UCSF

To orchestrate the complex events of craniofacial morphogenesis requires a concerted effort between gene expression and tissue specific events. In the embryonic midface, facial prominences must execute a coordinated fusion between maxillary, medial and lateral nasal prominences at the lambdoidal junction, requiring breakdown and removal of epithelium to permit coalescence of underlying mesenchyme. When this process is disrupted by genetic mutations, cleft lip, the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans, is created. Key to understanding cleft lip pathogenesis is the reliance on mouse models. Models of cleft lip and studies of the role of epithelium are rare in comparison to cleft palate and research on underlying mesenchyme. The epithelium possesses discrete roles that facilitate fusion at the lambdoidal junction, including apoptosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions. To better understand its heterogeneity, we sought to enrich for the midface epithelium and isolate it from mesenchyme to gain fuller resolution of the lambdoidal junction transcriptome. This dissertation contains the product of that endeavor to focus on the role of the epithelium alone both in normal conditions and in cleft lip pathogenesis. In doing so, an atlas of lambdoidal junction epithelium at timepoints before, during and after fusion of the midface was created and validated. Through these methods, a deep analysis of each cluster resulted in the localization of a cluster undergoing cell cycle arrest and located at the fusion site of each prominence. A series of experiments were conducted which demonstrated that cell cycle arrest is characteristic of this population that is altered in cleft lip models. Additional research yielded ties to normal midface morphogenesis as well as novel orofacial cleft risk candidates, including Zfhx3 a gene with ties to cell cycle arrest. This thesis also expands upon the phenotypic characterization of a novel mouse cross which conditionally removes Bmpr1a from the ectoderm of the embryo, creating a model of cleft lip and palate. This work collectively produces knowledge of the midface epithelium at a scale of resolution not seen before as well as describes in detail how cell cycle arrest is a characteristic of primary palate fusion.