It has been well researched that social hierarchies can determine the developmental outcomes of young children, but little has been studied about the timing of when children develop an understanding of social hierarchies in their respective communities. It was hypothesized that children believe social status co-varies with gender and is unaffected by in-group bias, and that these beliefs are modulated by the child’s own identity. Using multiple tasks that will be discussed in the methods, the hypotheses were tested on children ages 3.5-6.9 years. Results suggest that children use gender as a social cue for status, and boys show in-group bias whereas girls do not. In today’s social climate, it is important to understand children’s development of beliefs in the context of social hierarchies, such as gender, in order to understand the impact of these concepts on self-image, success, and equity.

Previous research has documented that mood affects memory accuracy. The present study aimsto (1) replicate earlier work showing that mood (negative, positive, neutral) and valence affectsmemory consolidation, (2) examine whether retrieval processes are more likely to preserve falsememories when a mood is induced, (3) identify error prevalence associated with memoryconsolidation. A recognition-memory standard for photographs depicting script-like events wasused. Individuals in both negative and positive moods–similar in arousal levels–correctlyidentified more target events and are more confident in fewer false memories comparing toindividuals in a neutral mood. This shows that arousal (but not valence) helps predict memoryperformance. These findings suggest that arousal state affects memory while mood mediates trueand false memory.