Tooth plates of three extinct species of callorhynchid holocephalans, Edaphodon mirificus, E. barberi, and Ischyodus bifurcatus have been collected from Upper Cretaceous strata of Alabama. Of the two species of Edaphodon, E. mirificus is represented by isolated tooth plates as well as associated dentitions. Edaphodon barberi was based on a small left mandibular tooth plate, but additional mandibular tooth plates in museum collections show that the diagnostic features seen on the E. barberi holotype are consistently present and therefore useful for species differentiation. Ischyodus bifurcatus is reported for the first time in Alabama and is known from a partial associated dentition and several isolated tooth plates. Most of the fossils are from the upper Santonian to lower Campanian Mooreville Chalk, but two specimens of Edaphodon from a lower Campanian component of the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation and one from the lower Maastrichtian Ripley Formation represent the first holocephalan records from these lithostratigraphic units in Alabama.

Two new species of the rare mosasaur Ectenosaurus are reported from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov. (YPM VP4673) consists of a largely complete skull and some associated post-cranial elements that were derived from an unknown level within the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Chalk (upper Coniacian-lower Campanian), of Kansas, USA. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov. (ALMNH:Paleo:5452) is described from a much more fragmentary specimen collected from the unnamed member of the Mooreville Chalk (upper Santonian-lower Campanian) of Alabama, USA. These new taxa can be distinguished from the other members of the genus, E. clidastoides (Merriam, 1894) and E. everhartorum Willman et al. (2021), by clear morphological differences in the skull and jaws. Two parsimony analyses of a data matrix consisting of 98 characters and 20 terminal taxa were carried out, the first without constraints and the second constrained by the assumption of monophyly in Ectenosaurus. Both analyses resulted in 30 equally parsimonious trees of 255 steps. Neither analysis yielded definitive information about the position of Ectenosaurus within Plioplatecarpinae, suggesting the need for an expanded data matrix. Although Ectenosaurus is an extremely rare component of the mosasaur assemblages from which it is found, it is also a diverse genus, with now at least four recognized species. This raises questions about the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of this genus and requires additional investigation.

Toxochelys latiremis Cope, 1873 is currently thought to be one of the oldest members of the clade originating from the last common ancestor of all extant species of marine-adapted turtles (Chelonioidea). Fossil material of this species has been reported from numerous lower Campanian marine formations across North America; however, reported occurrences have been conspicuously absent from the upper Santonian-to-lower Campanian Mooreville Chalk of Alabama and Mississippi, USA, the type stratum for the only other valid species within the genus, Toxochelys moorevillensis Zangerl, 1953. The apparent absence of T. latiremis from the Mooreville Chalk, and from the southern expanse of the Mississippi Embayment, has made T. latiremis one of the few outliers in previously proposed paleobiogeographic models for marine turtles in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. This absence also confounded attempts at reconciling the distribution and phylogeny of these taxa. Here we report the first material of T. latiremis identified from the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama, which represents the southern-most occurrence of this taxon. The discovery of this species in the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama helps to reconcile the previously hypothesized paleobiogeography of North American Late Cretaceous chelonioids with their fossil occurrence and provides the first evidence for overlapping ranges of the only two currently recognized species of Toxochelys.

Matrix surrounding a dermochelyid carapace and two cetacean skulls recovered from the Givhans Ferry Member of the Ashley Formation (lower Oligocene, Rupelian Stage) in South Carolina, USA yielded a surprisingly diverse assemblage of euselachian and teleost fishes. We identified 21 elasmobranch taxa, including 13 selachians and eight batoids, nearly all of which are known to occur in the overlying upper Oligocene (Chattian) Chandler Bridge Formation. Notable occurrences within the Ashley Formation paleofauna include a new shark, Scyliorhinus weemsi n. sp., and the first South Carolina Oligocene records of Squalus sp., Pristiophorus sp., and Pachyscyllium sp. Numerous teleost taxa were also documented based on isolated teeth, including species of Albulidae, Paralichthyidae, Osteoglossidae, Sparidae, Sciaenidae, Sphyraenidae, Scombridae, Trichiuridae, and possibly Labridae.

The fossil otolith-based sciaenid genus Equetulus is known almost exclusively from South America, the Caribbean, and Central America, with the various species ranging in age from the late Oligocene to late Miocene. The only exception to this geographical distribution is the isolated occurrence of Equetulus silverdalensis n. comb. in the Belgrade Formation (latest Oligocene–early Miocene) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the USA (North Carolina) and a mention of its occurrence in the Chickasawhay Limestone (late Oligocene) in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA (Mississippi). However, sampling of the Paynes Hammock Sand (late Oligocene, Chattian) near Millry, Alabama, USA, resulted in the discovery of an otolith representing the first occurrence of E. silverdalensis in Alabama and the first systematic description of the species from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA. These occurrences suggest a potential distribution of this fossil species from Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina to the central Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and possibly Mississippi.