UCSF

Objective

Inflammation may be present with chronic kidney disease CKD and diet composition high in protein intake and fats may affect inflammation thereby impacting kidney health. We investigated whether acid load estimated from urine measures is associated with kidney function decline and whether the effect of acid load on an inflammatory marker, serum albumin, is a pathway to this association.

Methods

We studied 188 postmenopausal women in a randomized clinical trial of potassium bicarbonate treatment for up to 36 months. Twenty-four-hour urine and arterialized blood collections were done at baseline and at subsequent follow-up visits at 3 months interval. Acid load was estimated from potential renal acid load calculated using urinary measures of chloride, phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium (UPRAL). Mixed effects model with random-intercept and slope was used to estimate subjects' annual decline rate in creatinine clearance (CrCl), and the association between (i) UPRAL and serum albumin and (ii) serum albumin and CrCl, adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic BP, and glucose. A Cox proportional regression model was used to study the relative hazard (RH) for rapid progression of kidney function decline (defined as loss of ≥5 mL/min CrCl/yr based on the last CrCl in the rolling window) with UPRAL, adjusting for the potential covariates and baseline CrCl.

Results

A 25 mEq/day increase in UPRAL was inversely associated with serum albumin (Adjusted β[95% CI]: -0.02[-0.09;-0.001). During a mean follow-up of 28 months, 19 women (10%) had a rapid decline in kidney function. For each 25 mEq/day increase in UPRAL, the risk of a rapid decline in CrCl increased by 17% (95% CI: 1.06-1.28). On adjustment for potential confounders, the risk attenuated to 5% (1.02-1.14). Mediation analysis indicated that of the total effect of the association between UPRAL and CrCl, the proportion mediated by serum albumin increased to 0.346 (i.e. 34.6%).

Conclusion

Higher UPRAL was associated with lower serum albumin as well as greater kidney function decline in postmenopausal women. Our findings suggest inflammatory response may exert a modulatory effect on the association of UPRAL and kidney function and might be a potential pathway explaining the effects of systemic acid load on progression of kidney failure.