UC San Diego

Study objectives

Many people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) have undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which may contribute to commonly reported fatigue and the high cardiovascular disease burden in this population. Our objective was to assess the utility of traditional OSA screening tools (STOP-BANG, Berlin Questionnaire, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale) for detecting OSA in PLWH.

Methods

Adult PLWH were recruited from sleep/ human immunodeficiency virus clinics and the community into a larger clinical trial that included completion of these questionnaires before in-laboratory polysomnography. Discriminatory performance of these screening tools was assessed using area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). The reference standard for the primary analysis was OSA based on an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 5 events/h using recommended "1A"-criteria (hypopnea with 3% desaturation and/or arousal). Secondary analyses explored acceptable "1B"-criteria (hypopnea with 4% desaturation) and/or higher apnea-hypopnea index cut-offs (≥ 15 events/h).

Results

120 PLWH were included (mean age: 50 ± 11 years; body mass index: 27 ± 4 kg/m², 84% male) and OSA was diagnosed in 75% using 1A-criteria. In the primary analysis, the discriminatory performance of the 3 screening tools was low (AUCs 0.58 to 0.70) and similar across the tools (P ≥ .14). In secondary analyses, STOP-BANG showed moderate-high discriminatory ability (AUCs 0.77-0.80) and performed significantly better (P ≤ .008) than the Berlin Questionnaire or Epworth Sleepiness Scale (AUCs 0.53-0.62).

Conclusions

OSA was highly prevalent in our cohort of PLWH. Although STOP-BANG could reasonably identify moderate-severe OSA, the tools were not reliable for mild disease. Specifically, the questionnaires perform poorly for PLWH with mild OSA manifesting with arousals, yet such people may be at risk of fatigue/sleepiness and impaired memory consolidation.

Clinical trial registration

Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Title: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Endotypes and Impact on Phenotypes of People Living with HIV (PLWH/OSA); Identifier: NCT03575143; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03575143.

Citation

Schmickl CN, Bosompra N-O, DeYoung PN, et al. Diagnostic performance of screening tools for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea in people living with HIV. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7):1797-1804.