In media depictions of terrorist actors and events, a select few organizations appear to be omnipresent. These dominant terrorist actors (i.e., al Qaeda and ISIS) are frequently used to provide a familiar frame of reference for understanding non-dominant actors (e.g., the New IRA and al Shabaab). In this dissertation, I attempt to answer the question “to what effect,” that is, what are the (potentially unintended) effects of the dominant actor framing device on beliefs about the framed organizations? In answering this question, I also seek to provide a framework for better understanding the framing phenomenon and framing effects writ large.

I begin by providing a general overview of what is meant by frames and framing, outline the process wherein frames guide construction and interpretation of discourse products and provide evidence for the use of dominant actors as framing devices in media depictions of non-dominant actors. Following from this, I provide the outlines of a general model of information processing and belief formation, which is used to inform design of a probabilistic framing process model. Taken together, these models are used to craft a set of predictions about for whom the dominant actor framing device should have what effect on beliefs about the threat of non-dominant actors to the U.S.

Using an online based survey experiment with a quota-based sample of 2,316 adults living in the U.S., I present individuals with a news article depicting the actions of a non-dominant actor (either al Shabaab or the New IRA), manipulated so that 1/3 link the non-dominant actor to ISIS, 1/3 link the non-dominant actor to al Qaeda, and 1/3 do not make explicit reference to any other organizations. I find that the single strongest predictor of beliefs about the threat of non-dominant actors to the U.S. is individuals prior perceptions of the threat from terrorism to the U.S., and I find a negative relation between beliefs about the threat of non-dominant actors and the extent to which individuals exert executive control over the processing of the information in the news article. In addition, I find that the dominant actor framing device increases perceptions of the non-dominant actor as a threat to the U.S.

Building from the information processing and belief formation model, as well as the probabilistic framing process model, I also suggest a three-way interaction between prior beliefs about the threat from terrorism, the amount of effort exerted when processing information about the non-dominant actor, and the presence of the dominant actor framing device. This hypothesis was supported, providing preliminary evidence for the underlying theoretical models.

The first chapter of this dissertation studies the causes of rising sorting between high-skill workers and high-paying firms. Despite accounting for a substantial share of rising wage inequality, little is known about how or why sorting is rising. To understand how, I develop a novel decomposition method to measure the relative importance of different worker flow channels. I find that labor market entry of young workers accounts for about half of the total rise in sorting. To understand why sorting is rising, I use exogenous variation induced by the fall of the Soviet Union to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on rising sorting within German local labor markets. I find that export exposure can account for 14% of the rise in sorting. I then apply the decomposition method to the export-induced changes in employment to confirm an important role for labor market entry in rising sorting.

The second chapter studies the effect of temporary employment shocks on the future earnings of professional golfers. Although a large literature documents the persistent effects of temporary employment shocks on the earnings of wage-and-salary workers, we have little evidence on the effects on self-employed workers. I exploit entry rules of the PGA TOUR to estimate the long-term effects of temporary employment shocks using a regression discontinuity design. Although, I find large earnings differences in first year after an employment shock, these differences quickly dissipate. Furthermore, I find no effects of employment shocks on performance. Golfers have less job stability than typical workers and these differences likely explain why the earnings losses of golfers are less persistent than of wage-and-salary workers.

The third chapter studies the evolution of wages at large firms. Although large firms have paid significantly higher wages for over a century, we document that the large-firm wage premium has declined over the last thirty years. Decomposing pay into worker and firm fixed effects, we show that the decline is due to a reduction in firm effects at large firms, while worker composition has changed little. We also find that the majority of the change occurs within industries.