University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation

This white paper is part of a larger project by the University of California Institute on Global Con-flict and Cooperation (IGCC) to measure the level of defense transparency in Northeast Asia. The paper covers Japan, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of Korea (ROK), United States, and Russia in eight functional areas: 1) dis-closures in defense white papers; 2) information available on official defense websites; 3) reporting to the United Nations; 4) openness of defense budgets; 5) legislative oversight; 6) robustness of press independence; 7) reporting of international military activity; and 8) disclosure on cyber activi-ties