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Open Access Publications from the University of California

Scholarly Works (23 results)

  • Thesis
  • Peer Reviewed
UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations (2023)

Few studies investigate the impact of psychosocial stress on acute testosterone activity in adolescents, despite theoretical understandings that testosterone’s relationship with aggressive behavior is dependent upon stress or challenge contexts. Effective administration of laboratory stress, biospecimen collection and storage protocol, and testosterone assaying processes are all important methodological considerations that may explain why the link between testosterone and acute stress response remains unclear in this population. Additionally, the biopsychosocial factors that may predict acute testosterone reactivity in this population also remains unknown. As such, the current study addresses these gaps by examining testosterone activity (via salivary samples) across the administration of a Trier Social Stress Test in a sample of 88 adolescents (46.4% female, Mage = 13.91 years, SDage = 1.57). A series of nine biopsychosocial factors (age, gender, pubertal status, affective reactivity, prosocial behaviors, conduct problems, emotional and behavioral regulation, and exposure to early life adversity) were examined as potential predictors of (1) overall testosterone levels and (2) acute changes of testosterone across the administration of laboratory stress. Results indicated a robust response to psychosocial stress, supporting the notion that testosterone mounts an acute stress response in adolescents. However, only age and sex uniquely predicted overall testosterone and acute reactivity to stress in this sample. These findings suggest a methodological framework for capturing testosterone reactivity to acute stress, and provide evidence for future research to clarify the role of testosterone reactivity in adolescent behavior.

    Cover page: Biopsychosocial predictors of testosterone and its reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in adolescentsCreative Commons 'BY' version 4.0 license
    • Article
    • Peer Reviewed
    UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2022)

    Background

    Men and women experience large disparities in prevalence, detection, and clinical course of neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, yet there is a paucity of literature documenting sex differences in this phenomenon in prospective, longitudinal studies.

    Methods

    Participants were 4217 non-smoking individuals (62.2% female; aged 46-91 at enrollment) enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study who provided dried blood spots and completed a standardized assessment of cognitive function 3 times across 8 years. Inflammation was indexed using C-reactive protein (CRP).

    Results

    Higher CRP was associated with lower concurrent cognitive function, b = -0.13 (SE = 0.06), p < .05, but less decline in cognitive function over time, b = 0.02 (SE = 0.01), p < .05. Sex moderated the association between CRP and decline in total cognitive function, b = 0.02 (SE = 0.01), p < .05, such that the steepest declines in cognitive function were observed among women with the lowest CRP concentrations.

    Conclusions

    Women with lower systemic inflammation as measured by CRP may be at risk of going undetected for neurodegenerative disease, especially given their overall higher cognitive scores. This may perpetuate sex-related disparities in prevention and clinical course. Attention to the underlying biological mechanisms explaining the link between lower CRP and risk for cognitive decline for women and its potential clinical implications are needed.
      Cover page: Women with lower systemic inflammation demonstrate steeper cognitive decline with age: Results from a large prospective, longitudinal sampleCreative Commons 'BY' version 4.0 license
      • Article
      • Peer Reviewed
      UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2020)
      The purpose of this study was to explore whether individual differences in glucocorticoid concentrations were associated with symptom improvement following exposure therapy for patients with social anxiety disorder. To do this, 60 participants with social anxiety disorder completed a randomized-controlled trial of exposure therapy, where participants were randomized to receive scopolamine-augmentation or placebo during their 7 exposure sessions. Scopolamine is an antimuscarinic which blocks the effects of acetylcholine and reduces autonomic arousal. During sessions 1, 4, 7, and during the post-treatment extinction assessment, participants provided up to 16 saliva samples (4 in each session). Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 1-month follow-up, participants completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale to monitor change in fear and avoidance symptoms. Elevated endogenous in-session cortisol during exposure sessions was associated with less symptom improvement from pre- to post-treatment and at 1-month follow-up. The association between elevated endogenous in-session cortisol and attenuated symptom change was not moderated by scopolamine treatment condition. Individuals with social anxiety disorder who have elevated neuroendocrine signaling may under-benefit from exposure therapy. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine whether endogenous in-session cortisol concentrations predict symptom changes following exposure therapy for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. More investigation of non-invasive and reliable biological markers that explain variability in responses to effective treatments are needed.
        • Article
        • Peer Reviewed
        UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2022)
        The brain and immune system are intricately connected, and perturbations in one system have direct effects on the other. This review focuses on these dynamic psychoneuroimmune interactions and their implications for mental and physical health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we describe how psychological states influence antiviral immunity and the vaccine response, and how immune changes triggered by COVID (either via infection with SARS-CoV-2 or associated stressors) can influence the brain with effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior. We consider negative psychological states, which have been the primary focus of psychological research in the context of COVID-19 (and psychoneuroimmunology more generally). We also consider positive psychological states, including positive affect and eudaimonic well-being, given increasing evidence for their importance as modulators of immunity. We finish with a discussion of interventions that may be effective in improving immune function, the neuro-immune axis, and ultimately, mental and physical health.
          Cover page: Psychoneuroimmunology in the time of COVID-19: Why neuro-immune interactions matter for mental and physical health.
          • Article
          • Peer Reviewed
          UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2015)

          Unlabelled

          Studies examining the association between childhood trauma exposure and neuroendocrine functioning have returned inconsistent findings. To date, few studies have accounted for the role exposure to different types of childhood trauma may have on different neuroendocrine adaptations, and no study has examined this association using multiple indices of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) functioning. The purpose of this study was to characterize the unique associations between exposure to physical abuse, emotional abuse, and non-intentional trauma, and multiple indices of HPA-axis functioning.

          Methods

          A community sample of 138 youth (aged 9-16) completed the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Task (SE-CPT) while their parents completed the Early Trauma Inventory (ETI). All youth then collected 4 diurnal salivary cortisol samples at home across 2 consecutive weekdays.

          Results

          High reported exposure to non-intentional trauma was associated with intact diurnal regulation but elevated cortisol at bedtime, physical abuse was associated with faster reactivity to acute stress, and emotional abuse was associated with delayed recovery of cortisol following acute stress. Taken together, there was a heterogeneous relationship among different indices of HPA-axis functioning and trauma subtype.

          Discussion

          Different types of childhood trauma exposure are related to distinct anomalies in HPA-axis functioning. This study underscores the importance of research incorporating multiple indices of HPA-axis functioning to inform our understanding of the underlying neuroendocrine dysregulation that may later lead to stress-related psychopathology.
            Cover page: Differential associations between childhood trauma subtypes and adolescent HPA-axis functioning
            • Article
            • Peer Reviewed
            UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2021)

            Purpose

            The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to slow the spread of disease have particularly affected the lives of adolescents. Many studies have recently identified the risks to adolescent mental health posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, yet few have identified the markers of resilience to the events and concerns associated with the pandemic's lived experience. This study examined the moderating role of psychosocial resources in the association between the tangible and emotional experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and symptoms of common psychiatric problems during adolescence (depression, anxiety, proactive and reactive aggression, and sleep problems).

            Methods

            Participants were adolescents in the United States who were oversampled for early life adversity before the COVID-19 pandemic. The psychosocial resources assessed were humor styles, emotion regulation, social support, optimism, and purpose in life, which have previously been identified as protective in the acute aftermath of stressful events.

            Results

            Greater COVID-19 impact was associated with more anxiety, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and proactive aggression. COVID-19 impact and psychiatric symptoms were unrelated among youth reporting high self-enhancing humor and cognitive reappraisal.

            Conclusions

            Adolescents high in humor and cognitive reappraisal may be protected against the mental health correlates of the COVID-19 pandemic and other prolonged stressors. Importantly, these factors are known to be modifiable through behavioral interventions. Attention to their effectiveness in prevention and intervention studies is needed as the pandemic continues to exert its impact on individuals and society.
              Cover page: Predictors of Adolescent Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cognitive Reappraisal and Humor
              • Article
              • Peer Reviewed
              UCLA Previously Published Works (2019)
              Research suggests that sleep preferentially consolidates the negative aspects of memories at the expense of the neutral aspects. However, the mechanisms by which sleep facilitates this emotional memory trade-off remain unknown. Although active processes associated with sleep-dependent memory consolidation have been proposed to underlie this effect, this trade-off may also be modulated by non-sleep-related processes, such as the circadian factors, stress-related factors, and/or mood congruent context effects involved in sleep deprivation. We sought to examine the potential role of these factors by randomizing 39 young adults into either a total sleep deprivation condition (26 consecutive hours awake) or a sleep condition (8 h sleep opportunity). Replicating the emotional memory trade-off effect, negative objects were better remembered than neutral objects or background images. However, in spite of generally worse memory performance (for neutral and background information), sleep-deprived participants showed similar recognition rates for negative emotional memories relative to participants who were given a full night of sleep.
                Cover page: Acute sleep deprivation and the selective consolidation of emotional memories
                • Article
                • Peer Reviewed
                UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2020)
                This study provides a comprehensive review of the published research on the association between early life adversity and markers of inflammation in children and adolescents. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the association between early life adversity and markers of inflammation in pediatric populations. To date, 27 studies have been published in this area representing a wide range of global populations and diverse methods of which nearly half were prospective, longitudinal studies. Of these 27, only 12 studies shared an inflammatory outcome with 4 or more other studies; 9 for CRP, and 6 for IL-6. The association between early life adversity and both CRP, z = .07 [.04, .10], and IL-6, z = .17 [-.07, .42], were small and only significant for CRP although comparable in magnitude to the effects observed in adult samples. Descriptively, the association between early life adversity and CRP appeared to be stronger in studies conducted in infants and adolescents compared with middle childhood. There was minimal evidence of publication bias for studies measuring CRP, but evidence of publication bias for studies using IL-6. Eight studies have looked at the association between early life adversity and stimulated inflammatory cytokines in vitro, and both the methods and results of these studies were mixed; the majority observed exaggerated production of inflammatory cytokines despite mixed methodological approaches that make comparisons across studies difficult. In summary, the evidence supporting an association between early life adversity and inflammation in pediatric samples is limited so far by the number of studies and their heterogeneous methodological approaches. More research that is grounded in a developmental framework and informed by the complexity of the innate immune system is needed in this area.
                  Cover page: Early life adversity exposure and circulating markers of inflammation in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
                  • Article
                  • Peer Reviewed
                  UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2021)
                  Early life stress (ELS) is a well-established risk factor for psychopathology across the lifespan. Cognitive vulnerability to stress-induced cortisol may explain risk and resilience. The current study aimed to elucidate a psychobiological pathway linking stress to altered memory for affective words among youth with and without exposure to ELS. One hundred and fifteen youth (ages 9-16, 47% female) were randomized either to a psychosocial stressor or a control condition. Immediately following the stress or control condition, participants completed a memory task for affective words. Change in salivary cortisol from immediately before to 25 min after stress onset were used to predict memory for affective words. Exposure to the acute laboratory stressor led to activation of the HPA axis. Greater cortisol reactivity was associated with less accurate recognition of negative valence words. Among youth exposed to ELS, greater cortisol reactivity to acute stress was associated with poorer recognition of dysphoric and neutral words. Acute increases in cortisol may interfere with negatively-valenced information processing that has implications for memory. Youth exposed to high ELS may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cortisol, which may explain one pathway through which stress leads to psychopathology among at-risk youth.
                    Cover page: Early life stress sensitizes youth to the influence of stress‐induced cortisol on memory for affective words
                    • Article
                    • Peer Reviewed
                    UC Irvine Previously Published Works (2021)

                    Background

                    The influenza vaccine has shown promise as a mild, exogenous inflammatory challenge, but use of this model is limited by lack of knowledge about the timing of the inflammatory response. This study was designed to characterize the time-course of the acute inflammatory response and explore psychological and behavioral predictors of that response.

                    Methods

                    Twenty-one young, healthy individuals were recruited to receive the annual influenza vaccine. Serial blood samples were collected immediately before, and 24, 48, and 72 ​h following influenza vaccination. Interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were assayed at each time-point and psychological and behavioral factors (anxiety and depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and childhood adversity) were assessed at baseline.

                    Results

                    Significant elevations in IL-6 were observed at 24 ​h post-vaccination (mean increase ​= ​0.70 ​pg/mL, Cohen's d ​= ​0.54, p ​= ​.018)), with 61.9% of participants exhibiting peak concentrations at that time point, χ 2  ​= ​22.54, p ​< ​.001, η ​= ​0.52. In exploratory analyses, sleep disturbance was associated with greater increases in IL-6 at 24 ​h.

                    Conclusions

                    By identifying the peak IL-6 response to influenza vaccination among a sample of young, healthy individuals, these findings support the use of the influenza vaccine in future PNI research. This vaccine model can be used to examine the impact of mild inflammatory challenges on the brain and behavior, and to identify psychological and behavioral factors (e.g., anxiety, sleep) that modulate inflammatory reactivity.
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