Background : Growing evidence supports the associations of neighborhood environments with physical activity. Understanding moderators of such associations is a critical gap in current research. Objective : The dissertation aims to examine a series of potential moderators of the associations between neighborhood environments and physical activity. Selection of moderators was based on ecological models.Methods : Secondary data from three separate studies were used. Chapter 2 used data from the Neighborhood Quality of Life study (NQLS), an observational epidemiological study of 2199 adults from selected neighborhoods in two U.S. regions. The moderators examined were psychosocial attributes about physical activity. Chapter 3 used data from the Senior NQLS study, a study of 880 seniors with similar design to that of NQLS. The moderator examined was the driving ability of seniors. Chapter 4 used data from the International Prevalence Study. Data were collected in 11 countries with standardized methodologies and instruments. The moderator examined was country. With each study, appropriate statistical models were selected based on the nature of data and the distribution of outcomes. Results : In Chapter 2, psychosocial attributes (self- efficacy, social support, enjoyment, benefits, and barriers) were found to be moderators of neighborhood environments with leisure walking as the outcome, but not with transport walking or accelerometer-based physical activity as the outcome. All interactions consistently supported stronger neighborhood environments-leisure walking associations among those with less favorable psychosocial attributes. In Chapter 3, driving ability of seniors was found to be a moderator with leisure walking as the outcome, but not with transport walking or accelerometer-based physical activity or sedentary behavior as the outcome. Patterns of interactions were consistent, suggesting neighborhood environments-leisure walking associations among driving-able seniors, but not non-driving-able seniors. In Chapter 4, the associations of physical activity/walking with land use mix, sidewalks, and bicycle facilities were more consistent across countries, suggesting generalizability. Associations involving other neighborhood attributes were more variable across countries, suggesting country as a moderator of the association. Discussion : There was evidence suggesting that psychosocial attributes, driving-ability, and country could modify associations between neighborhood environment attributes. Future studies should continue this inquiry with improved theories, conceptualization, and measurement instruments

A short interactive fiction game that lets you play as an adventure in a fantasy setting. You will interact with a few unique characters in your journey.

This study focuses on the structure-guided design and synthesis of small molecules that target hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site subdomain IIa RNA - a structural element that plays a key role in the viral protein translation initiation process. A series of aryl- substituted benzimidazole molecules was designed using guidance from a shape-similarity screening that utilized the structure of a known subdomain IIa RNA-binding benzimidazole translation inhibitor as the query molecule. The syntheses of the designed aryl-substituted benzimidazole molecules were described. Their binding affinities towards the target RNA were assessed by a FRET assay. The structure-binding relationship of these molecules was analyzed. The second part of the study explores the design and synthetic development of 2- aminoquinazolin-4-one and 2-amino-lin-benzoguanine molecules, whose design were guided by the ligand-bound subdomain IIa RNA crystal structure

Ramen Restaurant Murder Case is about a murder case that happened in a Japanese ramen restaurant. One of the customers is murdered by poison, the owner and his daughter are suspected as murderers but they insist they did not kill him. Players should uncover the truth under the surface.

Scroggs's theorem on the extensions of S5 is an early landmark in the modern mathematical studies of modal logics. From it, we know that the lattice of normal extensions of S5 is isomorphic to the inverse order of the natural numbers with infinity and that all extensions of S5 are in fact normal. In this paper, we consider extending Scroggs's theorem to modal logics with propositional quantifiers governed by the axioms and rules analogous to the usual ones for ordinary quantifiers. We call them Π-logics. Taking S5Π, the smallest normal Π-logic extending S5, as the natural counterpart to S5 in Scroggs's theorem, we show that all normal Π-logics extending S5Π are complete with respect to their complete simple S5 algebras, that they form a lattice that is isomorphic to the lattice of the open sets of the disjoint union of two copies of the one-point compactification of N, that they have arbitrarily high Turing-degrees, and that there are non-normal Π-logics extending S5Π.