weisburst, Emily K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-8850 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gs334s9 INTRODUCTION: Despite having worse healthcare access and other social disadvantages, immigrants have, on average, better health outcomes than U.S.-born individuals. For Latino immigrants, this is known as the Latino health paradox. It is unknown whether this phenomenon applies to undocumented immigrants. METHODS: This study used restricted California Health Interview Survey data from 2015 to 2020. Data were analyzed to test the relationships between citizenship/documentation status and physical and mental health among Latinos and U.S.-born Whites. Analyses were stratified by sex (male/female) and length of U.S. residence (&lt;15 years/&gt;= 15 years). RESULTS: Undocumented Latino immigrants had lower predicted probabilities of reporting any health condition, asthma, and serious psychological distress and had a higher probability of overweight/obesity than U.S.-born Whites. Despite having a higher probability of overweight/obesity, undocumented Latino immigrants did not have probabilities... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gs334s9 Mon, 5 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Lopez Mercado, Damaris Rivera-González, Alexandra C Stimpson, Jim P Langellier, Brent A Bustamante, Arturo Vargas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Young, Maria-Elena De Trinidad Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 Barajas, Clara B Roby, Dylan H Ortega, Alexander N https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76p5j35f The Hidden Colors of Coronavirus: the Burden of Attributable COVID-19 Deaths https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76p5j35f Thu, 25 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Chu, Janet N Tsoh, Janice Y https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-7187 Ong, Elena Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13h3c7mp How renters respond to economic hardship, and how landlords respond when tenants fail to make rent, are understudied questions, owing largely to limited data. We use experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic to begin answering these questions. Drawing on both new census data and two original surveys of renters in Los Angeles County, we test nine hypotheses about the sources of renter distress and landlord reactions to it. We find that lost work and lost income are the primary drivers of missed or late payments. Most tenants who fell behind entered into repayment plans with their landlords. Eviction threats were uncommon but increased as the pandemic persisted. Landlords were more likely to threaten eviction as tenants fell further behind, and smaller landlords were more likely than larger ones to cut tenant services and threaten or initiate evictions. Our evidence suggests that government income support helped tenants pay rent and thus helped stave off eviction threats. We also find... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13h3c7mp Mon, 1 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Manville, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6427 Monkkonen, Paavo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-0230 Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 Green, Richard https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fc5s02w This study identifies differences in health insurance predictors and investigates the main reported reasons for lacking health insurance coverage between short-stayed (≤ 10 years) and long-stayed (&gt;10 years) US immigrant adults to parse the possible consequences of the Affordable Care Act among immigrants by length of stay and documentation status. Foreign-born adults (18-64 years of age) from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey are the study population. Health insurance coverage predictors and the main reasons for being uninsured are compared across cohorts and by documentation status. A logistic-regression two-part multivariate model is used to adjust for confounding factors. The analyses determine that legal status is a strong health insurance predictor, particularly among long-stayed undocumented immigrants. Immigration status is the main reported reason for lacking health insurance. Although long-stayed documented immigrants are likely to benefit from the Affordable... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fc5s02w Mon, 17 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo Vargas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Chen, Jie Fang, Hai Rizzo, John A Ortega, Alexander N https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jp01256 Abstract Previous estimates indicate that COVID-19 led to a large drop in the number of operating businesses operating early in the pandemic, but surprisingly little is known on whether these shutdowns turned into permanent closures and whether small businesses were disproportionately hit. This paper provides the first analysis of permanent business closures using confidential administrative firm-level panel data covering the universe of businesses filing sales taxes from the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. We find large increases in closure rates in the first two quarters of 2020, but a strong reversal of this trend in the third quarter of 2020. The increase in closures rates in the first two quarters of the pandemic was substantially larger for small businesses than large businesses, but the rebound in the third quarter was also larger. The disproportionate closing of small businesses led to a sharp concentration of market share among larger businesses as... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jp01256 Mon, 17 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Fairlie, Robert Fossen, Frank M Johnsen, Reid Droboniku, Gentian https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z83g94d The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected public transit systems around the globe. Because transit systems typically move many people closely together on buses and trains, public health guidance demanded that riders should keep a distance of about two meters to others changed the definition of “crowding” on transit in 2020. Accordingly, this research examines how U.S. public transit agencies responded to public health guidance that directly conflicted with their business model. To do this, we examined published crowding standards before the COVID-19 pandemic for a representative sample of 200 transit systems, including whether they started or changed their published standards during the pandemic, as well as the reasons whether agencies publicize such standards at all. We present both descriptive statistics and regression model results to shed light on the factors associated with agency crowding standards. We find that 56% of the agencies surveyed published crowding standards... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2z83g94d Fri, 7 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Dai, Tianxing Taylor, Brian D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pr6p85f Policy Points Despite decades of research exposing health disparities between populations and communities in the US, health equity goals remain largely unfulfilled. We argue these failures call for applying an equity lens in the way we approach data systems, from collection and analysis to interpretation and distribution. Hence, health equity requires data equity. There is notable federal interest in policy changes and federal investments to improve health equity. With this, we outline the opportunities to align these health equity goals with data equity by improving the way communities are engaged and how population data are collected, analyzed, interpreted, made accessible, and distributed. Policy priority areas for data equity include increasing the use of disaggregated data, increasing the use of currently underused federal data, building capacity for equity assessments, developing partnerships between government and community, and increasing data accountability to the public. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pr6p85f Thu, 6 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000 PONCE, NINEZ A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 SHIMKHADA, RITI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-4853 ADKINS‐JACKSON, PARIS B https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qk583qc We introduce a new way to measure the stringency of housing regulation. Rather than a standard regulatory index or a single aspect of regulation like Floor Area Ratio, we draw on cities' self-reported estimates of their total zoned capacity for new housing. This measure, available to us as a result of state legislation in California, offers a more accurate way to assess local antipathy toward new housing, and also offers a window into how zoning interacts with existing buildout. We show, in regressions analyzing new housing permitting, that our measure has associations with new supply that are as large or larger than conventional, survey-based indexes of land use regulation. Moreover, unbuilt zoning capacity interacts with rent to predict housing production in ways conventional measures do not. Specifically, interacting our measure with rent captures the interplay of regulation and demand: modest deregulation in high-demand cities is associated with substantially more housing... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qk583qc Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Monkkonen, Paavo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-0230 Manville, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6427 Lens, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qb9z2bm This article demonstrates-based on an interpretive discourse analysis of three types of memes (Rabid Feminists, Women's Bodies, Policy Ideas) and secondary thread discourse on 4chan's "Politically Incorrect" discussion board-two key findings: (1) the existence of a gendered hate based scientific discourse, "science fan fiction," in online spaces and (2) how gender "science fan fiction" is an outcome of the male supremacist cosmology, by producing and justifying resentment against white women as being both inherently untrustworthy (politically, sexually, intellectually) and dangerous. This perspective-which combines hatred and distrust of women with white nationalist anxieties about demographic shifts, racial integrity, and sexuality-then motivates misogynist policy ideas including total domination of women or their removal. 4chan users employ this discourse to "scientifically" substantiate claims of white male supremacy, the fundamental untrustworthiness of white women, and to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qb9z2bm Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Iturriaga, Nicole Panofsky, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7666-2359 Dasgupta, Kushan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fb2c66k California's Strengthened Housing Element Law: Early Evidence on Higher Housing Targets and Rezoning https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fb2c66k Thu, 1 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Monkkonen, Paavo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-0230 Manville, Michael Lens, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 Barrall, Aaron Arena, Olivia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52s53366 BackgroundMethylation of the p16 promoter resulting in epigenetic gene silencing—known as p16 epimutation—is frequently found in human colorectal cancer and is also common in normal-appearing colonic mucosa of aging individuals. Thus, to improve clinical care of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, we explored the role of age-related p16 epimutation in intestinal tumorigenesis.MethodsWe established a mouse model that replicates two common genetic and epigenetic events observed in human CRCs: Apc mutation and p16 epimutation. We conducted long-term survival and histological analysis of tumor development and progression. Colonic epithelial cells and tumors were collected from mice and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), quantitative PCR, and flow cytometry. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize tumor-infiltrating immune cells throughout tumor progression. We tested whether anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy affects overall survival of tumor-bearing mice and whether... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52s53366 Fri, 19 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Yang, Li Chen, Xiaomin Lee, Christy Shi, Jiejun Lawrence, Emily B Zhang, Lanjing Li, Yumei Gao, Nan Jung, Sung Yun Creighton, Chad J Li, Jingyi Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-5648 Cui, Ya Arimura, Sumimasa Lei, Yunping Li, Wei Shen, Lanlan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10h7r3tb There is growing attention to how unfounded beliefs about biological differences between racial groups affect biomedical research and health care, in part, through race adjustment in clinical tools. We develop a case study of the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)'s 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults, which recommends a distinct initial hypertension treatment for Black versus nonblack patients. We analyze the historical context, study design, and racialized findings of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) that informed development of the guideline. We argue that ALLHAT's racialized outcomes emanated from a poor and artificial study design and analysis weakened by implicit assumptions about race as biological. We show that the acceptance and utilization of ALLHAT for race correction arises from its historical context within the "inclusion-and-difference paradigm" and its indication... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10h7r3tb Wed, 17 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Savage, Leah C Panofsky, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7666-2359 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7x64064m BackgroundWomen are disproportionally affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The determinants of gender inequality in HIV/AIDS may vary across countries and require country-specific interventions to address them. This study aimed to identify the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics underlying gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS in 21 SSA countries.MethodsWe applied an extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to data from Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to quantify the differences in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men attributable to socio-demographic factors, sexual behaviours, and awareness of HIV/AIDS. We decomposed gender inequalities into two components: the percentage attributable to different levels of the risk factors between women and men (the “composition effect”) and the percentage attributable to risk factors having differential effects... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7x64064m Sun, 24 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Sia, Drissa Onadja, Yentéma Hajizadeh, Mohammad Heymann, S Jody Brewer, Timothy F Nandi, Arijit https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x8459hr Zoning determines what can be built where, and is ubiquitous in the United States. Low-density residential zoning predominates in US cities far more than in other countries, limiting housing opportunities for those who cannot afford large homes. These zoning regulations have racist and classist origins, make housing more expensive, and reinforce segregation patterns. While sociologists study these consequences of zoning, and other causes of unaffordable housing and segregation, they rarely examine zoning itself. This article argues for a sociological research agenda on zoning and land use. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x8459hr Fri, 22 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vt4q1r8 Mandated minimum nurse-to-patient ratios have been the subject of active debate in the U.S. for over twenty years and are under legislative consideration today in several states and at the federal level. This paper uses the 1999 California nurse staffing mandate as an empirical setting to estimate the causal effects of minimum ratios on hospitals. Minimum ratios led to a 58 min increase in nursing time per patient day and 9 percent increase in the wage bill per patient day in the general medical/surgical acute care unit among treated hospitals. Hospitals responded on several margins: increased use of lower-licensed and younger nurses, reduced capacity by 16 beds (14 percent), and increased bed utilization rates by 0.045 points (8 percent). Using administrative data on discharges for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), I find a significant reduction in length of stay (5 percent) and no effect on the 30-day all-cause readmission rate. The null effect on readmissions suggests that... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vt4q1r8 Mon, 18 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Raja, Chandni https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22s3k3c7 Would increasing allowable housing densities in expensive cities generate more housing construction and make housing more affordable? In a provocative article, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose and Michael Storper survey the evidence and answer no. Restrictions on housing density, they contend, do not substantially influence housing production or price. They further argue that allowing more density in growing metropolitan areas would only improve housing outcomes for the affluent, and most likely harm the poor. We take issue with both of these contentions. While uncertainties remain in the study of housing prices and land use regulation, neither theory nor evidence warrant dispensing with zoning reform, or concluding that it could only be regressive. Viewed in full, the evidence suggests that increasing allowable housing densities is an important part of housing affordability in expensive regions. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/22s3k3c7 Mon, 11 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Manville, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-6427 Lens, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 Monkkonen, Paavo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3513-0230 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q63h8q6 While the COVID-19 pandemic upended many aspects of life as we knew it, its effects on U.S. public transit were especially dramatic. Many former transit commuters began to work from home or switched to traveling via private vehicles. But for those who continued to work outside the home and could not drive—who were more likely low-income and Black or Hispanic—transit remained an important means of mobility. However, most transit agencies reduced service during the first year of the pandemic, reflecting reduced ridership demand, increasing costs, and uncertain budgets. To analyze the effects of the pandemic on transit systems and their users, we examine bus ridership changes by neighborhood in Boston, Houston, and Los Angeles from 2019 to 2020. Combining aggregated stop-level boarding data, passenger surveys, and census data, we identify associations between shifting travel patterns and neighborhoods. We find that early in the pandemic, neighborhoods with more poor and non-white... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q63h8q6 Sat, 2 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Paul, Julene Taylor, Brian D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-2751 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/379973rh Implementation Lessons from Latin America to Prevent and Reduce Childhood Obesity in the United States https://escholarship.org/uc/item/379973rh Tue, 7 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Felix Beltran, Lucia Melgoza, Esmeralda Mendez, Claudio https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mx1k5zd Public investment in transit increased following the Great Recession, yet transit use nationally mostly fell, even prior to the 2020 pandemic. We investigate this troubling disjuncture by comparing transit ridership trends during the 2010s in two of America’s largest regions: Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area. While both California regions lost transit riders, we see substantial differences in the scale, timing, geography, and modes of these declines. In the LA area, ridership fell longer and further, spread more across routes, times, and sub-regions and concentrated on the region’s dominant operator. In both regions, increasing auto access appears to have played a central role, albeit in different ways. Greater LA saw increased automobile ownership, particularly among high-propensity transit riders. In the Bay Area, as jobs and housing have dispersed, ridehail services like Lyft and Uber may have eroded non-commute transit use. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mx1k5zd Wed, 1 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Wasserman, Jacob L Taylor, Brian D https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5r93q25s <h4>Introduction</h4>Telehealth can potentially improve the quality of healthcare through increased access to primary care. While telehealth use increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, racial/ethnic disparities in the use of telemedicine persisted during this period. Little is known about the relationship between health coverage and patient race/ethnicity after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.<h4>Objective</h4>This study examines how differences in patient race/ethnicity and health coverage are associated with the number of in-person vs. telehealth visits among patients with chronic conditions before and after California's stay-at-home order (SAHO) was issued on 19 March 2020.<h4>Methods</h4>We used weekly patient visit data (in-person (<i>N</i> = 63, 491) and telehealth visits (<i>N</i> = 55, 472)) from seven primary care sites of an integrated, multi-specialty medical group in Los Angeles County that served a diverse patient population between January 2020 and December 2020... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5r93q25s Mon, 25 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo Vargas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Martínez, Laura E Jalal, Siavash Benitez Santos, Nayelie Félix Beltrán, Lucía Rich, Jeremy Anaya, Yohualli Balderas-Medina https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rf2x9c0 Implementation Lessons From the 2022 Medi-Cal Expansion to Undocumented Adults Aged Fifty and Above https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rf2x9c0 Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Felix, Lucia Cuadros, Nangha Zeng, Lun Gonzalez, Silvia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88c1k1ts The effects of the Great Recession on housing equity and homeownership have been well-documented. However, we know little about how rental households fared and the efficacy of housing subsidies in addressing affordability gaps. This paper examines the extent to which rental housing became less affordable for Extremely Low-Income (ELI) households - those earning less than 30% of the Area Median Income (AMI). I then run regression models to determine the local characteristics most strongly associated with larger affordability gaps, with a focus on whether housing subsidies are effective at combating such gaps. Rental affordability gaps became more pronounced during the Great Recession. In nearly 70% of the counties in my sample, there was an increase from 2007 to 2010 in the number of ELI households per affordable rental unit. Across the country, the increase was 17%, a dramatic increase in only three years. There is considerable variation across the country, with acute affordability... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88c1k1ts Tue, 19 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6qm4638r The Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration (MTO) randomly assigned housing vouchers to public housing residents in an experimental test of the effect of neighborhood and location on household outcomes. In terms of adult employment outcomes, the 2 treatment groups did not significantly differ from the control group. We use MTO data to examine whether spatial proximity to jobs and job growth explains this lack of treatment effect. We first estimate differences in access to jobs and job growth for the 3 MTO groups. We then use 2-stage least squares models to test relationships between employment accessibility and 2 key outcomes: employment status and earned income. We find that employment accessibility declined for all groups, and these declines were strongest for the 2 treatment groups. However, our results show essentially no effect of employment proximity on earnings or employment status for MTO participants. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6qm4638r Tue, 19 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 Gabbe, CJ https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k49g75w <b>Background:</b> There are long-standing black-white disparities in colorectal cancer incidence and outcomes in the United States. Incidence and stage at diagnosis reflect the impact of national efforts directed at colorectal cancer prevention and control. We aimed to evaluate trends in black-white disparities in both indicators over four decades to inform the future direction of prevention and control efforts.<b>Methods:</b> We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, &amp; End Results (SEER) data to identify whites and blacks with histologically confirmed colorectal cancer from January 1, 1975 through December 31, 2012. We calculated the age-adjusted incidence and the proportion of cases presenting in late stage by race and year. We then calculated the annual percentage change (APC) and average APC for each indicator by race, examined changes in indicators over time, and calculated the incidence disparity for each year.<b>Results:</b> There were 440,144 colorectal cancer cases from... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k49g75w Mon, 18 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 May, Folasade P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-8171 Glenn, Beth A https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-8181 Crespi, Catherine M Ponce, Ninez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 Spiegel, Brennan MR Bastani, Roshan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-9231 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9622h00n Automated Enforcement of Irrigation Regulations and Social Pressure for Water Conservation https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9622h00n Mon, 18 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 West, Jeremy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9252-8387 Fairlie, Robert W Pratt, Bryan Rose, Liam https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w86r1dd Individuals recently released from prison confront many barriers to employment. One potential obstacle is spatial mismatch—the concentration of low-skilled, nonwhite job-seekers within central cities and the prevalence of relevant job opportunities in outlying areas. Prior research has found mixed results about the importance of residential place for reentry outcomes. In this article, we propose that residential location matters for finding work, but this largely static measure does not capture the range of geographic contexts that individuals inhabit throughout the day. We combine novel, real-time GPS information on daytime locations and self-reported employment collected from smartphones with sophisticated measures of job accessibility to test the relative importance of spatial mismatch based on residence and daytime locations. Our findings suggest that the ability of low-skilled, poor, and urban individuals to compensate for their residential deficits by traveling to job-rich... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w86r1dd Mon, 18 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Sugie, Naomi F https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2346-4786 Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jk0n3v1 Racial and ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in Los Angeles County (LAC), an important epicenter in the battle to end HIV. We examine tradeoffs between effectiveness and equality of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) allocation strategies among different racial and ethnic groups of MSM in LAC and provide a framework for quantitatively evaluating disparities in HIV outcomes. To do this, we developed a microsimulation model of HIV among MSM in LAC using county epidemic surveillance and survey data to capture demographic trends and subgroup-specific partnership patterns, disease progression, patterns of PrEP use, and patterns for viral suppression. We limit analysis to MSM, who bear most of the burden of HIV/AIDS in LAC. We simulated interventions where 3000, 6000, or 9000 PrEP prescriptions are provided annually in addition to current levels, following different allocation scenarios to each racial/ethnic group (Black, Hispanic,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jk0n3v1 Sat, 9 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Nguyen, Anthony Drabo, Emmanuel Fulgence Garland, Wendy H Moucheraud, Corrina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-7928 Holloway, Ian W Leibowitz, Arleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Suen, Sze-chuan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5m72f4n0 Immigrants without legal or long-term residency are even more likely to be purposefully excluded from public healthcare or healthcare assistance. Due to the Healthy Illinois campaign and network of health equity-focused organizations, Illinois has made much progress in expanding Medicaid-like healthcare services to all low-income residents in Illinois, regardless of immigration status. Currently, Illinois has three immigrant-focused healthcare programs that are almost functionally identical to federal Medicaid: All Kids (ages 0-18), Health Benefits of Immigrant Seniors (ages 65+), and Health Care for Immigrant Adults (ages 42-64). As a result, immigrants who are federally ineligible for Medicaid between the ages of 0 to 18 and 42+ have access to state healthcare coverage. However, there is a gap in coverage for those ages 19 to 41. Using enrollment data from the Illinois Department of Health and Family Services (HFS) and analyzing interviews with HBIS/A enrollees and healthcare... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5m72f4n0 Wed, 23 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Perez, Rocio Weaver, Gillian Holland, Eli Cuadros, Nangha Gu, Anni https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3m116366 We report novel empirical estimates of the race-specific effects of larger police forces in the United States. Each additional police officer abates approximately 0.1 homicides. In per capita terms, effects are twice as large for Black versus White victims. Larger police forces also make fewer arrests for serious crimes, with larger reductions for crimes with Black suspects, implying that police force growth does not increase racial disparities among the most serious charges. At the same time, larger police forces make more arrests for low-level "quality-of-life" offenses, with effects that imply a disproportionate impact for Black Americans. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3m116366 Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Chalfin, Aaron Hansen, Benjamin Weisburst, Emily K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-8850 Williams, Morgan C https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vv55024 OBJECTIVES: Our aim in this study was to understand how genetics ideas are appropriated and mobilized online toward the political projects of White nationalism and the alt right. Studying three different online venues, we investigated how genetics is used to support racial realism, hereditarianism, and racial hierarchy. We analyzed how these ideas are connected to political and metapolitical projects. In addition, we examined the strategies used to build authority for these interpretations. METHODS: We analyze three online venues in which genetics has been mobilized to advance racial realism and hereditarian explanations of racial differences. These were (a) the use of genetic ancestry tests in online nationalist discussions, (b) blogs and other venues in which the human biodiversity ideas are articulated, (c) activities surrounding the OpenPsych collection of online journals. Ethnographic and interpretive methods were applied to investigate scientific and political meanings of... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vv55024 Mon, 10 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Panofsky, Aaron https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7666-2359 Dasgupta, Kushan Iturriaga, Nicole https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zd0w6jd Wearing masks reduces the spread of COVID-19, but compliance with mask mandates varies across individuals, time, and space. Accurate and continuous measures of mask wearing, as well as other health-related behaviors, are important for public health policies. This article presents a novel approach to estimate mask wearing using geotagged Twitter image data from March through September, 2020 in the United States. We validate our measure using public opinion survey data and extend the analysis to investigate county-level differences in mask wearing. We find a strong association between mask mandates and mask wearing—an average increase of 20%. Moreover, this association is greatest in Republican-leaning counties. The findings have important implications for understanding how governmental policies shape and monitor citizen responses to public health crises. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zd0w6jd Sat, 8 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Lin, Xiaofeng Kernell, Georgia Groeling, Tim Joo, Jungseock Luo, Jun Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-9660 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94k6f00g BACKGROUND: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is essential to ending HIV. Yet, uptake remains uneven across racial and ethnic groups. We aimed to estimate the impacts of alternative PrEP implementation strategies in Los Angeles County. SETTING: Men who have sex with men, residing in Los Angeles County. METHODS: We developed a microsimulation model of HIV transmission, with inputs from key local stakeholders. With this model, we estimated the 15-year (2021-2035) health and racial and ethnic equity impacts of 3 PrEP implementation strategies involving coverage with 9000 additional PrEP units annually, above the Status-quo coverage level. Strategies included PrEP allocation equally (strategy 1), proportionally to HIV prevalence (strategy 2), and proportionally to HIV diagnosis rates (strategy 3), across racial and ethnic groups. We measured the degree of relative equalities in the distribution of the health impacts using the Gini index (G) which ranges from 0 (perfect equality, with... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94k6f00g Fri, 7 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Drabo, Emmanuel F Moucheraud, Corrina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-7928 Nguyen, Anthony Garland, Wendy H Holloway, Ian W Leibowitz, Arleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Suen, Sze-chuan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/096581rq The CDC recommends that everyone have at least one HIV test in their lifetime. However, analyses of California Health Interview Survey data showed that in 2017 only half of Californians had ever received an HIV test. Non-Hispanic Black (64.8%) and Hispanic adults (54.7%) had higher lifetime testing rates than non-Hispanic White adults (48.8%). In multivariable analyses non-Hispanic African American adults had twice and Hispanic adults 1.2 times the odds of lifetime HIV testing as non-Hispanic White adults. The CDC recommends annual HIV testing for higher-risk individuals. Independent of race/ethnicity, heterosexual men with multiple sex partners had lower annual testing rates than other high-risk individuals. Annual testing was unrelated to education level and poverty, but was related to number of doctor visits. HIV screening rates among heterosexual men with multiple partners could be increased by targeting HIV screening to non-medical settings in California's eight Ending the... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/096581rq Sat, 24 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Leibowitz, Arleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Tan, Diane https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71d3q6q2 Global forest loss depends on decisions made in the rural, often poor communities living beside the Earth's remaining forests. Governance problems in these forest-edge communities contribute to rapid deforestation and household vulnerability. In coordination with experimental studies in 5 other countries, we evaluate a program that recruits, trains, and deploys citizens to monitor communal forestland in 60 communities in rural Liberia. The year-long intervention is designed to promote more informed and inclusive resource governance, so that that citizens' preferences (and not just leaders' interests) are reflected in forest management. In our control communities, households are uninformed and disengaged; leaders' authority is unchecked. The program both engages and mobilizes community members: households are better informed and participate more in the design and enforcement of rules around forest use. They also report receiving more material benefits from outside investors' activities... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71d3q6q2 Fri, 23 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Christensen, Darin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0606-2934 Hartman, Alexandra C Samii, Cyrus https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46g2x44r Graduate student teaching assistants from underrepresented groups may provide salient role models and enhanced instruction to minority students in STEM fields. We explore minority student-TA interactions in an important course in the sciences and STEM - introductory chemistry labs - at a large public university. The uncommon assignment method of students to TA instructors in these chemistry labs overcomes selection problems, and the small and active learning classroom setting with required attendance provides frequent interactions with the TA. We find evidence that underrepresented minority students are less likely to drop courses and are more likely to pass courses when assigned to minority TAs, but we do not find evidence of effects for grades and medium-term outcomes. The effects for the first-order outcomes are large with a decrease in the drop rate by 5.5 percentage points on a base of 6 percent, and an increase in the pass rate of 4.8 percentage points on a base of 93.6... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/46g2x44r Thu, 22 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Oliver, Daniel Fairlie, Robert Millhauser, Glenn Roland, Randa https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mm6d342 The Impact of COVID-19 on Latinos, 3 yearn in: Trends in Health Outcomes and Vaccinations in the U.S., California, and Los Angeles County https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1mm6d342 Thu, 8 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Majano, Rosario Murillo, Alberto Galdamez, Misael Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jj3p60b Methamphetamine use is highly prevalent among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States and has been associated with condomless anal intercourse (CAI), a common route of HIV infection. Text messaging is a very low-cost method of delivery for intervention content. This paper presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of a randomized controlled trial testing three nested methods of text message delivery designed to reduce methamphetamine use and HIV sexual risk behaviors among MSM (Project Tech Support2). From March 2014 to January 2016, 286 non-treatment seeking methamphetamine-using MSM were randomized into one of three study arms: 1) Interactive text message conversations with Peer Health Educators, plus five daily automated, unidirectional theory-based messages, plus a weekly self-monitoring text message assessment (TXT-PHE; n = 94); or, 2) Five daily automated, unidirectional theory-based messages plus a weekly self-monitoring text message assessment... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jj3p60b Sat, 3 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Reback, Cathy J Fletcher, Jesse B Leibowitz, Arleen A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nt8n57h BACKGROUND: Lack of toilets and the widespread practice of open defecation may contribute to India's large burden of child undernutrition. OBJECTIVES: We examine whether a large national sanitation campaign launched in 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), precedes a reduction in stunting and wasting among under 5-y-old (u5) children in India. METHODS: In this observational study, we used district-level data from before (2013-2014) and after (2015-2016) SBM from 3 national surveys to derive, as our outcomes, the percentage of u5 children per district who are stunted and wasted. We defined our exposures as 1) binary indicator of SBM and 2) percentage of households with toilets per district. Our analytic sample comprised nearly all 640 Indian districts (with ∼1200 rural/urban divisions per district per time point). Linear regression analyses controlled for baseline differences in districts, linear time trends by state, and relevant covariates. RESULTS: Relative to pre-SBM, u5 stunting... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nt8n57h Fri, 2 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Singh, Parvati Shah, Manisha Bruckner, Tim A https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3n37v5km Policy Points: Historically, reforms that have increased the duration of job-protected paid parental leave have improved women's economic outcomes. By targeting the period around childbirth, access to paid parental leave also appears to reduce rates of infant mortality, with breastfeeding representing one potential mechanism. The provision of more generous paid leave entitlements in countries that offer unpaid or short durations of paid leave could help families strike a balance between the competing demands of earning income and attending to personal and family well-being. CONTEXT: Policies legislating paid leave from work for new parents, and to attend to individual and family illness, are common across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. However, there exists no comprehensive review of their potential impacts on economic, social, and health outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on paid leave... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3n37v5km Tue, 23 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 NANDI, ARIJIT JAHAGIRDAR, DEEPA DIMITRIS, MICHELLE C LABRECQUE, JEREMY A STRUMPF, ERIN C KAUFMAN, JAY S VINCENT, ILONA ATABAY, EFE HARPER, SAM EARLE, ALISON HEYMANN, S JODY https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g512570 Cross-cultural variability in respondent processing of survey questions may bias results from multiethnic samples. We analyzed behavior codes, which identify difficulties in the interactions of respondents and interviewers, from a discrimination module contained within a field test of the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. In all, 553 (English) telephone interviews yielded 13,999 interactions involving 22 items. Multilevel logistic regression modeling revealed that respondent age and several item characteristics (response format, customized questions, length, and first item with new response format), but not race/ethnicity, were associated with interactional problems. These findings suggest that item function within a multi-cultural, albeit English language, survey may be largely influenced by question features, as opposed to respondent characteristics such as race/ethnicity. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g512570 Mon, 22 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Johnson, Timothy P Shariff-Marco, Salma Willis, Gordon Cho, Young Ik Breen, Nancy Gee, Gilbert C Krieger, Nancy Grant, David Alegria, Margarita Mays, Vickie M Williams, David R Landrine, Hope Liu, Benmei Reeve, Bryce B Takeuchi, David Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t33n5gw BACKGROUND: Many uninsured people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) will obtain managed health insurance coverage when the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is implemented in January 2014. Since 2011, California has transitioned PLWHA to Medicaid managed care (MMC) and to the Low-Income Health Program (LIHP). OBJECTIVES: To draw lessons for the ACA implementation from the transitions into MMC and the LIHP. METHODS: Surveys about clients and services provided before and after the transition to MMC and the LIHP were sent to 43 HIV service providers. Usable responses were obtained from 18 (42%). RESULTS: Although total client loads were similar in the pre- (January 2011) and posttransition periods (June 2012), many clients transitioned from fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid to MMC. Over this period, responding agencies served 43.5% fewer PLWHA in FFS Medicaid, whereas the share of PLWHA covered by MMC rose from 16.9% to 55.5%. Managed care covered a smaller number of services than either FFS Medicaid... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2t33n5gw Fri, 12 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Leibowitz, Arleen A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Lester, Robbie Curtis, Philip G Farrell, Kevin Fox, Aaron Klipp, Luke H Wise, Jason https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kf85682 Medicaid can serve as a bridge to Medicare coverage for the long-term disabled with sufficient covered work experience. We perform multinomial logistic regression on 2007-2010 Medicare and Medicaid claims data to examine transitions to Medicare for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in California who had Medicaid coverage in 2007. We find only 16% had obtained Medicare coverage by 2010. African-Americans, women, individuals with schizophrenia diagnoses, alcohol or substance abuse disorders, and any physical comorbidity were significantly less likely than others to obtain Medicare (p &lt; 0.001). This study contributes new information on the impact of eligibility requirements for Medicare long-term disability insurance for PLWHA. About one-third of PLWHA under age 65 are covered by Medicaid. Many PLWHA get stuck in Medicaid because their disability prevents them from obtaining the additional employment experience needed to qualify for Medicare. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9kf85682 Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Comulada, Warren S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-6371 Desmond, Katherine A Gildner, Jennifer L Leibowitz, Arleen A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zv0148s Building on long-term benefits of early intervention (Paper 2 of this Series) and increasing commitment to early childhood development (Paper 1 of this Series), scaled up support for the youngest children is essential to improving health, human capital, and wellbeing across the life course. In this third paper, new analyses show that the burden of poor development is higher than estimated, taking into account additional risk factors. National programmes are needed. Greater political prioritisation is core to scale-up, as are policies that afford families time and financial resources to provide nurturing care for young children. Effective and feasible programmes to support early child development are now available. All sectors, particularly education, and social and child protection, must play a role to meet the holistic needs of young children. However, health provides a critical starting point for scaling up, given its reach to pregnant women, families, and young children. Starting... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5zv0148s Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Richter, Linda M Daelmans, Bernadette Lombardi, Joan Heymann, Jody Boo, Florencia Lopez Behrman, Jere R Lu, Chunling Lucas, Jane E Perez-Escamilla, Rafael Dua, Tarun Bhutta, Zulfiqar A Stenberg, Karin Gertler, Paul Darmstadt, Gary L Committee, Paper 3 Working Group and the Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7937w3c0 ObjectiveThis study sought to examine the impact of two Teen Courts operating in Los Angeles County, a juvenile justice system diversion program in which youths are judged by their peers and given restorative sentences to complete during a period of supervision.MethodsA quasi-experimental design was used to compare youths who participated in Teen Courts (n = 112) to youths who participated in another diversion program administered by the Probation Department (the 654 Contract program) (n = 194). Administrative data were abstracted from the probation records for all youths who participated in these programs between January 1, 2012 and June 20, 2014. Logistic and survival models were used to examine differences in recidivism, measured as whether the minor had any subsequent arrest or arrests for which the charge was filed.ResultsComparison group participants had higher rates of recidivism than Teen Court participants, after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and risk level.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7937w3c0 Wed, 3 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Gase, Lauren N Kuo, Tony https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-8559 Lai, Elaine S Stoll, Michael A Ponce, Ninez A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6718 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0403j7vg We examine the effects of a quasi-experimental unconditional household income transfer on child emotional and behavioral health and personality traits. Using longitudinal data, we find that there are large beneficial effects on children's emotional and behavioral health and personality traits during adolescence. We find evidence that these effects are most pronounced for children who start out with the lowest initial endowments. The income intervention also results in improvements in parental relationships which we interpret as a potential mechanism behind our findings. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0403j7vg Mon, 1 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Akee, Randall Copeland, William Costello, E Jane Simeonova, Emilia https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t3581qb OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinants and quality of coverage decisions among uninsured choosing plans in a hypothetical health insurance marketplace. STUDY SETTING: Two samples of uninsured individuals: one from an Internet-based sample comprised largely of young, healthy, tech-savvy individuals (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;276), and the other from low-income, rural Virginians (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;161). STUDY DESIGN: We assessed whether health insurance comprehension, numeracy, choice consistency, and the number of plan choices were associated with participants' ability to choose a cost-minimizing plan, given their expected health care needs (defined as choosing a plan costing no more than $500 in excess of the total estimated annual costs of the cheapest plan available). DATA COLLECTION: Primary data were collected using an online questionnaire. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Uninsured who were more numerate showed higher health insurance comprehension; those with more health insurance comprehension... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8t3581qb Sat, 15 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Barnes, Andrew J Hanoch, Yaniv Rice, Thomas https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6nn5c7ng The lack of sufficient affordable housing in Los Angeles, California burdens many renter households with the threat of an eviction. Research has identified individual- and neighborhood-level sociodemographic correlates of eviction, but the uneven distribution of sociodemographic characteristics and housing conditions across neighborhoods likely produces broader patterns of spatial clustering in eviction prevalence across local areas. We use spatial autoregressive models to explain the spatial concentration and spillover effects for two types of formal eviction filings-court-based and no-fault Ellis Act petitions-within and across census tracts in Los Angeles. Court-based filings show greater and more persistent spatial concentration, particularly in neighborhoods with higher percentages of Black residents. We find evidence of spatial correlation for both types of eviction, however, suggesting that identifying the spatial distribution of eviction prevalence across local areas is... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6nn5c7ng Tue, 28 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Nelson, Kyle Gromis, Ashley Kuai, Yiwen Lens, Michael C https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-3370 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f41r304 Equity Gaps in Telehealth Use To Manage Chronic Conditions During COVID-19 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f41r304 Wed, 25 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000 Bustamante, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-5015 Silver, Julia Martinez, Laura Anaya, Yohualli Ruiz, Juan Carlos Benitez, Nayelie Felix, Lucia Banuelos, Andrea Rich, Jeremy https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r46v03f Long-acting injectable antiretroviral medications are new to HIV treatment. People with HIV may benefit from a treatment option that better aligns with their preferences, but could also face new challenges and barriers. Authors from the fields of HIV, substance use treatment, and mental health collaborated on this commentary on the issues surrounding equitable implementation and uptake of LAI ART by drawing lessons from all three fields. We employ a socio-ecological framework beginning at the policy level and moving through the community, organizational, interpersonal, and patient levels. We look at extant literature on the topic as well as draw from the direct experience of our clinician-authors. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9r46v03f Wed, 26 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Edwards, Gabriel G https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-0919 Miyashita-Ochoa, Ayako Castillo, Enrico G Goodman-Meza, David Kalofonos, Ippolytos Landovitz, Raphael J Leibowitz, Arleen A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Pulsipher, Craig El Sayed, Ed Shoptaw, Steven https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-0026 Shover, Chelsea L Tabajonda, Michelle Yang, Yvonne S https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8581-0624 Harawa, Nina T https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-8393 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sf7q92c BackgroundMethamphetamine use could jeopardize the current efforts to address opioid use disorder and HIV infection. Evidence-based behavioral interventions (EBI) are effective in reducing methamphetamine use. However, evidence on optimal combinations of EBI is limited. This protocol presents a type-1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness of adaptive methamphetamine use interventions, and their implementation barriers in Vietnam.MethodDesign: Participants will be first randomized into two frontline interventions for 12 weeks. They will then be placed or randomized to three adaptive strategies for another 12 weeks. An economic evaluation and an ethnographic evaluation will be conducted alongside the interventions.Participants: We will recruit 600 participants in 20 methadone clinics. Eligibility criteria: (1) age 16+; (2) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scores ≥ 10 for methamphetamine use... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6sf7q92c Thu, 1 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Giang, Le Minh Trang, Nguyen Thu Diep, Nguyen Bich Thuy, Dao Thi Dieu Thuy, Dinh Thanh Hoe, Han Dinh Van, Hoang Thi Hai Truc, Thai Thanh Nguyen, Hoa H Lai, Nguyen Ly Linh, Pham Thi Dan Vi, Vu Thi Tuong Reback, Cathy J Leibowitz, Arleen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 Li, Li Lin, Chunqing Li, Michael Do Van Dung Shoptaw, Steve https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-0026 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sf93033 One of the pillars of efforts in the US to curb HIV incidence is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We examined racial/ethnic and sex disparities in PrEP uptake among California Medicaid enrollees. Claims data from 2019 identified enrollees and PrEP users in each racial/ethnic, sex, and age group, yielding crude uptake rates. We then predicted age-adjusted uptake rates from multivariable logit regressions and divided PrEP uptake estimates by each group's number of new HIV diagnoses to estimate PrEP-to-need ratios. Predicted uptake was highest for White (0.29&nbsp;percent) and Black (0.23&nbsp;percent) males and lowest (0.16&nbsp;percent) for Hispanic males. Rates for males exceeded those for females; however, Black females had twice the rate of PrEP uptake of White females. Black males and females and Hispanic males had PrEP-to-need ratios that were less than one-third (4.0-6.3) those of Asian and White males and females (14.4-19.9). Low PrEP use rates and disparities in uptake... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sf93033 Wed, 27 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Harawa, Nina T https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7486-8393 Tan, Diane Leibowitz, Arleen A https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6970-0564 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sp2m08k The COVID-19 pandemic brought the dual crises of disease and the containment policies designed to mitigate it. Yet, there is little evidence on the impacts of these policies on women in lower-income countries, where there may be limited social safety nets to absorb these shocks. We conduct a large phone survey and leverage India's geographically varied containment policies to estimate the association between the pandemic and containment policies and measures of women's well-being, including mental health and food security. On aggregate, the pandemic resulted in dramatic income losses, increases in food insecurity, and declines in female mental health. While potentially crucial to stem the spread of COVID-19, the greater prevalence of containment policies is associated with increased food insecurity, particularly for women, and reduced female mental health. For surveyed women, moving from zero to average containment levels is associated with a 38% increase in the likelihood of... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sp2m08k Mon, 21 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000 Bau, Natalie Khanna, Gaurav Low, Corinne Shah, Manisha Sharmin, Sreyashi Voena, Alessandra