The blind mole rat {Spalax ehrenbergi) is a potentially highly aggressive solitary, subterranean rodent. Data on growth and development of pups are lacking since it is difficult to raise pups in captivity and, until recently, the blind mole rat has never bred in captivity. In this study six litters were maintained in six large semi-natural setups. We describe for the first time the chronological development of behavior in the blind mole rat from day of birth until the young disperse and establish their own independentterritories. The relatively short gestation period (34 days) and low birth mass

(5-6 g) combined with the need to acquire all survival skills prior to dispersal, are probably correlated with the relatively lengthy development of the blind mole ratcompared to Bathyergidae.

Black rats ( Rattus rattus ) have begun occupying a new habitat in recent years —the Jerusalem pine (Pinus halepensis) forests in Israel. In this, otherwise almost sterile habitat, the sole source of nourishment for the rats is the pine seems that can only be extracted from the cones through a complex feeding technique. Adult black rats unfamiliar with the technique (termed "naive") were unable to attain it either through trial and error or through observational learning when housed with experienced rats (termed "strippers"). In contrast, black rat pups raised by stripper mothers did learn the pine cone opening behaviour. In addition to the presence of a stripper model, however, the clues of the pine seeds themselves, as well as partially open cones, may also play a role in the acquisition of the technique. The state of the cone itself, when encountered by the rat pups, may be an important factor. Three groups of experimental animals were used: 25 pups born to naive mothers and reared on rat chow without exposure to either stripping mothers or partially opened cones; 25 pups born to naive mothers and exposed to pine cones in various stages of opening; 55 pups born to stripper mothers and exposed both to pine cones and to the presence of their mothers actively involved in stripping the cones and feeding on the seeds. We found that pine cone stripping behaviour is learned through two stages of a local enhancement effect: First, the pups are directed to the pine cones as a food resource, and then to the cone's proximal end as a starting point. The development of the stripping technique is acquired individually, with accumulating experience.