An adult-like concept of intention includes a deliberate action to achieve a goal and a belief that one's action (if successful) will cause the desired outcome. For example, good outcomes caused by accident or by chance are not believed to be caused intentionally. In two experiments, we asked whether children understand this connection between intentions and outcomes. Children played two games in which actions could produce unintended outcomes (i.e., causes were unplanned). Children sometimes received a desirable reward independent of intention. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds mistakenly claimed they had intended the desirable outcome even when it was unexpected. Four-year-olds judged that they had not intended a deliberate action if it did not yield a rewarding outcome. Experiment 2 demonstrates that 6-year-olds seldom make these errors. The results suggest that 4- and 5-year-old children have not yet attained an adult-like concept of intention. Their inaccurate judgments regarding their intentions, given a rewarding yet unexpected outcome, can be explained by a positivity bias. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

This technical memorandum summarizes the computer modeling of the expected pavement performance of fully permeable pavements using laboratory test results described in an earlier report, and development of pavement designs for critical distresses. Full-factorial experimental designs were followed, taking pavement type, material type, pavement geometry (thicknesses, and slab dimensions for concrete pavement only), climate, truck axle type, traffic load, and traffic speed (hot mix asphalt [HMA] only) into consideration. This resulted in almost 20,000 analysis cases using layer elastic theory for HMA and finite element analysis for concrete. The results indicate that sufficient structural strength can be obtained with appropriate and reasonable pavement designs for fully permeable concrete and hot mix asphalt pavements.

This technical memo presents a summary of the methods and results from a computer modeling study, undertaken to understand the performance under loading of fully permeable pavements. Input data for the models was obtained from the comprehensive laboratory investigation undertaken as part of the study and from California Department of Transportation databases. The results presented in this tech memo will be used to prepare pavement designs for fully permeable pavement pilot studies in California and to identify under what conditions they are appropriate to use. The preliminary pavement designs will be presented in a separate report.