Theories for visually guided action account for online con-trol in the presence of reliable sources of visual information,and predictive control to compensate for visuo-motor delayand temporary occlusion. In this study, we characterize thetemporal relationship between information integration windowand prediction distance using computational models. Subjectswere immersed in a simulated environment and attempted tocatch virtual balls that were transiently “blanked” during flight.Recurrent neural networks were trained to reproduce subjectsgaze and hand movements during blank. The models success-fully predict gaze behavior within 3◦, and hand movementswithin 8.5 cm as far as 500 ms in time, with integration windowas short as 27 ms. Furthermore, we quantified the contributionof each input source of information to motor output throughan ablation study. The model is a proof-of-concept for predic-tion as a discrete mapping between information integrated overtime and a temporally distant motor output.

Perceptual learning is the process by which experience alters how incoming sensory information is processed by the brain to give rise to behavior—it is critical for how humans educate children, train experts, treat diseases, and promote health and well-being throughout the lifespan. Knowledge of perceptual learning requires basic and applied research in humans and nonhuman animal models, which informs strategic targets for advancing applications. Commercial products to induce perceptual learning are proliferating rapidly with limited regulation (e.g., for rehabilitation), while at the same time basic science is increasingly restricted by changing regulations (such as new granting-agency definitions of clinical trials). Realizing the full potential of perceptual learning requires balancing basic and translational science to advance new knowledge, while serving and protecting consumers. Reforms can promote open, accessible, and representative research, and the translation of this research to applications across different sectors of society.

We recently discovered that some bacteriophages establish a nucleus-like replication compartment (phage nucleus), but the core genes that define nucleus-based phage replication and their phylogenetic distribution were still to be determined. Here, we show that phages encoding the major phage nucleus protein chimallin share 72 conserved genes encoded within seven gene blocks. Of these, 21 core genes are unique to nucleus-forming phage, and all but one of these genes encode proteins of unknown function. We propose that these phages comprise a novel viral family we term Chimalliviridae. Fluorescence microscopy and cryoelectron tomography studies of Erwinia phage vB_EamM_RAY confirm that many of the key steps of nucleus-based replication are conserved among diverse chimalliviruses and reveal variations on this replication mechanism. This work expands our understanding of phage nucleus and PhuZ spindle diversity and function, providing a roadmap for identifying key mechanisms underlying nucleus-based phage replication.