- Lee, Jay M;
- Lee, Mi-Heon;
- Garon, Edward;
- Goldman, Jonathan W;
- Salehi-Rad, Ramin;
- Baratelli, Felicita E;
- Schaue, Dörthe;
- Wang, Gerald;
- Rosen, Fran;
- Yanagawa, Jane;
- Walser, Tonya C;
- Lin, Ying;
- Park, Stacy J;
- Adams, Sharon;
- Marincola, Francesco M;
- Tumeh, Paul C;
- Abtin, Fereidoun;
- Suh, Robert;
- Reckamp, Karen L;
- Lee, Gina;
- Wallace, William D;
- Lee, Sarah;
- Zeng, Gang;
- Elashoff, David A;
- Sharma, Sherven;
- Dubinett, Steven M
Purpose: A phase I study was conducted to determine safety, clinical efficacy, and antitumor immune responses in patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) following intratumoral administration of autologous dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral (Ad) vector expressing the CCL21 gene (Ad-CCL21-DC). We evaluated safety and tumor antigen-specific immune responses following in situ vaccination (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01574222).Experimental Design: Sixteen stage IIIB/IV NSCLC subjects received two vaccinations (1 × 106, 5 × 106, 1 × 107, or 3 × 107 DCs/injection) by CT- or bronchoscopic-guided intratumoral injections (days 0 and 7). Immune responses were assessed by tumor antigen-specific peripheral blood lymphocyte induction of IFNγ in ELISPOT assays. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for CD8+ T cells by IHC and for PD-L1 expression by IHC and real-time PCR (RT-PCR).Results: Twenty-five percent (4/16) of patients had stable disease at day 56. Median survival was 3.9 months. ELISPOT assays revealed 6 of 16 patients had systemic responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Tumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration was induced in 54% of subjects (7/13; 3.4-fold average increase in the number of CD8+ T cells per mm2). Patients with increased CD8+ T cells following vaccination showed significantly increased PD-L1 mRNA expression.Conclusions: Intratumoral vaccination with Ad-CCL21-DC resulted in (i) induction of systemic tumor antigen-specific immune responses; (ii) enhanced tumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration; and (iii) increased tumor PD-L1 expression. Future studies will evaluate the role of combination therapies with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition combined with DC-CCL21 in situ vaccination. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4556-68. ©2017 AACR.