If have to, I can look back and see where I came from and not to be proud, but to be confident, because that provided me the stepping stone to where I am going to. But yet, I don’t know where I am going to. And it's good because I have the confidence to know that when I get there, I know that I still have somewhere to go. That way I never rest. -Stan Rice, Jr. president of the board of directors, Yavapai Prescott Indian Tribe The degree to which any Native American group has remained “culturally intact,” in other words, has retained a Native American identity, has most often been measured by the group’s ability to cling to Native traditions in a modern world. Cultural change is usually interpreted as an assimilationist move. However, all cultures undergo constant changes as they adjust to new living conditions and attempt to keep cultural identity intact and successfully function in changing environments. This is especially true in the United States, where Native societies, more often than not, were on the receiving end of European and American policies of conquest. Here in particular, culture- the blueprints for everyday behavior-reveals its flexible nature. Culture is always in flux, accommodating identity with the ever-changing external reality. Ethnohistory can be credited for promoting these aspects of cultural change over time into the rewriting of Native American history. Older studies were generally concerned with entire regions or large North American tribal units. Until recently, few ethnohistorians studied smaller Native American groups, especially those in the American Southwest; even today, traditional historiographic approaches continue to dominate the research concerning these groups. The majority of these studies emphasize the confrontational aspects of Euro-American/Indian history and focus on the Indian frontier. Yet many smaller tribes did not vanish with the end of this frontier. They weathered the changes wrought by colonialism and continue to exist today.

A myriad of different phenomena exist in the dermatological literature which are based on the concept of locus minores resistentiae. The most commonly described phenomenon is the Koebner phenomenon, which is classically associated with the emergence of psoriatic lesions post trauma. Warfarin-induced skin necrosis (WISN) is a rare but severe side effect that leads to necrosis of the skin, predominantly on areas with increased subcutaneous fat. The presented case reports on WISN within psoriatic plaques.

The framework of "Modern Theory of Critical State Transitions"^1,2 considers the relation between different levels of organization in complex systems in terms of critical state transitions. A state transition between levels entails changes of scale of observables and, concurrently, new formats of description at reduced dimensionality. It is suggested that this principle can be applied to the hierarchic structure of the nervous system, whereby the relations between different levels of its functional organization can be viewed as successions of state transitions: upon state transition, the 'lower' level presents to the 'higher' level an abstraction of itself, at reduced dimensionality and at a coarser scale. The re-scaling in the state transitions is associated with new objects of description, displays new properties and obeys new laws, commensurate to the new scale. To illustrate this process, some aspects of the neural events thought to be associated with cognition and consciousness are discussed. However, the intent is also more general in that state transitions between all levels of organization are proposed as the mechanisms by which successively higher levels of organization "emerge" from lower levels.

With a prevalence of up to 20%, eczematous lesions are the most common skin adverse events of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. Eczematous lesions triggered by more modern biologics such as the IL17A antagonist secukinumab have been rarely reported. Herein, a case of secukinumab-induced pompholyx in a psoriasis patient is presented.

Retrieving previous similar cases from a memory of cases is central to case-based reasoning systems. In most systems, this retrieval is done by a detailed indexing mechanism. Thagard and Holyoak argue that indexing is the wrong way to retrieve analogues. They propose a retrieval model (ARCS) based on a competing constraint satisfaction approach. In this paper, an explanation-based retrieval method (EBR) for retrieving analogues from a case-base with cases stored with respect to an interpretation of these cases as analyzed by a cognitive diagnostic component is described. The system is designed to the domain of problem solving in LISP. In a simulation study, it can be shown that the EBR-method performs equally well or even better than the ARCS-method.