Experiencing awe may make us believe we have more time (Rudd, Vohs, & Aaker, 2012). Awe can be evoked byencountering a vast experience (Keltner & Haidt, 2003), for example an endless ocean or large mountains (Klatzky, Thompson,Stefanucci, Gill, & McGee, 2017). Vast environments may lead to distortions in perceived time that are reported after awe expe-riences. Participants reproduced the perceived duration of images of natural environments that varied in vastness and estimatedthe degree awe they would experience in those spaces. Results show that as actual duration increased, perceived duration of theimage decreased, whereas estimated awe increased. The perceived duration of highly vast images was underestimated less thanother images. Participants reported they would experience more awe in highly vast images compared to low and medium vastimages. These findings suggest that distortions of time associated with awe may be related to the vastness of the environment.

There are mixed findings with respect to individual or gender differences in virtual Morris water maze tasks, which may be attributed to variations in the scale of the space, the cues provided, and differences in spatial navigation experience and abilities. We explore the question of scale and context by presenting participants with either a large (146 m) or small (36 m) outdoor virtual Morris maze, along with a measure of lifetime mobility and mental rotation skills. Results of this study suggest that, for the small-scale environment, males and females performed similarly when asked to navigate with only close visual cues. However, males outperformed females when only far cues were visible. In the large-scale environment, males outperformed females in both cue conditions. Additionally, mental rotation abilities predicted better navigation performance with close cues only. Finally, we found that highly mobile females and males perform equally well when navigating with close cues.

Previous literature has shown that spatial anxiety relates to navigation abilities (Hund & Gill, 2014). How spatial anxiety effects the spatial-temporal perception of one’s environment is not well known. The present student aimed to examine how spatial anxiety related to the memory of distances and time to landmarks in the surrounding area. Participants completed a battery of navigation questionnaires and reported how far (both in distance and time) different known landmarks in the surrounding area were. Data show a trend suggesting that females overestimated distances whereas males were more accurate in estimates to the five furthest landmarks. Spatial anxiety did not predict distance estimates; however, mobility within the surrounding area was marginally predictive of distance estimates for females. These findings suggest that spatial anxiety does not predict the remembered distances and time estimates to landmarks, but that mobility may be a more important predictive factor in remembered distances to landmarks

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41235-018-0120-9.].

Visualizations-visual representations of information, depicted in graphics-are studied by researchers in numerous ways, ranging from the study of the basic principles of creating visualizations, to the cognitive processes underlying their use, as well as how visualizations communicate complex information (such as in medical risk or spatial patterns). However, findings from different domains are rarely shared across domains though there may be domain-general principles underlying visualizations and their use. The limited cross-domain communication may be due to a lack of a unifying cognitive framework. This review aims to address this gap by proposing an integrative model that is grounded in models of visualization comprehension and a dual-process account of decision making. We review empirical studies of decision making with static two-dimensional visualizations motivated by a wide range of research goals and find significant direct and indirect support for a dual-process account of decision making with visualizations. Consistent with a dual-process model, the first type of visualization decision mechanism produces fast, easy, and computationally light decisions with visualizations. The second facilitates slower, more contemplative, and effortful decisions with visualizations. We illustrate the utility of a dual-process account of decision making with visualizations using four cross-domain findings that may constitute universal visualization principles. Further, we offer guidance for future research, including novel areas of exploration and practical recommendations for visualization designers based on cognitive theory and empirical findings.