In 2021 and 2022, virus-like symptoms were observed in several cultivars of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in two fields in central Washington, USA. Affected plants had a range of symptoms at different developmental stages, with young plants having severe stunting with shortened internodes and reduced flower mass. Young leaves of infected plants also showed light green to total yellowing, and twirling with twisting margins (Fig. S1). Infections of older plants caused less foliar symptoms that consisted of mosaic, mottling, and mild chlorosis on a few branches with tacoing of older leaves. To assess if symptomatic hemp plants were infected with Beet curly top virus (BCTV) as reported earlier (Giladi et al., 2020; Chiginsky et al., 2021), symptomatic leaves were collected from 38 plants, and the extracted total nucleic acids tested by PCR to amplify a 496-base pair (bp) fragment specific to BCTV coat protein (CP) using primers BCTV2-F 5'-GTGGATCAATTTCCAG-ACAATTATC-3' and BCTV2-R 5'-CCCATAAGAGCCATATCA-AACTTC-3' (Strausbaugh et al. 2008). BCTV was found in 37 of the 38 plants. To further assess the virome of symptomatic hemp plants, total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves of four plants using Spectrum total RNA isolation kits (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and subjected to high-throughput sequencing on an Illumina Novaseq platform in paired-end mode (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). The raw reads (33 to 40 million per sample) were trimmed based on quality and ambiguity and resulting paired-end reads of ≈142 bp length were assembled de novo into a pool of contigs (CLC Genomics Workbench 21, Qiagen Inc.). Virus sequences were identified through BLASTn analysis in GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast). One contig of 2,929 nucleotides (nt) obtained from one sample (accession no. OQ068391) showed 99.3% identity with BCTV-Wor strain reported from sugar beet in Idaho (accession no. KX867055 Strausbaugh et al., 2017). Another contig of 1,715 nt from a second sample (accession no. OQ068392) shared 97.3% identity with BCTV-CO strain (accession no. KX867022). Two contig sequences of 2,876 nt (accession no. OQ068388) and 1,399 nt (accession no. OQ068389) obtained from the 3rd and 4th samples showed 97.2% and 98.3% identity, respectively, with Citrus yellow vein-associated virus (CYVaV, accession no. MT893740.1) reported in industrial hemp from Colorado (Chiginsky et al., 2021). Contigs of 256 nt sequence (accession no. OQ068390) obtained from the 3rd and 4th samples also showed 99-100% identity with Hop Latent viroid (HLVd) sequences in GenBank (accessions OK143457 and X07397). These results indicated single infections of BCTV strains and co-infection of CYVaV and HLVd in individual plants. To confirm theagents, symptomatic leaves were collected from 28 randomly selected hemp plants and tested by PCR/RT-PCR using primers specific to BCTV (Strausbaugh et al., 2008), CYVaV (Kwon et al., 2021) and HLVd (Matoušek et al., 2001). Amplicons specific to BCTV (496 bp), CYVaV (658 bp) and HLVd (256 bp) were detected in 28, 25, and 2 samples, respectively. BCTV CP sequences obtained by Sanger sequencing from seven samples showed 100% sequence identity with BCTV-CO and BCTV-Wor strains in six and one samples, respectively. Similarly, sequences of CYVaV- and HLVd-specific amplicons showed 100% identity with corresponding sequences in GenBank. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of two strains of BCTV (BCTV-CO and BCTV-Wor), CYVaV, and HLVd infecting industrial hemp in Washington state.

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is one of the most important grapevine viral diseases affecting grapevines worldwide. The impact on vine health, crop yield, and quality is difficult to assess due to a high number of variables, but significant economic losses are consistently reported over the lifespan of a vineyard if intervention strategies are not implemented. Several viruses from the family Closteroviridae are associated with GLD. However, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), the type species for the genus Ampelovirus, is regarded as the most important causative agent. Here we provide a general overview on various aspects of GLRaV-3, with an emphasis on the latest advances in the characterization of the genome. The full genome of several isolates have recently been sequenced and annotated, revealing the existence of several genetic variants. The classification of these variants, based on their genome sequence, will be discussed and a guideline is presented to facilitate future comparative studies. The characterization of sgRNAs produced during the infection cycle of GLRaV-3 has given some insight into the replication strategy and the putative functionality of the ORFs. The latest nucleotide sequence based molecular diagnostic techniques were shown to be more sensitive than conventional serological assays and although ELISA is not as sensitive it remains valuable for high-throughput screening and complementary to molecular diagnostics. The application of next-generation sequencing is proving to be a valuable tool to study the complexity of viral infection as well as plant pathogen interaction. Next-generation sequencing data can provide information regarding disease complexes, variants of viral species, and abundance of particular viruses. This information can be used to develop more accurate diagnostic assays. Reliable virus screening in support of robust grapevine certification programs remains the cornerstone of GLD management.

In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Bunyavirales was amended by creation of two new families, four new subfamilies, 11 new genera and 77 new species, merging of two species, and deletion of one species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.