UC Davis

Vitamin B12 deficiency and depletion are common world-wide, particularly in populations that consume low amounts of animal source foods. WHO and the Food Fortification Initiative recommend that wheat flour be fortified with vitamin B12 in regions where intake of B12 is low. The purpose of this pilot study in five participants was to determine if fortification of flour with B12 produced a bread product with intact B12 still present and to determine if healthy elderly absorb sufficient B12 from bread fortified in this manner. High-purity crystalline ¹⁴C-B12 was dissolved in water and added to flour (2 μg B12 /100 g flour) in a bread maker and made into rolls (average 1.17 kBq (31.5 nCi) ¹⁴C-B12 in a total of 0.8 µg B12 per roll). Excess ¹⁴C first appeared in plasma 4 h after ingestion of the ¹⁴C fortified bread and plasma levels returned almost to background by 72 h. Measurement of ¹⁴C in plasma verified that the dose was absorbed into the systemic circulation. The cumulative % dose recovered in urine was 4.8-37.0% (mean = 20.1%). Most of the ¹⁴C label in the stool appeared by day 4, and the cumulative % dose recovered in stool was 24.5- 43.0% (mean = 31.8%). Bioavailability among the 5 participants, calculated by subtracting the sum of urinary and fecal ¹⁴C excretion from the administered dose, was 28.4-63.7% (mean = 48.0%). This study showed that when B12 is added as a fortificant to flour it survives the fermentation and baking processes, and retains ~ 50% bioavailability when fed in small doses to healthy subjects. The Recommended Dietary Allowance of B12 for adults is 2.4 μg/d. This recommendation assumes that usual bioavailability of low doses of the vitamin in the crystalline form is 60%, while for the same amount in foods such as meat and fish it is 50%. Our pilot study shows that B12 added to bread as a fortificant in flour was absorbed as well as it is from endogenous food sources such as meat and fish.