INTRODUCTION

SB 1052 (Steinberg, 2012) specified that the California Open Education Resources Council (“CA-OERC”) be established under the administration of the Intersegmental Committee of Academic Senates (“ICAS”) of the University of California, the California State University, and the California Community Colleges. The bill called for the addition of §66409 to the California  Education Code to define the makeup of the CA-OERC and its responsibilities.

To establish the CA-OERC and the accompanying California Digital Open Source Library (COOL4Ed), the Senate Bills apportioned $5,000,000 and directed the California State University, Office of the Chancellor to seek private funds to match the State budget. The CSU, directed to administer the funds, was awarded grants in Fall 2013 by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Gates Foundation to match the State’s funding, as mandated by SB 1052 (Steinberg, 2012) and SB 1053 (Steinberg, 2012). Per state legislation, the California State University (CSU) facilitated collaboration among the three segments of California public higher education to design and deliver intersegmental services for the faculty and students of California’s public colleges and universities. The CSU’s leadership and support enabled the

CA-OERC to operate effectively and allowed for the necessary flexibility among the three segments.

The CA-OERC first met in January 2014 with meetings scheduled every two weeks. Through both valuable in-person meetings and conference calls, the CA-OERC has made significant progress on the issues surrounding adoption, implementation, and use of open educational resource (“OER”) textbooks by faculty and students.

Achievements January 2014-December 2015

Developed criteria for selecting 50 highly-enrolled courses common across the three segments (Winter 2014) Canvassed the publicly available Course Identification Number System (C-ID.net), statewide campus bookstores, and segmental website information (CCC, CSU, UC) about high-enrollment courses likely to involve standard textbooks (Winter 2014) Canvassed the anglophone landscape of extant open educational resources (“OER”) repositories and their policies (Winter 2014) Compiled a list of 50 courses for which to identify OER (Spring 2014) Developed rigorous rubrics and training material for OER textbook reviewers (Spring 2014) Identified and contacted administrative leadership (CCC, CSU, UC) who may help with awareness of OER (Fall 2014) Identified more than 160 appropriate OER textbooks for the 50 courses that will result in approximately 450 textbook reviews to be displayed on COOL4Ed (Spring 2014~Fall 2015) Surveyed CCC, CSU, & UC faculty for feedback on adopting OER textbooks Performed extensive research on the adoption, implementation, and use of OER textbooks with findings specific to CCC, CSU & UC (Spring 2015-Fall 2015) Continued outreach and education by presenting at conferences and regional governance meetings (Spring 2014-Fall 2015) Established an online presence via CA-OERC website and a social media presence with Facebook and Twitter (Spring 2014-Fall 2015)

The CA-OERC represents an unprecedented collaboration among three disparate segments of California public higher education, a collaboration unparalleled by any other large state-funded system of universities and colleges. With 113 CCC campuses, 23 CSU campuses, and 10 UC campuses, the scale of CA-OERC’s work cannot be underestimated. The Council’s success has been contingent upon representing the diversity of each segment as well as discovering where the segments’ missions coalesce.

Executive Summary

Signed into law in September 2012, SB 1052 (Steinberg, 2012) specified that the California Open Education Resources Council (“CA-OERC”) be established under the administration of the Intersegmental Committee of Academic Senates (“ICAS”) of the University of California (“UC”), the California State University (“CSU”), and the California Community Colleges (“CCC”). CA-OERC was duly assembled and held its first meeting in January 2014. Representing 145 campuses across the three public systems of higher education, the CA-OERC initially set out to survey 10,000 UC, 24,000 CSU, 59,000 CCC full-time, part-time, and temporary faculty about their awareness, adoption, and use of Open Educational Resources (“OER”) textbooks.

Based on the survey responses, the CA-OERC identified several impediments to adopting OER textbooks and concluded that rigorous peer review was ultimately the first step towards advocating for adoption of OER textbooks. The Council quickly identified 50 highly-enrolled courses with expensive textbooks across the three public systems of higher education and, over the following two years, collected more than 160 existing OER textbooks for these courses, established a rigorous peer review process, recruited faculty reviewers from the three systems, managed more than 450 reviews, and helped to curate the resulting high-quality, peer-reviewed collection of OER textbooks at COOL4ED, an online repository featuring reviews and case studies. Throughout, the CA-OERC’s work was supported by State monies, as well as grants from the Gates Foundation and Hewlett Foundation secured and administered by the CSU Chancellor’s Office.

In addition to supplying OER textbooks for California university and college faculty and students to consider, the Council undertook several research efforts to understand OER awareness, adoption, and use. These included: intensive feedback -- via surveys, webinars, and e-portfolios

-- from a cohort of 16 CCC and CSU faculty who adopted OER in their Fall 2015 Semester courses (students in these classes were also surveyed); focus groups, composed of CCC and CSU faculty, which explored barriers to OER adoption and strategies for increased adoption; an additional set of focus groups, comprised of CCC and CSU student leaders, which focused on how these students used OER and e-textbooks in their courses.

Findings from CA-OERC’s research indicate that in terms of:

Quality: Most faculty were highly positive about all aspects of textbooks that they selected to adopt for this Ratings for subject matter, design of chapter(s) and use of editorial conventions were very high. For the most part, faculty felt that the OER materials were thorough and complete and that students learned as well with the OER materials as with the traditional textbook for the class. Seven faculty of sixteen felt that the OER textbook was superior to the traditional textbook for the course. Five faculty rated the OER as equivalent to the traditional textbook. More than three-quarters of students (77%) said the OER chapter(s) used in the study met their expectations. (3% said OER did not meet expectations and 20% were neutral.)

Pedagogy: Fourteen faculty reported that using the OER textbook chapter(s) encouraged them to reflect about their teaching

Technological issues: Faculty found it easy to explain how to use the OER textbook chapter(s) and had very few technical problems with students accessing the

Ancillary materials: Faculty were not as positive about the support materials (PowerPoints, test banks) available with the OER Half of the faculty felt that the support materials lacked quality. 25% of faculty felt that implementing the support materials took a significant amount of time.

Student access: Of the 351 students in the survey, 71 printed the A PDF was used by 209 students. 16% of students wanted to have the option to purchase a printed copy of the textbook from the bookstore for a small fee. 10% of students wanted to print the textbook themselves. The predominant platform for reading electronic textbooks

(“e-textbooks”) is a laptop computer. Only 7 of 351 students reported reading from their cell phones.

As California’s OER textbook initiative enters a new phase (with passage of AB 798 [Bonilla] in 2015), more research will be needed to further understand and support OER textbook adoption and use on a massive scale, especially with regard to issues like cost savings and OER impact on local curricula and on student retention and success. Our initial findings, however, are highly encouraging, especially with regard to the quality of and access to OER materials now available to faculty and students in California’s public universities and colleges.