Ozone (O3) and nitric acid (HNO3) are synthesized by the same atmospheric photochemical processes and are almost always co-pollutants. Effects of O3 on plants have been well-elucidated, yet less is known about the effects of HNO3 on plants. We investigated the physiological effects of experimental O3 and HNO3 fumigation on Phaseolus vulgaris (snap bean) and Nicotiana tobaccum (tobacco) varieties with known sensitivity to O3, but unknown responses to HNO3. Responses were measured as leaf absorptance, aboveground plant biomass, and photosynthetic CO2-response curve parameters. Our results demonstrate that O3 reduced absorptance, stomatal conductance and plant biomass in both species, and maximum photosynthetic rate in P. vulgaris, whereas the main effect of HNO3 was an increase in mesophyll conductance. Overall, the results suggest that HNO3 affects mesophyll conductance through increased nitrogen absorbed by leaves during HNO3 deposition which in turn increases photosynthetic demand for CO2, or that damage to epicuticular waxes on leaves increased diffusion of CO2 to sites of carboxylation.

The sources and oxidation pathways of atmospheric nitric acid (HNO3) can be evaluated using the isotopic signatures of oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). This study evaluated the ability of Nylasorb nylon filters to passively collect unbiased isotopologues of atmospheric HNO3 under controlled and field conditions. Filters contained in passive samplers were exposed in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) at high (16μg/m3) and moderate (8μg/m3) HNO3 concentrations during 1-4 week deployment times. Filters were concurrently exposed at high and low N deposition sites along a gradient in the Sonoran Desert. Filters deployed in CSTRs at moderate HNO3 concentrations for 1-2 weeks had greater variation of δ18O relative to the 3-4 week deployments, while high concentration samples were consistent across weeks. All deployment means were within 2‰ of the source solution. The δ15N of all weekly samples were within 0.5‰ of the source solution. Thus, when deployed for longer than 3 weeks, Nylasorb filters collected an isotopically unbiased sample of atmospheric HNO3. The initial HNO3 samples at the high deposition field sites had higher δ15N and δ18O values than the low deposition sites, suggesting either two independent sources of HNO3 were mixing or that heavier isotopologues of HNO3 were preferentially lost from the gas phase through physical deposition or equilibrium chemical reactions. Subsequent HNO3 samples were subject to summer monsoon conditions leading to variation of isotopic signatures of N and O following 2-source mixing dynamics. Both sites mixed with a source that dominated during the two discrete precipitation events. The high number of lightning strikes near the samplers during the monsoon events suggested that lightning-created HNO3 was one of the dominant mixing sources with an approximate isotopic signature of 21.6‰ and -0.6‰ for δ18O and δ15N respectively. Two-source mixing models suggest that lightning-created HNO3 made up between 40 and 42% of atmospheric HNO3 at the high deposition sites and 59-63% at the low deposition during the 4 week exposure. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.