One way novices improve their skill is by learning not to repeat mistakes. Often this requires learning entirely new concepts which must be operationalized for use in plans. W e model this learning process in seven stages, starting with the generation of expectations which, when proven faulty, invoke mechanisms to modify decision making mechanisms in order to prevent the failure from occurring again. This process is demonstrated in the context of our testbed system which learns new rules for detecting threats, formulating counterplans and other cognitive tasks. It is shown how this process may be used to learn the concept of immobility as it occurs in the domain of chess.