UC San Diego

Sentient animals, both human and nonhuman, experienced increasing demands from the Nationalist and Communist governments of China during the mid-twentieth century. A multispecies environmental history of this period demonstrates the intermingled agency of humans, bovines, and microbes. Cattle, water buffalo, and yaks were not merely passive property or inert observers, but active, sensitive, participants in war and revolution. Reading documents written by people who interacted with bovines in conjunction with current veterinary literature on bovine physiology and behavior, I demonstrate how these animals experienced economic and political transformation. Moreover, I show how the interaction of human and bovine agency varied with the animals’ sex, breed, location, and ownership status. Each chapter explores changes in bovine experience by focusing on a bodily fluid that represents some aspect of the animal’s life. The chapter on milk explores how the dairy industry strained relations between calves and cows, while a chapter on blood shows how cattle experienced the transition to urbanized, industrial slaughter. By showing how bovines experienced tightening state control over their social bonds, diets, medical care, workload, sexuality, and death, I challenge conventional human-centered histories of science, gender, labor, and imperialism in modern China.