My dissertation examines how environmental problems both contribute to and are shaped by different forms of political mobilization, through three lines of inquiry. My first chapter tests if international organizations like the United Nations can help restore environmental governance in countries emerging from violent conflict. In my second chapter, I leverage data collected over nine months of fieldwork in Liberia to identify the conditions under which shortages in environmental goods and services spark protest. The final chapter of my dissertation investigates whether air pollution catalyzes or inhibits political participation, using novel data from a major grassroots environmental organization in the United States.

Altogether, my research helps advance our understanding of how environmental prob- lems and politics are deeply intertwined. My first chapter demonstrates that international peacekeeping forces can reshape natural resource management in the wake of violent conflict, potentially providing a pathway to economic development. My second chapter high- lights how non-state actors may prove crucial to mitigating the otherwise destabilizing impacts of global environmental problems like climate change. My final chapter bolsters existing research on environmental justice, demonstrating how environmental problems can reinforce the systems of political marginalization they stem from by undermining prospects for mass mobilization.

My thesis explores three interconnected areas related to climate change: vulnerability, the equitable distribution of adaptation resources, and resilience building. In the first two chapters, I examine the flow of funding from international climate organizations to municipalities in Central America and the Caribbean. I explore the role that clientelism plays in the allocationof adaptation funds at the municipal level and assess whether the most vulnerable communities are receiving the funds they need. In my third chapter, I evaluate which types of social vulnerabilities, experiences, and interventions predict impacts and recovery from hurricanes. Overall, I find that political clientelism diverts funds away from truly vulnerable areas, that subnational targeting needs to incorporate more comprehensive and intersectional approaches to climate vulnerability, and that even under favorable conditions, resilience building remains elusive for disaster-prone communities.