This monograph collates results of the first few years of archaeological research at Khonkho Wankane, a major Formative site in the southern Lake Titicaca basin of Bolivia.  The volume includes chapters summarizing a history of archaeological research at Khonkho, shifting settlement patterns around the site, results of geophysical survey, excavations in monumental, residential, and mortuary contexts, and an analysis of the site’s storied monoliths.  The volume collectively demonstrates that Khonkho Wankanke was one of the most important Late Formative ritual and political centers in the Lake Titicaca basin during the Late Formative generations of the region’s history.

Khonkho Wankane: Archaeological Investigations in Jesus de Machaca, Bolivia, features contributions by many excellent Bolivian and North American archaeologists: Carlos Lémuz Aguirre, Deborah Blom, Christopher Dayton, Jake  Fox, Arik Ohnstad, José Luís Paz Soria, Adolfo Pérez Arias, Maribel Pérez Arias, Dennise Rodas Sanjinéz, Andrew Roddick, Scott Smith, Benjamin Vining, and Patrick Ryan Williams.

By definition, in a Pavlovian (classical) procedure a stimulus is presented prior to an eliciting stimulus (reinforcing stimulus) in an operant procedure a response occurs prior to the reinforcer. In spite of the different contingencies implemented by the two procedures, some behavior necessarily precedes the reinforcer in the Pavlovian procedure and some stimulus necessarily precedes the reinforcer in the operant procedure. If conditioning depends on the momentary relation of environmental and behavioral events to a reinforcer, then the two procedures must begin by engaging a common conditioning process. The cumulative effects of that common process are different, however, because of differences in the frequency with which specific environmental and behavioral events are contiguous with the reinforcer (and its elicited response). The view that the critical reinforcing event is the evocation of a change in ongoing behavior evoked by the eliciting stimulus provides the basis for an interpretation of the conditioning process that encompasses the effects of both procedures.