UC Berkeley

The stability and distributions of small water clusters generated in a supersonic beam expansion are interrogated by tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation generated at a synchrotron. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveals enhanced population of various protonated water clusters (H⁺(H₂O)_n) based upon ionization energy and photoionization distance from source, suggesting there are "magic" numbers below the traditional n = 21 that predominates in the literature. These intensity distributions suggest that VUV threshold photoionization (11.0-11.5 eV) of neutral water clusters close to the nozzle exit leads to a different nonequilibrium state compared to a skimmed molecular beam. This results in the appearance of a new magic number at 14. Metadynamics conformer searches coupled with modern density functional calculations are used to identify the global minimum energy structures of protonated water clusters between n = 2 and 21, as well as the manifold of low-lying metastable minima. New lowest energy structures are reported for the cases of n = 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, and 18, and special stability is identified by several measures. These theoretical results are in agreement with the experiments performed in this work in that n = 14 is shown to exhibit additional stability, based on the computed second-order stabilization energy relative to most cluster sizes, though not to the extent of the well-known n = 21 cluster. Other cluster sizes that show some additional energetic stability are n = 7, 9, 12, 17, and 19. To gain insight into the balance between ion-water and water-water interactions as a function of the cluster size, an analysis of the effective two-body interactions (which sum exactly to the total interaction energy) was performed. This analysis reveals a crossover as a function of cluster size between a water-hydronium-dominated regime for small clusters and a water-water-dominated regime for larger clusters around n = 17.