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Interrogating the Genetic Determinants of Tourette’s Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders Through Genome-Wide Association Studies
- Yu, Dongmei;
- Sul, Jae Hoon;
- Tsetsos, Fotis;
- Nawaz, Muhammad S;
- Huang, Alden Y;
- Zelaya, Ivette;
- Illmann, Cornelia;
- Osiecki, Lisa;
- Darrow, Sabrina M;
- Hirschtritt, Matthew E;
- Greenberg, Erica;
- Muller-Vahl, Kirsten R;
- Stuhrmann, Manfred;
- Dion, Yves;
- Rouleau, Guy;
- Aschauer, Harald;
- Stamenkovic, Mara;
- Schlögelhofer, Monika;
- Sandor, Paul;
- Barr, Cathy L;
- Grados, Marco;
- Singer, Harvey S;
- Nöthen, Markus M;
- Hebebrand, Johannes;
- Hinney, Anke;
- King, Robert A;
- Fernandez, Thomas V;
- Barta, Csaba;
- Tarnok, Zsanett;
- Nagy, Peter;
- Depienne, Christel;
- Worbe, Yulia;
- Hartmann, Andreas;
- Budman, Cathy L;
- Rizzo, Renata;
- Lyon, Gholson J;
- McMahon, William M;
- Batterson, James R;
- Cath, Danielle C;
- Malaty, Irene A;
- Okun, Michael S;
- Berlin, Cheston;
- Woods, Douglas W;
- Lee, Paul C;
- Jankovic, Joseph;
- Robertson, Mary M;
- Gilbert, Donald L;
- Brown, Lawrence W;
- Coffey, Barbara J;
- Dietrich, Andrea;
- Hoekstra, Pieter J;
- Kuperman, Samuel;
- Zinner, Samuel H;
- Luðvigsson, Pétur;
- Sæmundsen, Evald;
- Thorarensen, Ólafur;
- Atzmon, Gil;
- Barzilai, Nir;
- Wagner, Michael;
- Moessner, Rainald;
- Ophoff, Roel;
- Pato, Carlos N;
- Pato, Michele T;
- Knowles, James A;
- Roffman, Joshua L;
- Smoller, Jordan W;
- Buckner, Randy L;
- Willsey, A Jeremy;
- Tischfield, Jay A;
- Heiman, Gary A;
- Stefansson, Hreinn;
- Stefansson, Kári;
- Posthuma, Danielle;
- Cox, Nancy J;
- Pauls, David L;
- Freimer, Nelson B;
- Neale, Benjamin M;
- Davis, Lea K;
- Paschou, Peristera;
- Coppola, Giovanni;
- Mathews, Carol A;
- Scharf, Jeremiah M
- et al.
Published Web Location
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18070857Abstract
Objective
Tourette's syndrome is polygenic and highly heritable. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches are useful for interrogating the genetic architecture and determinants of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders. The authors conducted a GWAS meta-analysis and probed aggregated Tourette's syndrome polygenic risk to test whether Tourette's and related tic disorders have an underlying shared genetic etiology and whether Tourette's polygenic risk scores correlate with worst-ever tic severity and may represent a potential predictor of disease severity.Methods
GWAS meta-analysis, gene-based association, and genetic enrichment analyses were conducted in 4,819 Tourette's syndrome case subjects and 9,488 control subjects. Replication of top loci was conducted in an independent population-based sample (706 case subjects, 6,068 control subjects). Relationships between Tourette's polygenic risk scores (PRSs), other tic disorders, ascertainment, and tic severity were examined.Results
GWAS and gene-based analyses identified one genome-wide significant locus within FLT3 on chromosome 13, rs2504235, although this association was not replicated in the population-based sample. Genetic variants spanning evolutionarily conserved regions significantly explained 92.4% of Tourette's syndrome heritability. Tourette's-associated genes were significantly preferentially expressed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Tourette's PRS significantly predicted both Tourette's syndrome and tic spectrum disorders status in the population-based sample. Tourette's PRS also significantly correlated with worst-ever tic severity and was higher in case subjects with a family history of tics than in simplex case subjects.Conclusions
Modulation of gene expression through noncoding variants, particularly within cortico-striatal circuits, is implicated as a fundamental mechanism in Tourette's syndrome pathogenesis. At a genetic level, tic disorders represent a continuous spectrum of disease, supporting the unification of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders in future diagnostic schemata. Tourette's PRSs derived from sufficiently large samples may be useful in the future for predicting conversion of transient tics to chronic tic disorders, as well as tic persistence and lifetime tic severity.Many UC-authored scholarly publications are freely available on this site because of the UC's open access policies. Let us know how this access is important for you.
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