Sexual dimorphism — the phenotypic structural differences between male and female faces — has been shown to be an important universal component of beauty. This concept plays a key role in facial feminization surgery (FFS), which consists of contouring and reshaping features of the skull itself to alter the foundation of the face. FFS has been shown to improve quality of life among transgender women and therefore an understanding of the procedure and the concept of sexual dimorphism is key for plastic surgeons, dermatologists, and other healthcare providers.

Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder most commonly affecting females with darker skin types. It is triggered by several factors including sun exposure, genetic influences, and female sex hormones. The pathology of melasma extends beyond melanocytes and recent literature points to interactions between keratinocytes, mast cells, gene regulation abnormalities, neovascularization, and disruption of basement membrane. This complex pathogenesis makes melasma difficult to target and likely to recur post treatment. A better understanding of the latest pathological findings is key to developing novel and successful treatment options. This review aims to provide a summary of the more novel pathological findings and latest investigational therapies.

Retronychia is commonly underdiagnosed and exhibits classic features of proximal nail fold elevation and nail plate layering. Herein we summarize the literature and discuss cause, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.