One of the most significant effects of radiation therapy on normal tissues is mutagenesis, which is the basis for radiation-induced malignancies. Radiation-induced malignancies are late complications arising after radiotherapy, increasing in frequency amon

Increased α-synuclein levels and mutations in mitochondria-associated proteins both cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and synuclein and mitochondria also play central, but poorly understood, roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. A fraction of synuclein interacts with mitochondria, and synuclein can produce mitochondrial fragmentation and impair mitochondrial complex I activity. However, the consequences of these mitochondrial changes for bioenergetic and other mitochondrial functions remain poorly defined, as does the role of synuclein-mitochondria interactions in the normal and pathologic effects of synuclein. Understanding the functional consequences of synuclein's interactions with mitochondria is likely to provide important insights into disease pathophysiology, and may also reveal therapeutic strategies.

Frank the Forager is a life dating sim about Frank and his obsession with foraging mushrooms. But, will foraging them be his final goal? Or will a new passion arise?

If a closed smooth n-manifold M admits a finite cover whose Z/2Z-cohomology has the maximal cup-length, then for any riemannian metric g on M, we show that the systole Sys(M,g) and the volume Vol(M,g) of the riemannian manifold (M,g) are related by the following isosystolic inequality: Sys(M,g)^n \leq n! Vol(M,g). The inequality can be regarded as a generalization of Burago and Hebda's inequality for closed essential surfaces and as a refinement of Guth's inequality for closed n-manifolds whose Z/2Z-cohomology has the maximal cup-length. We also establish the same inequality in the context of possibly non-compact manifolds under a similar cohomological condition. The inequality applies to (i) T^n and all other compact euclidean space forms, (ii) RP^n and many other spherical space forms including the Poincar e dodecahedral space, and (iii) most closed essential 3-manifolds including all closed aspherical 3-manifolds.