When metallic glasses (MGs) are subjected to mechanical loads, the plastic response of atoms is non-uniform. However, the extent and manner in which atomic environment signatures present in the undeformed structure determine this plastic heterogeneity remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that novel site environment features that characterize interstice distributions around atoms combined with machine learning (ML) can reliably identify plastic sites in several Cu-Zr compositions. Using only quenched structural information as input, the ML-based plastic probability estimates ("quench-in softness" metric) can identify plastic sites that could activate at high strains, losing predictive power only upon the formation of shear bands. Moreover, we reveal that a quench-in softness model trained on a single composition and quench rate substantially improves upon previous models in generalizing to different compositions and completely different MG systems (Ni₆₂Nb₃₈, Al₉₀Sm₁₀ and Fe₈₀P₂₀). Our work presents a general, data-centric framework that could potentially be used to address the structural origin of any site-specific property in MGs.

Event segmentation divides continuous experience into meaningful events and guides attention, memory, and learning.Culture could impact event segmentation by emphasizing the importance of different aspects of experiences (attentionalfocus), and by providing different exemplars of everyday activities (familiarity). In this study, Indian and US viewers iden-tified large (coarse) and small (fine) events in videos of everyday activities recorded in Indian and US settings. Analysesrevealed that US viewers segmented the activities at a higher rate than Indian viewers. In addition, while the boundariesidentified by US viewers were more strongly associated with visual change, boundaries identified by Indian viewers weremore strongly associated with changes in actions and goals. However, there was no evidence that familiarity with an activ-ity, as indicated by the match between a viewers culture and the activity setting, impacted segmentation. Culture appearsto affect how people define events during perception, independent of familiarity.

Do some cultures think more abstractly than others? According to tests of formal logic and rule-based reasoning, Western-ers tend to think more abstractly than East Asians. Yet, rule-based reasoning is only one type of abstract thinking. Moregenerally, thinking abstractly involves discerning relationships and seeing the big picture. Here we argue that previous testsof attention, perception, and memory can be interpreted as showing that East Asians tend to think more abstractly thanWesterners. To test this hypothesis directly we gave a validated measure of abstract thinking (Vallacher & Wegner, 1989)to Chinese and US individuals. Participants chose either abstract or concrete definitions of events. Across six indepen-dent national samples (total N=1,798), Chinese participants tended to construe events more abstractly, and US participantsmore concretely. Within China, more independent (Western-like) groups chose more concrete definitions. Together, theseresults challenge the generalization that Westerners have a greater propensity for abstract thought.

Sports are a microcosm of society. A nations sports reflect its peoples values, and contribute to their social identity. Herewe investigated whether countries previously identified as individualistic versus collectivistic tend to excel in individualsports versus team sports, respectively. Individual sports like golf require athletes to focus on personal goals, whereasteam sports like hockey require players to cooperate and to focus on collective goals. We analyzed the rate of Olympicmedals won in individual versus team sports by 11 countries: 5 Western countries identified previously by sociologicaland psychological research as individualistic, and 6 East Asian or Eastern European countries identified as collectivistic.Paradoxically, results showed that individualistic countries won a greater proportion of medals in team sports, whereascollectivistic countries won more medals in individual sports. Findings support the view that cultural mindsets and valueorientations are domain-specific, not monolithic.

People from varied cultural backgrounds differ in their attention to particular aspects of emotional cues. Whereassemantic content explicitly expresses feelings, vocal tone conveys implicit information regarding emotions. This study exam-ined the attention to different emotional cues in European-American and Chinese children. Participants were 121 European-American and 120 Chinese children (4-9 years old). They played two games in which they listened to spoken words and judgedthe pleasantness of the word meaning while ignoring the vocal tone (meaning game) or judged the pleasantness of the vocaltone while ignoring the word meaning (tone game). Preliminary results showed that European-American children paid moreattention to word meaning than did Chinese children. Additionally, older (8-9 years old) Chinese children attended more tovocal tone than did their European-American counterparts. The results suggest that children acquire culturally specific attentionbias by 8-9 years old.

The legislator primarily uses institutions and implements campaigns to achieve effective governance. Institutions foster regularized implementation, while campaigns, which are organized courses of action with some level of coercion to achieve specific goals, happen ad hoc and achieve quick but transient results. This paper fills theoretical gaps in the social sciences by systematically exploring how campaigns can enhance institutions and how regularized campaigns as a new institution creates persistent effects beyond the periods when campaigns are actively ongoing. We theorize that institutions can become ineffective when special interests capture the bureaucracy, in which case campaigns are needed to weaken the regulated entities’ bargaining power. Using an original firm-level dataset, we test our theory on industrial firm responses to changes in air pollution regulation in China and find that the higher-contributing the firms, the more standard violations they committed before the central government started waging waves of campaigns but not after. This suggests that when bureaucratic capture undermines the promise of institutions, campaigns can improve compliance, and their effects can persist when regularized.

The aberrant activation of protein kinases is associated with many human diseases, most notably cancer. Due to this link between kinase deregulation and disease progression, kinases are one of the most targeted protein families for small-molecule inhibition. Within the last 15 years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved over 20 small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases for use in the clinic. These inhibitors target the kinase active site and represent the successful hurdling by medicinal chemists of the formidable challenge posed by the high similarity among the active sites of the approximately 500 human kinases. We review the conserved structural features of kinases that are important for inhibitor binding as well as for catalysis. Many clinically approved drugs elicit selectivity by exploiting subtle variation within the kinase active site. We highlight some of the crystallographic studies on the kinase-inhibitor complexes that have provided valuable guidance for the development of these drugs as well as for future drug design efforts.