The increasing frequency and severity of weather extremes caused by climate change evidence the need to assess buildings beyond their typical thermal and energy performance under normal operation. It is also essential to evaluate thermal resilience to safeguard occupants' health during extreme events and power outages. This study proposes a simulation framework to evaluate and enhance the thermal resilience of buildings against indoor overheating using an integrated set of performance metrics. This work also addresses how to aggregate resilience profiles of single buildings into the urban scale, supporting the evaluation of thermally resilient communities. This is the first step to connecting building and urban scales in a resilience analysis, seeking to further address other stakeholders' needs in the future. The application of the framework is exemplified through a case study considering three different climates in Brazil. This analysis allowed identifying cases with poor thermal resilience and essential dependence on air conditioning to guarantee the survivability of occupants during extreme hot weather. Nonetheless, by only changing the envelope's thermal transmittance and thermal mass, buildings' thermal autonomy increased up to 65% points and cooling loads were reduced by up to 61% in the hottest climate, São Luís. However, additional strategies are necessary to mitigate remaining indoor extreme thermal conditions, such as solar shading and increased air movement.

In response to increasingly severe weather conditions, optimization of building performance and investment provides an opportunity to consider co-benefits of thermal resilience during energy efficiency retrofits. This work aims to assess thermal resilience of buildings using building performance simulation to evaluate the indoor overheating risk under nine weather scenarios, considering historical (2010s), mid-term future (2050s), and long-term future (2090s) typical meteorological years, and heat wave years. Such an analysis is based on resilience profiles that combine six integrated indicators. A case study with a district of 92 buildings in Brazil was conducted, and a combination of strategies to improve thermal resilience was identified. Results reflect the necessity of planning for resilience in the context of climate change. This is because strategies recommended under current conditions might not be ideal in the future. Therefore, an adaptable design should be prioritized. Cooling energy consumption could increase by 48 % by the 2050s, while excessive overheating issues could reach 37 % of the buildings. Simple passive strategies can significantly reduce the heat stress. A comprehensive thermal resilience analysis should ultimately be accompanied by a thorough reflection on the stakeholders’ objectives, available resources, and planning horizon, as well as the risks assumed for not being resilient.