The incidence of empyema is increasing worldwide, which, coupled with the aging global population, makes the non-surgical management of pleural space infections increasingly important. Despite this, there remains no consensus for management of chronic empyema in those patients who are not surgical candidates and do not get adequate source control with chest tube and intra-pleural lytic therapy, particularly for patients with non-expandable lungs. We reviewed the literature regarding non-surgical management of chronic empyema and present two cases that support the use of pleuroscopy in conjunction with tunneled pleural catheters for management of chronic empyema in non-surgical candidates.

Prerecorded video content in medical education has become more common. Increasingly accessible technology coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent need for distanced learning has greatly increased the interest in and need for high-quality video content. The use of short educational videos to augment other teaching methods has been shown to improve learners' experiences, knowledge retention, and understanding of content. Multiple studies have demonstrated that video education can be a highly effective tool for learning, particularly for hard-to-visualize processes and for procedural education. Videos allow learners to view content at their own pace and revisit materials on demand. In addition, well-designed videos can be repurposed by educators, ultimately reducing time needed to create high-quality educational content. Currently available technology allows educators to create high-quality videos at minimal cost and with a modest investment of time. This article details practical tips for creating high-yield educational videos.