The bootstrap is an increasingly popular method for performing statistical inference. This paper provides the theoretical foundation for using the bootstrap as a valid tool of inference for quasi-maximum likelihood estimators (QMLE). We provide a unified framework for analyzing bootstrapped extremum estimators of nonlinear dynamic models for heterogeneous dependent stochastic processes. We apply our results to two block bootstrap methods, the moving blocks bootstrap of Künsch (1989) and Liu and Singh (1992) and the stationary bootstrap of Politis and Romano (1994), and prove the first order asymptotic validity of the bootstrap approximation to the true distribution of QML estimators. Further, these block bootstrap methods are shown to provide heteroskedastic and autocorrelation consistent standard errors for the QMLE, thus extending the already large literature on robust inference and covariance matrix estimation. We also consider bootstrap testing. In particular, we prove the first order asymptotic validity of the bootstrap distribution of a suitable bootstrap analog of a Wald test statistic for testing hypotheses.

This study examines a corpus of four twentieth-century Brazilian texts which engage with and problematize metaphors of incorporation: Oswald de Andrade’s “Manifesto Antropófago” (1928), Glauber Rocha’s “Estética da Fome” (1965), Dalton Trevisan’s “O Vampiro de Curitiba,” and Lygia Fagundes Telles’ “Potyra” (2000). Through a model of generative cannibalism developed from Maggie Kilgour’s theorizations on cannibalism and metaphors of incorporation, I argue that each of these texts engage with both the symbolic act of cultural incorporation and reimagines the image of the cannibal and its analogues to problematize the collectivized vision of Brazilian national identity. Whereas Oswald de Andrade and Glauber Rocha subvert the colonial caricature of the cannibal to reconfigure Brazilian national identity formation in relation to foreign, primarily European, traditions, Dalton Trevisan and Lygia Fagundes Telles invoke the figure of the vampire to problematize Brazilian identity from an interior position, highlighting figures of alterity within the Brazilian body politic who would otherwise be obscured. In addition to providing the historical and theoretical background on the presence of cannibalism in the critical bibliography which informs my work, I seek to present an in-depth analysis of the four texts to address the complex ambiguities of Brazilian subjectivity via metaphors of incorporation. Finally, in exploring the intersection of symbolic representations of cannibalism and vampirism, this project intends to illuminate a literary corpus that has not yet been addressed by modern theories.

We provide a unified framework for analyzing bootstrapped extremum estimators of nonlinear dynamic models for heterogeneous dependent stochastic processes. We apply our results to the moving blocks bootstrap of Kunsch (1989) and Liu and Singh (1992) and prove the first order asymptotic validity of the bootstrap approximation to the true distribution of quasi-maximum likelihood estimators. We also consider bootstrap testing. In particular, we prove the first order asymptotic validity of the bootstrap distribution of suitable bootstrap analogs of Wald and Lagrange Multiplier statistics for testing hypotheses.

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