BACKGROUND: Nationally representative data on burden of musculoskeletal conditions (MSK) in Bangladesh are not available. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MSK conditions and related disabilities in the adult population of Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 2000 individuals aged 18 years or older were targeted from 20 primary sampling units (urban and rural) of all former seven divisions of Bangladesh in 2015. Structured interviews were done using the modified Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders questionnaire to detect positive respondents. Standard criteria were used for diagnosing MSK conditions by rheumatology residents. In case of uncertainty, opinion was taken from senior rheumatologists. A Bangla version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire was used to determine disability. RESULTS: A total of 1843 (92.1%) participated. Among them, 892 men and 951 women participated from rural (n = 716) and urban (n = 1127) areas. Their mean age was 40.5 (standard deviation 14.7) years. Almost a third did not have any formal schooling. Overall, 30.4% (95% confidence interval, 28.3-32.5) had MSK conditions. Low back pain (18.6%, 16.9-20.5), knee osteoarthritis (7.3%, 6.1-8.5) and soft tissue rheumatism 3.8% (2.9-4.7) were the three top-ranking MSK conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis (1.6%, 1.0-2.1), spondyloarthritis (1.2%, 7-1.8) and adhesive capsulitis (1.4%, 0.9-1.9) were relatively uncommon. Among those who had MSK conditions, 24.8% (21.3-28.6) had some degree of disability. Of them, 24.4% (21.0-28.1) had history of work loss during last 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The high burden of MSK conditions and related disabilities in Bangladesh warrants greater attention of the health system. Further studies are needed to estimate the impact of this group of conditions particularly addressing related disabilities and loss of work.